English Class 03 The Little Word OF

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CURSOS ON-LINE – INGLÊS – PROF. CARLOS AUGUSTO

www.pontodosconcursos.com.br

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AULA 3

THE LITTLE WORD ‘OF’

Antes de responder as questões de reading comprehension sobre otexto Sociedade da Informação, faça a correlação de ‘A’ com B’ na tabelaabaixo. Todos as expressões com a palavra ‘of’ foram retirados do texto.

A B

1. streams of online information a. ( ) uma série de programas2. array of programmes b. ( ) no coração deste processo3. service of higher quality c. ( ) serviço de maior qualidade

4. worlds of broadcasting d. ( ) condições dos fornecedores5. at the heart of this process e. ( ) correntes de ‘info’ na rede6. terms of suppliers f. ( ) mundos das transmissões

Text 1: INFORMATION SOCIETY

In brief: Practically non-existent 15 years ago mobile phones are everywhere.The internet provides endless streams of online information. We are offered a bewildering array of programmes* and services as high-capacity digital systems bring together two formerly separate worlds of broadcasting and

telecommunications. This revolution in information technology is creating the 5 information society - at home, at school and at work. The European Union and its policies and actions have guided and supported the revolution since the beginning.

The communications revolution is driven by technology and marketforces. The European Union has been at the heart of this process, setting thepace for opening markets, maintaining equal opportunities for all participants,10creating a dynamic regulatory structure, defending consumer interests and evensetting technical standards. The old publicly-owned telephone monopolies thatonce ran protected national markets have been transfigured. Aggressive andinnovative newcomers have moved in, offering imaginative new services,

attractively packaged. Competition has forced prices down and quality up.15The result for individuals and businesses is cheaper and better service of a

higher quality and reliability. Consumer choice has widened both terms of suppliers and of services on offer. Demand for mobile telephones and internetaccess exploded. Now 90% of schools and businesses in the EU are online,while more than half the population are regular internet users. The information20and communications sector is among the most dynamic in the European Unionand globally. (Excerpt from Overviews of the European Union activities)visit: http://europa.eu.int/pol/infso/overview_em.htm [access: 15/05/05]

(*) Spelling differences:programmes (n.) (UK) // programs (n.) (US)





CURSOS ON LINE Prof. Carlos Augusto -2-

Segundo os linguists a incidência da key word ‘of’ nos textos éimpressionante (vem em segundo lugar - só perde para a palavra ‘the’); é muito

superior à importância que a ela se dá. É comum em expressões como as quedestacamos anteriormente. Passe a observar outras expressões com ‘of’.

READING STRATEGIESESTRATÉGIAS DE LEITURA

I - STRATEGY 1: Highlighting the true cognates O texto ‘Information Society’ contém aproximadamente 250 palavras. Dentreessas há várias palavras transparentes, vários true cognates. Nos mesmosmoldes das lições anteriores, assinale esses verdadeiros cognatos. Chegueifacilmente a 35% das palavras.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

II - STRATEGY 2: Inferring the main idea of the text

Qualquer aluno com um mínimo de conhecimento de inglês entenderáque o título “Information Society” significa ‘Sociedade da Informação’.

Às vezes um título, um sub-título, um abstract (neste caso significando:sumário) são extremamente significativos e ajudam a inferir a idéia principal. Ébem verdade que nas provas da ESAF nem sempre o título do texto é ‘mamão

com açúcar’ como o supracitado. Mas nunca deixe de analisá-lo.Como teste proponho o título do texto da recente prova (06/2005) da

ESAF para AFC que começaremos a estudar nesta aula. Responda as questões:

“Specter of Rising Inflation Sends Shares to New Lows for 2005”

a) Quais dessas palavras você considera true cognates?___________________________________________

b) Sem consultar o dicionário, com quais das outras você está familiarizado?__________________________________________________________

c) Finalmente, e mais importante, em quanto a tradução fragmentada ouintegral do texto lhe permite inferir sobre o que trata o texto?___________________________________________________






READING COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS

Responda Falso (F) ou Verdadeiro (V).

1. ( ) Mobile phones have been everywhere for 15 years.

2. ( ) The current revolution in information technology is creating theinformation society.

3. ( ) The European Union has given support to this revolution since thebeginning.

4. ( ) Market forces have no influence whatsoever in this revolution.

5. ( ) There has been the transfiguration of old publicly-owned telephonemonopolies

6. ( ) 90 % of the EU population are regular Internet users.

ANALYSIS OF THE TEXT

ADJ + NOUN // NOUN + NOUN

From text 1:“Practically non-existent 15 years ago mobile phones are everywhere” (L-1) “This revolution in information technology is creating the information society

Numa das participações na área livre do site falei sobre collocations. No caso acima não vamos nos ater à distinção entre collocations e merascombinations de palavras. Aguce a sua observação para os word chunks formados por um adjetivo + substantivo ou mesmo substantivo + substantivo onde o primeiro faz as vezes de adjetivo. Correlacione A com B:

A B

1. information a. ( ) access2. market b. ( ) choice3. consumer c. ( ) standard

4. technical d. ( ) forces5. innovative e. ( ) sector6. internet f. ( ) newcomers7. communications g. ( )technology






WORD FORMS

a) the prefix NON-

From the text ‘Information Society’ “Practically non-existent 15 years ago mobile phones are everywhere.” (L-1)

O prefixo NON – é um dos formadores de antônimos. É colocado diantede substantivos ou adjetivos. O hífen nem sempre é usado, mas é mantidoquando a outra palavra começa por letra maiúscula.

Exs.: I’d like to reserve a table for two. Non-smoking section, please.

Queria reservar uma mesa para dois. Área de não fumantes, por favor.

This is not a nonstop flight, madam.Este não é um vôo sem escalas, senhora.

Helga took part in the non-violent demonstration.A Helga participou da manifestação pacífica..

My grandfather was a non-smoker all his life.Meu avô foi um não-fumante durante toda sua vida.

That’s just nonsense! You can’t go there alone at this late hour.Isto é absurdo! Você não pode sair só a esta hora.

What kind of books do you prefer: science fiction or nonfiction?Que tipo de livros você prefere - ficção científica ou não ficção?

Acrescente aqui outras palavras com esta mesmaformação quando encontrá-las em suas leituras.






b) the suffix -LESS

From the text ‘Information Society’“The internet provides endless streams of online information” (L-2)

O sufixo –LESS forma adjetivos. No exemplo do texto acima endlesssignifica sem fim, interminável. Estude os exemplos a seguir:

My daughter ran up to meet me so fast that she felt breathless. Minha filha correu tanto para me encontrar que se sentiu sem fôlego.

Joel was arrested for careless driving.Joel foi preso por direção descuidada.


c) the suffix -FUL

Mesmo não aparecendo no texto 1, resolve incluir logo o sufixo -FUL também formador de adjetivos e que dá a idéia oposta à do sufixo –LESS.

Exs.: Jennifer has always been a careful driver.A Jennifer sempre foi uma motorista cuidadosa.

Your niece must have been a beautiful baby.Sua sobrinha deve ter sido uma neném bonita.







d) the suffix –(I)TY

From the text ‘Information Society’ “The result for individuals and businesses is cheaper and better service of ahigher quality and reliability.” (L-16/17)

Este sufixo, muito freqüente em inglês, forma substantivos cujaterminação em português é normalmente ‘-dade’. Ocorrem algumas pequenasalterações ortográficas às vezes. No exemple acima, do adjetivo reliable (=confiável) chega-se ao substantivo reliability (= confiabilidade).

Exs.: Ben is so irresponsible. I’m tired of his irresponsibility.O Ben é tão irresponsável. Estou cansado de sua irresponsabilidade.

Actually, I see no reason for this feeling of inferiority.Na verdade, não vejo razão para este sentimento de inferioridade.

The president’s popularity has declined lately.A popularidade do presidente tem caído ultimamente.

As vezes apenas –TY é acrescentado ao adjetivo:

Exs.: We were amazed by the cruelty shown by the bandits.Ficamos estarrecidos com a crueldade demonstrada pelos bandidos .

This is a privilege only for the members of royalty.Este é um privilégio só para os membros da realeza.

Acrescente aqui outras palavras com esta mesma formaçãoquando encontrá-las em suas leituras.






e) the suffix –ER

From the text ‘Information Society’ “Consumer choice has widened both terms of suppliers and of serviceson offer.” (L-17/18) “The result … is cheaper and better service of a higher quality andreliability.” (L-16/17)

c.1) Sufixo formador de substantivos, correspondendo àquele /a que faz

Verbo Substantivo Tradução

borrow borrower tomador de empréstimolend lender emprestadorsupply supplier fornecedor

c.2) sufixo formador do grau comparativo dos short adjectives

Adjetivo Comparativo Traduçãocheap cheaper mais baratohigh higher mais alto

low lower mais baixo

Acrescente aqui outras palavras com esta mesma formaçãoquando encontrá-las em suas leituras.






TRUE COGNATES & FALSE COGNATES

From the text ‘The Information Society’“The European Union and its policies and actions have guided and supported the revolution since the beginning.” (L- 6/7)

A palavra policies não significa polícias e, sim, políticas; o verbo supportpode ser traduzido por suportar em português, dependendo do contexto. Mas nocaso acima devemos entender como ‘apoiar’.

I - Write (T) true or (F) false in parentheses

1. We’ll resume work after lunch.resume means resumir ( )

2. She’s a woman of exquisite tastes.Exquisite means estranhos ( )

3. Stop pretending that you have a fever.Pretend means fingir ( )

4. In my opinion it was an ingenious plan.ingenious means ingênuo ( )

5. Are you familiar with Jorge Amado’s novels?novels mean romances ( )

6. With profound disgust I entered the place.Disgust means nojo ( )

7. It all depends on how much is available.available means avaliável ( )

8. Your contribution was most invaluable.invaluable means sem valor ( )

9. Helen’s father is a renowned physician.Physician means físico. ( )

10. Her daughter is a very sensitive girl.sensitive means sensata ( )

11. In order to reach an agreement both sides had to compromise.compromise means comprometer-se ( )

12. Mr. Parris agreed that it was a rather vexed question.vexed means embaraçosa. ( )






VOCABULARY BUILD-UP

Specialized vocabulary: economic termsEXERCISE 1- Use the words in the box to match the brief definitions:

cost of living economical protectionismstandard of living economic inflation

1. ________________ relating to an economy or economics2. ________________ using a minimum of resources, cheap3. ________________ a rise in the general Ieve1 of prices, and an

increase in the money supply4. ________________ a measure of the amount of money that has to be

paid for essentials (food, accommodation,heating, clothing, etc)

5. ________________ a measure off the amount of disposable incomethat people have to spend on both necessitiesand luxuries.

6. ________________ the practice of restricting imports in order toincrease the sales of domestic products.

(Adapted from Financial English by Ian Mackenzie, page 89, LTP)

Specialized vocabulary: money and payments

EXERCISE 2- Use the words in the box to match the brief definitions:

currency borrower pension rebate feeinstallment premium dividend yield budget

1. .......................... = monthly payment one has to make for buying on credit.2. ………............... = payment of a share in a business paid to shareholders.3. ........................... = money paid for an insurance policy.4. ........................... = money a lender gets for a loan or investment.5. ........................... = money received by retired people.6. ...........................= payment to lawyers, doctors, etc. for professional services.7. ........................... = return of part of a payment reduction.8. ........................... = money that is in official use in a country.9. ........................... = one who has taken money to be repaid at interest or not.10. .......................... = estimate of future income and expenses made by a person

or business.






SUMMARY OF VERB TENSESRESUMO DOS TEMPOS VERBAIS

4.1 PRESENT PERFECT

Utilizemos as expressões walk fast (=andar apressadamente) com overbo regular walk e be quiet (=ficar quieto), com o verbo irregular be.

AFFIRMATIVE

I / You / We / They have walked fast/ been quiet

He / She / It has walked fast/ been quiet

Como você observa usa-se o presente simples do auxiliar ‘to have’ + particípiopassado do verbo principal.

QUESTIONS

Have I / You / We / They walked fast/ been quiet?Has He / She / It walked fast/ been quiet?

Formamos a interrogativa com a inversão do auxiliar ‘have’ e o sujeito da frase.

NEGATIVE

I / You / We / They have not walked fast/ been quietHe / She / It has not walked fast/ been quiet

Formamos a negativa colocando ‘not’ após as formas do auxiliar ‘have’. You find the contracted forms: has not = hasn’t / have not = haven’t

4.2 USES OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

a) to say that an action has just taken place or has repeatedly happenedalready but the definite time is not specified.Para dizer que uma ação acaba de acontecer – ou aconteceu repetidasvezes sem que um tempo definido seja especificado.

Exs.: Mr. Hart has just left.O Sr. Hart acabou de sair.

I’m not going to the movies with you. I’ve already seen that movie twice.Não vou ao cinema com você. Já vi esse filme duas vezes.






Jennifer has not read Jô’s latest book.Jennifer não leu o último livro do Jô.

b) To express actions which begin in the past and are connected with thepresent and are likely to go on in the future. ‘For’ and ‘since’ arecommonly used.Para expressar ações que começaram no passado, têm conexão com opresente e possivelmente continuarão no futuro. As preposições ‘for’ e ‘since’são comumente usadas.]

Exs.: Mr. Dunlop has worked at C& C for more than 20 years. (He began 20years ago and is still working there.)O Sr. Dunlop trabalha na C&C há mais de vinte anos. Começou há vinte anose ainda trabalha lá.

Denise has studied English since her childhood. (and she keeps onstudying the language till now )Denise estuda inglês desde a sua infância. [continua a estudar até hoje.]

c) Brazilian students should pay close attention to the use of the presentperfect after the expression “It’s the first time (that) ... (In Portuguesewe use the present simple)Os alunos brasileiros devem prestar atenção ao uso do presente perfeitoapós a expressão ‘É a primeira vez (que)]

Exs.: It’s the first time I have been to the Maracanã Stadium.[I had never been here before]É a primeira vez que venho ao estádio do Maracanã.[Não tinha estado lá antes]

It’s the first time that Laura has seen Casablanca.[She hadn’t seen the movie before]É a primeira vez que Laura viu Casablanca .

[Não tinha visto o filme antes]

Traduza os seguintes fragmentos do texto ‘Information Society’

1. “The EU has supported the communications revolution since the beginning.”___________________________________________________________________

2. “Aggressive and innovative newcomers have moved in ...___________________________________________________________________

3. “Competition has forced prices down...”___________________________________________________________________

4. Consumer choice has widened ___________________________________________________________________






A LOOK AT PAST EXAMS

ESAF /AFC STN/2005

Breve análise sobre o título:

1. Quais palavras dele você considerou true cognates?________________________________________________________

2. Você sabia o significado de shares, de rising antes de ler o texto?________________________________________________________

3. Last but not least: Quanto a sua tradução - fragmentada ou na íntegra

do título - lhe ajudou para saber a idéia principal do texto?________________________________________________________

Read the text below in order to answer questions 21 to 23.

Specter of Rising Inflation Sends Shares to New Lows for 2005Fears of rising inflation sent stocks to new lows for the year yesterday

after the government reported a sharp increase in consumer prices that all butguaranteed that the Federal Reserve would continue to push interest rates higher

even as the economy may be slowing.Last week investors were worried about the effect of slower economicgrowth on corporate earnings. The addition of inflation fears to the mix putnerves on Wall Street even more on edge.

A 0.6 percent increase in the Consumer Price Index last month was thelargest in five months the government reported. The 0.4 percent jump in thecore rate, which excludes food and energy was twice the forecast from analystsand the highest monthly increase in nearly four years.

While some economists predicted that inflation should moderate in

coming months, higher energy costs due to the international petroleum pricehike have pushed consumer prices steadily higher so that they have beenrunning at an annual rate of 3 percent or more for several months. (Source TheNew York Times April 21st (2005 (adapted)






21. Investors in the USA are reacting negatively toa) Federal Reserve consumer price guarantees.b) a possible sharp increase in share prices.c) a dangerous level of nervousness in Walt Street.d) economic deceleration combined with higher inflation.e) the administration’s refusal to increase interest rates.

22. According to the text last month the consumer price indexa) rose by more than pundits had expected.b) increased by almost one percentage point.c) caused an unexpected drop in corporate earnings.d) guaranteed Federal Reserve Bonds.e) startled the core rate into a severe jump

23. In the last paragraph, the rising cost of consumer goods is attributed toa) an annual growth rate of 3 % or more.b) a moderate fall in the inflation rate.c) the recent sharp increase in oil prices.d) several months of economic slowdown.e) the dire predictions of some economists.






ANSWERS

Pre-test: The little Word ‘of’a. 2 b. 5 c. 3 d. 6 e. 1 f. 4

Aqui estão os true cognates, os numerais e demais sinais pictográficos dotext 1 que poderiam ser assinalados.

Text 1: INFORMATION SOCIETY

In brief: Practically non-existent 15 years ago mobile phones are everywhere. The i nternet provides endless streams of online information . We are

offered a bewildering array of programmes and services as high- capacity digital systems bring together two formerly separate worlds of broadcasting and telecommunications. This revolution in information technology is creating the information society - at home, at school and at work. The European Union and its policies* and actions have guided and supported the revolution since the beginning.

The communications revolution is driven by technology and marketforces. The European Union has been at the heart of this process, setting thepace for opening markets, maintaining equal opportunities for all participants,creating a dynamic regulatory structure, defending consumer interests andeven setting technical standards. The old publicly-owned telephone monopolies that once ran protected national markets have been transfigured. Aggressiveand innovative newcomers have moved in, offering imaginative new services, attractively packaged. Competition has forced prices down and quality up.

The result for individuals and businesses is cheaper and better service of ahigher quality and reliability. Consumer choice has widened both terms of suppliersand of services on offer. Demand for mobile telephones and internet access exploded. Now 90% of schools and businesses in the EU are online, while morethan half the population are regular internet users. The information andcommunications sector is among the most dynamic in the European Union andglobally.

Reading Comprehension: Falso (F) ou Verdadeiro (V).1. (F) 2. (V) 3. (V) 4. (F) 5. (V) 6. (F)

Combinations - Correlação A /Ba. 6 b. 3 c. 4 d. 2 e. 7 f. 5 g. 1

Present perfect from the text ‘Information Society’ 1. A UE apóia (tem apoiado)a revolução das comunicações desde o seu início.2. Recém-chegados dinâmicos e inovadores juntaram-se à

3. A concorrência forçou os preços para baixo…4. A escolha do consumidor se ampliou (tem-se ampliado)






I - False cognates? //(T) true or (F) false

1. (F) We’ll resume work after lunch (= Vamos recomeçar o trabalho após oalmoço) Resumir ( = summarize)2. (F) She’s a woman of exquisite tastes. (= Ela é uma mulher de gostosrefinados) // Estranho pode ser strange, odd, weird dependendo do contexto.3. (V) Stop pretending that you have a fever. (= Pare de fingir que está comfebre) // Pretender em inglês é intend, have the intention of)4. (F) In my opinion it was an ingenious plan. (=Em minha opinião era umplano engenhoso) ingênuo é naive or ingenuous.5. (V) Are you familiar with Jorge Amado’s novels? (=Você está familiarizados

com os romances de Jorge Amado? // novelas = soap operas, ou só ‘soaps’.6. ( V) With profound disgust I entered the place. (=Com profundo nojo entreino local) // desgosto = disappointment.7. (F) It all depends on how much is available. (=Tudo depende do quanto estádisponível) avaliável é appraisable, that can be appraised.8. (F) Your contribution was most invaluable. (=Sua contribuição foi realmenteinestimável) sem valor é worthless.9. (F) Helen’s father is a renowned physician. (=O pai de Helen é um renomadomédico.) físico = physicist.

10. (F) Her daughter is a very sensitive girl. (=Sua filha é uma garota muitosensível) sensata = sensible. 11. (F) In order to reach an agreement both sides had to compromise.(=Parachegar a um acordo amboas as parte tiveram que fazer concessõess) // comprometer-se = commit oneself to. 12. (F) Mr. Parris agreed that it was a rather vexed question. (=O Sr. Parrisconcordou que se tratava de uma questão controversa.) embaraçosa =embarrassing.

EXERCISE 1 - Specialized vocabulary: economic terms1. economic=relating to an economy or economics2. economical =using a minimum of resources, cheap3. inflation = a rise in the general Ieve1 of prices, and an increase in the

money supply4. cost of living= a measure of the amount of money that has to be paid for

essentials (food, accommodation, heating, clothing, etc)5. standard of living = a measure of the amount of disposable income that

people have to spend on both necessities and luxuries.6. protectionism = the practice of restricting imports in order to






AULA 3

Avalie se os seguintes objetivos desta aula foram alcançados.

TÓPICOS & OBJETIVOS

Raise your awareness of:Despertar sua conscientização para:

I – Reading Strategy (III): Inferring the Main IdeaEstratégia de Leitura (II): Inferência da Idéia principal

II – Study of text 1: Information Society … Estudo do texto1 “A Sociedade da Informação”

III – Key Word OF Exercise A Palavra-chave: OF / Exercício

IV – Word Forms – The prefix –NON Formação de Palavras – prefixo –NON

V – Word Forms – The suffixes: –LESS, –FUL, –(I)TY, –ER Formação de Palavras – Sufixos: -LESS, -FUL, -(I)TY, -ER

VI - Summary of Verb Tenses: Present PerfectResumo dos tempos verbais: Presente Perfeito

VII – False Cognates or True Cognates?Falsos Cognatos ou Verdadeiros Cognatos?

VIII – Vocabulary Build-up: Specialized vocabularyConstrução de Vocabulário: Vocabulário técnico (Jargão)

IX– Analysis of past exams: ESAF / AFC/STN – 2005Análise de provas anteriores: ESAF / AFC / STN – 2005




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English Class 03 The Little Word OF

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