Mother Country

13 ENGLISH COLONIES: The English colonies developed along the Atlantic Ocean. The colonies were created by the English government (Parliament and monarchy) for several reasons:

1. Religious freedom. Groups such as the Pilgrims, Puritans, Quakers, and Roman Catholics came for religious freedom.

2. Economic Reasons: Some colonists came in search of natural resources such as lumber, agricultural products, animal skins, fish. Others came for free or cheap land and own their own farms. Some colonists could not afford their passage over on a ship and came here as Indentured Servants. Indentured Servants worked for a master for 7-10 years and were then free.

3. Nationalism: England was competing with other European nations for land.

King George III

•England was the mother country of the English colonies. The English government, monarchy, allowed the colonies to be created in order to gain control of the land and the natural resources.

•English colonists brought ideas about human rights, laws, and government with them to the New World and used these ideas to create their colonies.

•Some people left England and came to North America because they were being persecuted for their religious beliefs.

1. Pilgrims: Plymouth Colony

2. Puritans: Massachusetts Bay Colony

3. Quakers: Pennsylvania Colony

4. Roman Catholics: Maryland Colony

5. Connecticut:

6. Rhode Island:

•Connecticut and Rhode Island were created by colonists who did not like the Puritans in Massachusetts and wanted to start their own colonies to practice their religion the way they wanted to.

•English Colonies created along the Atlantic Coast.

•The English Colonies: The first successful English colony was created at Jamestown, Virginia in the early 1600’s.

-3 important developments took place at Jamestown.

1. Cultivation of tobacco as a cash crop. Helped the colony become successful.

2. Use of Africans; 1st as indentured servants and then as slaves.

3. Development of Self-Government: The colonists were allowed to elect members to government body called the House of Burgesses. This is an example of a representative government.

•Tobacco Plant: Grown to be sold in Europe as a Cash Crop.

•Africans arriving in Jamestown: First used as Indentured Servants and then as Slaves.

•House of Burgesses: Members in session.

Example of Representative Government

•The second successful English colony was Plymouth, Massachusetts.

-Colony created by the Pilgrims who left England because they were being persecuted due to their religious beliefs. They came to the New World to create a colony where they could practice their religion the way they wanted to.

-Before leaving the Mayflower, they created the Mayflower Compact as a way to organize and run their colony. This is another example of Self-government.

Pilgrims praying on landing in New World.

Going to Sunday service.

On board the Mayflower.

•The Mayflower Compact: Before landing in the New World, the Pilgrims created the Mayflower Compact. This document served as a guide for the creation of a government that the Pilgrims could use to run the colony. This is an example of self government because the Pilgrims created it themselves, set up the government, and ran the government on their own.

•NEW ENGLAND COLONIES: Life in the New England colonies was hard. The soil was rocky and not very good for large scale farming. Most farms were small, family farms where corn and vegetables were grown.

*Due to the difficulty of farming, the fishing industry, ship building, and manufacturing became very important and successful.

*Most New England colonies were created for religious freedom: Plymouth, Mass. Bay, Rhode Island, Connecticut.

Examples of Self-Government:

1. Mayflower Compact

2. Town Meetings: people would gather to discuss local issues and vote on issues.

3. Fundamental Orders of Connecticut: Established and organized the government for the Connecticut colony.

•The first winter is known as the “starving time” because the Pilgrims had run very low on their supplies and had to cut back their food rations in order to survive. Many of the Pilgrims died during this first winter. In the spring, Native Americans, such as Squanto and Samoset showed the Pilgrims how to hunt, fish, and grow crops (corn, beans, and squash).

•Native Americans helped the Pilgrims to farm by showing them how to plant seeds with a fish for fertilizer.

•MIDDLE COLONIES: These colonies enjoyed a mix of farming and manufacturing. Farming was very successful and the area became known as the “Breadbasket Colonies” due to the wheat and oats grown. Colonists were also involved in manufacturing.

•New York: The Dutch created the colony of New Netherlands. They bought land from Native Americans. In 1664, England took over the New Netherlands and renamed it New York. The Dutch governor, Peter Stuyvesant surrendered the colony to the English without a fight. •Pennsylvania: Created for Quakers. •New Jersey: Split from New York. •Delaware: Split from Pennsylvania.

•Ft. Orange became Albany.

•Agriculture and manufacturing were important industries in the Middle Colonies.

•Peter Minuit bought Manhattan Island from the Native Americans. The Dutch created the colony of New Netherlands. In 1664, the English took it over and renamed it New York.

•SOUTHERN COLONIES: Agriculture became the most important activity in the Southern Colonies. Cash crops such as cotton and tobacco drove the southern economy. Slaves were used to do the work on the Southern plantations and farms.

•Maryland: Created for Roman Catholics.

•Virginia, N. & S. Carolina: Tobacco.

•Georgia: Debtors from English prisons.

•Slaves were brought from Africa across the Atlantic Ocean (Middle Passage). They were sold at slave auctions. Primarily, they worked in the fields. Some worked as domestic servants.

•Slaves were sold at slave auctions and were treated very badly. The Slave Codes were used to control the slaves. Punishments included whippings, beatings, and mutilations.

AFRICA

•Slaves used mainly to grow cotton.

•Slave ships were overcrowded and filled with foul smells and diseases.

Fishing

Trading

Ship building

Agriculture: Corn, wheat

Agriculture: Cash Crops

Lumber

Factories Urban: Cities

Small villages

Plantations

Wooded and rocky

Open and fertile soil, less rocky.

Many waterways, fertile soil.

People elect representatives who run colony for monarch.

People elect representatives who run colony for monarch.

Colonies run by Royal Governors selected by monarch.

•Mercantilism: England used its colonies to create wealth for the mother country. The colonies provided raw materials for England’s factories. The colonies were also a market for the finished goods of England to be sold.

Mercantilism: A system of trade using colonies to create wealth for the mother country.

•Navigation Acts: Passed by England in the 1660’s to control colonial trade. 1. Colonies had to sell certain products to England or other colonies. Sugar, tobacco, and indigo. 2. All goods going to the colonies from other countries had to go through England first. 3. All goods coming to or leaving the colonies had to be transported on ships built in the colonies or in England.