English Academic Paper Writing & Publication 30 hours Sept, 2008 – Jan, 2009 By Liu Shaofang.

English for Academic Paper Writing & English for Academic Paper Writing & PublicationPublication

Unit 2Unit 2 Title, author,affiliation & keywordsTitle, author,affiliation & keywords



1. TitleGeneral functions (abstract of an abstract)

Generalizing the text, attracting the reader, facilitating the retrieval

Linguistic features using more nouns, noun phrases & gerunds; using

an incomplete sentence;

avoiding question titles


Unit 2 Title, author,affiliation & keywordsUnit 2 Title, author,affiliation & keywords


Unit 2 Title, author,affiliation & keywordsUnit 2 Title, author,affiliation & keywords

Writing requirements being brief and concise (<20 words; subtitle);

being specific;

being unified (parallel parts);

being standard(abbreviations,symbols,capitalization of the concrete words)





2. Author/affiliationGeneral functions

bearing author’s responsibility; facilitating retrieval & correspondence; heightening celebrity

Linguistic features spelling names (HU Jingtao, Hu Jingtao,

LI Ju, Li Ju);

giving correct information about affiliation (no abbreviations; adequate postal address; zip code)





Writing requirements printing format: following specific requirements of

the journal

number of authors: < 4; xxx et al

professional title: omission

address: the same as letters

multiple authors

multiple affiliations

internal units





3. KeywordsGeneral functions

easy retrieval of information;

quick access to the gist of the paper

Linguistic features nominalization;

limited number of words (4 ~ 6, 2 ~ 8);

designated choice





Writing requirements using required terms (Keywords; Key words;

Keywords index; keywords & phrases; Indexing terms);

placing in the right location: below the abstract;

capitalizing the letter K;

spacing the keywords (:) ( , ; ) (no full stop at

the end);

adopting standard abbreviations

English for Academic Paper Writing & PublicationEnglish for Academic Paper Writing & Publication

Unit 2Unit 2 Title, author, affiliation & keywordsTitle, author, affiliation & keywords

Abstract: Equality of educational opportunity is the key of educational equality and the reflection of social equality, covering equality opportunities of enrollment educational process and educational result. At present in our country, inequality of educational opportunity broadly exists. The study of equality of educational opportunity from the sociological perspectives turns out to have important theoretical significance and practical value to propel positive development of education and realize human's comprehensive development and social equality.

Definition of Abstract An abstract is an abbreviated, accurate

representation of the contents of a document, preferably prepared by its author(s) for publication with it.

by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI)


Unit 3Unit 3 AbstractAbstract



1. General functionsMiniaturizing the text

a condensed statement of the contents of a paper

Deciding “Yes” or “No” acceptance or not by a journal/conference

Expanding the circulation academic influence





2. Linguistic featuresLimited length

200 words; 50 ~ 100 words; 500 words

Categories descriptive (indicative): general subject matter in a

qualitative way

informational (informative): findings and results in a quantitative way





informational-descriptive: a combined form that bears specific information about the principal findings and results and general information about the rest of document.

Complete content self-contained, unified, coherent, concise summary 3 elements: a statement of the problem; a statement of the approach to solving the

problem; the principal results





Formalized structure topic sentence (what): going straightforwardly

to the subject or the problem and indicating the primary objective

supporting sentences(main body): specifying further the subject by research methods,experiments, procedures, investigations, calculations, analysis, results

concluding sentence(s): analyzing the results, explaining the application, pointing out the significance of the research




Unit 3Unit 3 AbstractAbstract3. Writing requirements

Integrity 1 paragraph about what has been done, especially the

author’s own contributionConciseness

essential information, economy of words,no number, equations & mathematical expressions and othersConsistency

exclusion of non-mentioned informationConcentration

exclusion of certain elements (figures, tables, literature reference, etc.)





4. “5 Steps” for abstract writingUnderlining key words and sentencesListing essential points of the paperBoiling down each section to a sentence or twoDrafting the abstractChecking the final draft





5. “5Q-A strategy”Q1: What is the general knowledge of your topic

in the academic field?Q2: What research topic is the paper to focus

on?Q3: What method or material do you use to

support your main point of view?Q4: What conclusion will you draw?

Q5: What is the main contribution of the paper?





A1: 1 sentence

A2: 1 topic sentence, 1/2 supporting sentences A3: 2/3 sentences

A4: 1 sentence

A5: 1 sentence





6. Likely mistakes/Common errorsMixed writing styleOver-simplified statementsMonotonous expressionIncomplete contentsDisplacement of information





Sentence patterns for the topicThe purpose/goal/intention/objective/object/

emphasis/aim of this paper is …The primary/chief/overall/main object of this study is to survey…The chief aim of this paper/research/study/

experiment/the present work is…The emphasis of this study lies in…





The work presented in this paper focuses on …The experiment made by the research group is aimed at obtaining the results…Experiments on… were made to measure …The problem we have outlined deals largely with the study of…Our goal has been to provide…The main objective of our investigation has been to obtain some knowledge of…The object of this fundamental research will be to reveal …





With his recent research, the author intends to outline the framework of …The author attempted the set of experiments with a view to demonstrating certain phenomena…The authors are now initiating experimental investigation to establish…With his research, the author’s endeavor is to explain…In this paper we aim at…





Sentence patterns for supporting ideasThe method used in our study is known as…The approach adopted extensively is called …The technique we applied is referred to as …The procedure they followed can be briefly described as …The test equipment consisted of…The winch is composed of the following main parts:…





Detailed information has been acquired by the author …The research has recorded valuable data …This is a working theory which is based on…The fundamental feature of this theory is as follows.The theory is characterized by…The experiment consisted of three steps, which are described in…Recent experiments in this area suggested that…A number of experiments were performed to check…





This formula is verified by…Included in the experiment were…We have carried out several sets of experiments to test the validity of …They undertook the experiment to support the hypothesis …





Sentence patterns for conclusionIn conclusion, we state that…It is concluded that…As a result of our experiments, we concluded that…These findings of the research have led the author to the conclusion that…The author has satisfactorily come to the conclusion that…In summing up it may be stated that…Finally, a summary is given of…





The results of the experiment indicate that…The studies we have performed showed that…The research we have done suggests that…We carried out several studies which have demonstrated that…The investigation carried out by… has revealed that …





Laboratory studies of … did not furnish any information about…All our preliminary results throw light on the nature of …This fruitful work gives explanation of …The author’s pioneer work has contributed to our present understanding of …The research work has brought about a discovery of …





From the experiment, the authors came to realize that…The data obtained appear to be similar to those reported earlier by…Our work involving studies of … prove to be encouraging.

English for Academic Paper Writing & English for Academic Paper Writing &

PublicationPublicationUnit 4Unit 4 IntroductionIntroduction

English for Academic Paper Writing & English for Academic Paper Writing &

PublicationPublicationUnit 4Unit 4 IntroductionIntroduction

1. General functions Introducing the subject (what)

sufficient background information preliminary but overall impression for the reader

Limiting the research scope (what) narrowing down the scope of work delimiting the boundary of study

Stating the general purpose (why/where)Showing the writing arrangement


Unit 4Unit 4 IntroductionIntroduction



2. Structure features Starting with the research background (what has been done)

reviewing the pertinent literatureTransiting to the existing problem (what has not been done)

problems/weak points not found methods not adopted materials not discovered factors ignored





Focusing on the present research (what to do)

primary research objectives

novel ideas

advanced methods

new materials

new factors




Unit 4Unit 4 IntroductionIntroductionSentence patterns for background introduction

It is well known that…It is reported that …There have been studies highlighting…Over the past 3 decades,…The previous work on… has indicated that…Recent experiments by … have suggested …Several researchers have theoretically investigated …In most studies of …, … has been emphasized with attention being given to…Industrial application of … is becoming increasingly common.





Sentence patterns to transit to the existing problem

Great progress has been made in this field, but/however, nevertheless…

A part of the explanation could lie in … However, …

The study of … gives rise to two main difficulties; one is …; the other is…

Also, the consideration of… alone cannot explain the observed fact that…

Despite the recent progress reviewed in …, there is no generally accepted theory concerning…

From the above discussion, it appears that at present neither … nor …





An experiment of the kind has not been made.

Until now no field experiments of … have been reported.

The method we used differs greatly from the one reported last year.

No clear advancement has so far been seen in …

The data available in literature failed to prove that …





Sentence patterns for present work introduction

In this paper, … is investigated/studied/discussed/presented…

This paper reports on…

The purpose of this paper/ study/ thesis is…

The primary goal of this research is …

The present study will therefore focus on…

The present work deals mainly with …

In this paper, we aim at …

On the basis of existing literature data, we carried out studies in an effort to …





Sentence patterns for research scope

The problem under discussion within the scope of …

The problem I have referred to falls within the field of …

The problem we have just outlined seems to be inside of the province of…

Studies with these effects covered various aspects of …

Our studies with this technique are confined to only one particular aspect …

This subject is concerned chiefly with the study of …

The approach under study is only applied to …




Unit 4Unit 4 IntroductionIntroductionThe theory cannot apply to other cases of …The emphasis of this paper is to survey…The author has limited his studies to the related aspects of …

Sentence patterns for writing arrangement

This paper is divided into 5 sections as follows…Section one of the paper opens with…Section 3 develops the second hypotheses on…Section 4 shows/introduces/reveals/treats/ develops/deal with…





The 5th section provides an exposition that places the primary emphasis on…

The result of .. Is given in the last section.

In this paper, data and results are presented under the major heading of …


Unit 5Unit 5 Textual DevelopmentTextual Development



I. Kinds of academic paper theoretical experimentalII. Papers of theoretical nature

DescriptionsObjective

focus on the object rather than on his personal reactions to it; build up as accurate a picture as he can for his readersSubjective/impressionistic

show the author’s impressions of or responses to what they see; not only convey the actual record but also the author’s attitudes





1. requirements for research descriptionPresenting a picture of the object group, set, class, kind, variety, subdivision,

subgroup subset be numbered among, be included in, be

grouped with exclude, include, comprise, contain, take in excluding, excepting, except, also, in

addition, likewise, similarly





Illustrating the object in artificial language for example, for instance, such as in the same way, by the same token comparable, similar similarly, correspondingly be analogous, can/could be compared to,

to make a comparison between X and Y, to draw an analogy between X and Y




Unit 5Unit 5 Textual DevelopmentTextual DevelopmentMaking necessary comparison similarity: similar, the same, identical similarity, resemblance, correspondence resembling, connected with correspondingly, likewise, in the same way, not

unlike appear /seem like, correspond to, compare to, resemble difference: dissimilar, different from, opposed difference, distinction conversely, unlike, on the contrary, in contrast, on

the other hand differ from, distinguish, make a distinction

between, bear no resemblance to





Sizing the object speciallyLocating the object correctly above, below, underneath, beside,

alongside inside, outside, within, near, over at the front, at the back, upside down, to

the right, to the left, on the right hand side, on the left hand side, in the middle, on top of, at the foot/base of

close to, apart from, some distance from, attached to, leading to, supporting, fitting into, covering





Generalizing the observation carefully distinguishing/main features, the essence

of sth, the meaning of sth sth means/signifies, sth is to be

distinguished from, sth is characterized by, that is

essentially, really, namely, alternatively in another sense, in the true sense of sth,

in other words





2. Logical developmentDeveloping by chronological sequenceDeveloping by investigation proceduresDeveloping the research from abstract to concreteDeveloping the research from concrete to abstract





3. Reasoning (persuasion)Subjective analysisObjective analysis





III. Papers of experimental nature1. Typical features

Experimental descriptionFunctions of experimental description

convince readers; benefit readers; allow readers to duplicate the experiment





2. Process undertaken in the experimentNecessary comments on the process as a wholeSteps descriptionApproaches descriptionSumming up ideas of the process

3. Technology involved in the experiment4. Materials used in the experiment5. Equipment introduced in the experiment6. Conditions provided in the experiment

English for Academic Paper Writing & PublicationEnglish for Academic Paper Writing & PublicationUnit 7 Acknowledgments, References, Footnotes & Unit 7 Acknowledgments, References, Footnotes &

AppendixAppendix


AppendixAppendix

1. Acknowledgments Acknowledgments explicitly demonstrate the

intellectual community as acooperative, organized and conversational circle.

General functionsIntroductory move (optional)

step 1: citing parent texts or events

step 2: acknowleging those involved


AppendixAppendix


AppendixAppendix

Main move

step 1: acknowleging institutional support

step 2: acknowleging individual contributions

step 3: accepting responsibility

Sample

[the ideas in this essay were inspired by discussions at the Workshop on Resional Consitutions, Oslo, December 17-23,1995, ][sponsored by the university of Stockholm,funded by the Academic Bureau of the Agency for International Development.]


AppendixAppendix


AppendixAppendix

[Our research was partly financed by the swedish Council for research in the Social Sciences and by the Norwegian Council for Applied Sciences. ][We are grateful to Paul Dufenberg, George moore, Eva Prendergast and two anonymous referees for helpful comments on earlier drafts. Thanks also to seminar participants at TSMAQ, the Danish School of Business Administration and the University of Stockholm.][ Any errors are our own.]


AppendixAppendix


AppendixAppendix

Liguistic featuresPatternized contents

Formalized expressions

Writing requirementsBeing specific

Avoiding under or over-statements

Asking for permission


AppendixAppendix


AppendixAppendix

2. ReferenceGeneral functions

Showing respect to the previous works

Facilitating the literature search

3 categories: background, support, critical


AppendixAppendix


AppendixAppendix

background: (1) anything not directly related to the argument

the writer is making

(2) citation referring to methodology

(3) background information including definitions

and explanations

(4) historical reference presented uncritically


AppendixAppendix


AppendixAppendix

Support (1) Citations directly related to supporting the argument the writer is making (2) Citations that support a point the author is making in the paragraphCritical (1) citations the author disagrees with either partly or completely (2) Citations that are used to support points of disagreement


AppendixAppendix


AppendixAppendix

References in natural science & engineering (in the text) 1,2 3-6

[1,2] [3-6]

(in the reference) 1 D.R. Crapper, S. S. Krishan and J.

Dalton, Science, 1973, 180, 511-513.

2 Ohmori T, Kitamura K, Danno A et al. A

cold gorging oil containing phosphorus type EP

addictives. Tribology Transactions, 1991, 34(3):

324-341.


AppendixAppendix


AppendixAppendix

References in the humanities MLA: Modern Language Association

References in the social sciences APA: American Psychological Association

Writing requirements correct in content

unified in style

Differences between references and bibliography

English Academic Paper Writing & Publication 30 hours Sept, 2008 – Jan, 2009 By Liu Shaofang.

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