English 325: Introduction to Rhetorical Studies

English 325: Introduction English 325: Introduction to Rhetorical Studiesto Rhetorical Studies

Rhetorical Principals TableRhetorical Principals Table

Greg Krawzik & Meridith Greg Krawzik & Meridith BiegeBiege

Rhetorician/Theorist:Rhetorician/Theorist:

Joanne LebertJoanne Lebert

Ethos (appeal to Ethos (appeal to reputation,rhetor)reputation,rhetor)

““Research has always been the Research has always been the backbone of AI. Not only does the backbone of AI. Not only does the organization pride itself on the reliability organization pride itself on the reliability and relevance of its research, but it also and relevance of its research, but it also strives to make this information freely strives to make this information freely accessible to human rights researchers accessible to human rights researchers and advocates everywhere." and advocates everywhere." (Page 210 (Page 210 Para.4) TheoryPara.4) Theory

(Ethos) What the Group (Ethos) What the Group Thought?Thought?

This is a good example of Ethos This is a good example of Ethos because it shows the reader because it shows the reader credibility. AI is not only stating what credibility. AI is not only stating what they do well, but they are also they do well, but they are also enticing them by saying this enticing them by saying this information is available for all to see information is available for all to see for reassurance.for reassurance.

Ethos continued!Ethos continued!

““In one-fifth of the 499 UA cases in the year In one-fifth of the 499 UA cases in the year 2000, Amnesty was able to document positive 2000, Amnesty was able to document positive developments: Torture and/or death threats developments: Torture and/or death threats ceased, the “disappeared” were found to be ceased, the “disappeared” were found to be alive, investigations into violations of human alive, investigations into violations of human rights were initiated, medical attention was rights were initiated, medical attention was given to sick prisoners, death sentences were given to sick prisoners, death sentences were commuted, human rights defenders were commuted, human rights defenders were protected, or the rights of asylum-seekers protected, or the rights of asylum-seekers were respected.” were respected.” (Page 14 Para. 5) Example(Page 14 Para. 5) Example


Proving to the reader that Amnesty has Proving to the reader that Amnesty has positive results by numbers and facts positive results by numbers and facts provides clear proof that AI is provides clear proof that AI is successful with their work. This built successful with their work. This built reputation with AI by saying this is reputation with AI by saying this is indeed what we did and this is what we indeed what we did and this is what we stand for. This is a great example of stand for. This is a great example of ethos because it is all about AI’s ethos because it is all about AI’s reputation.reputation.

Ethos Continued!Ethos Continued!

““Because of the advance notice, AI Because of the advance notice, AI was able to prepare, and circulate by was able to prepare, and circulate by e-mail, an embargoed statement and e-mail, an embargoed statement and accompanying urgent letter-writing accompanying urgent letter-writing action in anticipation of threats to action in anticipation of threats to the security of CALDH staff." the security of CALDH staff." (Page (Page 211 Para.3) Example211 Para.3) Example

(Ethos) What the Group (Ethos) What the Group Thought!Thought!

This example is proof of how AI’s This example is proof of how AI’s organization can work and save lives organization can work and save lives by going into detail of an example of by going into detail of an example of what they have done and will what they have done and will continue to do.continue to do.


““Moreover, as an added benefit, Moreover, as an added benefit, accurate information used in a timely accurate information used in a timely fashion contributes directly to AI’s fashion contributes directly to AI’s reputation as a reliable source and reputation as a reliable source and effective strategist." effective strategist." (Page 215 Para (Page 215 Para 4) Theory4) Theory


Again, AI is including their already Again, AI is including their already well established reputation by well established reputation by showing the audience more benefits. showing the audience more benefits. At this stage it gives the audience At this stage it gives the audience more reason to believe and gain more reason to believe and gain trust in AI.trust in AI.


““With over 250 Web sites worldwide With over 250 Web sites worldwide posting information produced by or posting information produced by or about AI, and with more than 8,400,000 about AI, and with more than 8,400,000 annual visitor sessions to AI’s annual visitor sessions to AI’s international Web site alone, not only is international Web site alone, not only is the potential for public outreach real, but the potential for public outreach real, but some human rights advocates have some human rights advocates have come to expect AI to commit to public come to expect AI to commit to public education in the virtual world.”education in the virtual world.”( Page ( Page 222 Para. 1) Example222 Para. 1) Example


This quote gives an example of what This quote gives an example of what a large operation AI is and how they a large operation AI is and how they can help people worldwide. Ethos is can help people worldwide. Ethos is addressed by showing that AI is so addressed by showing that AI is so reputable because it has many reputable because it has many websites internationally.websites internationally.

Pathos (appeal to emotion, Pathos (appeal to emotion, audience)audience)

““In other words, there is an implicit In other words, there is an implicit risk involved for those who commit risk involved for those who commit themselves to defending human themselves to defending human rights in countries hostile to such rights in countries hostile to such activities." activities." (Page 211 Para. 3) Theory(Page 211 Para. 3) Theory

(Pathos) What the Group (Pathos) What the Group Thought?Thought?

Pathos is used by appealing to the Pathos is used by appealing to the readers emotion in regards to the readers emotion in regards to the dangerous tasks that AI performs in dangerous tasks that AI performs in the name of human rights.the name of human rights.

Pathos Continued!Pathos Continued!

““For example, in June 2001, CALDH, a For example, in June 2001, CALDH, a Guatemalan human rights organization, Guatemalan human rights organization, informed Amnesty that it was planning informed Amnesty that it was planning to launch a lawsuit against officials of to launch a lawsuit against officials of the former military government of the former military government of General Rios Montt for the massacre of General Rios Montt for the massacre of over twelve hundred indigenous people over twelve hundred indigenous people in thirteen separate incidents in the in thirteen separate incidents in the early 1980’s.”early 1980’s.”(Page 211 Para.3) (Page 211 Para.3) ExampleExample

(Pathos) What the Group (Pathos) What the Group ThoughtThought??

This example uses pathos in the This example uses pathos in the word massacre to evoke thoughts of word massacre to evoke thoughts of the unjust killings of an enormous the unjust killings of an enormous amount of people.amount of people.

Pathos Continued!Pathos Continued!

““For example, a local Canadian For example, a local Canadian Amnesty group donated a personal Amnesty group donated a personal computer (PC) to AI’s Jamaica section computer (PC) to AI’s Jamaica section – its first and only PC to date." – its first and only PC to date." (Page (Page 225 Para. 2) Example225 Para. 2) Example

(Pathos) What the Group (Pathos) What the Group Thought?Thought?

AI is doing whatever they can to help AI is doing whatever they can to help and aid others in the human rights and aid others in the human rights effort. Pathos is used in this quote effort. Pathos is used in this quote by showing that AI is a giving and by showing that AI is a giving and caring group. caring group.

Style (presentation of Style (presentation of communication)communication)

““Depending on the technology Depending on the technology available to them, local activists may available to them, local activists may even relay photos and other scanned even relay photos and other scanned evidence to the IS.” evidence to the IS.” (Page 211 Para. (Page 211 Para. 1) Example1) Example

(Style) What the Group (Style) What the Group Thought?Thought?

AI uses many different AI uses many different communication tactics to relay communication tactics to relay information to their allies. The style information to their allies. The style is shown by giving an example of is shown by giving an example of what they do.what they do.

Style Continued!Style Continued!

““At the grassroots level, researchers At the grassroots level, researchers are using e-mail to establish, nurture, are using e-mail to establish, nurture, and maintain their regional networks and maintain their regional networks of trusted contacts.” of trusted contacts.” (9 Para. (Page 219 Para. 6) Example6) Example

(Style) What the Group (Style) What the Group Thought?Thought?

Again, the reader is given more Again, the reader is given more information about how email is the information about how email is the primary source of communication for primary source of communication for AIs vast network. AIs vast network.

Arrangement (how to Arrangement (how to structure)structure)

““Archived documents must be Archived documents must be interconnected in a relevant, interconnected in a relevant, consistent, and up-to-date manner." consistent, and up-to-date manner." (Page 213 Para.4) Theory(Page 213 Para.4) Theory

(Arrangement) What the Group (Arrangement) What the Group Thought?Thought?

The arrangement of AIs organization The arrangement of AIs organization is explained by revealing the is explained by revealing the correlation and organization of all correlation and organization of all documents.documents.

Arrangement Continued!Arrangement Continued!

““The current policy states that active UA cases can The current policy states that active UA cases can be posted to AI Web sites, at the discretion of the be posted to AI Web sites, at the discretion of the sections’ UA coordinators, on condition that no sections’ UA coordinators, on condition that no authorities’ addresses are provided and no action authorities’ addresses are provided and no action recommended. Users who view the case and want recommended. Users who view the case and want to act are instructed to e-mail the UA coordinator to act are instructed to e-mail the UA coordinator responsible for the UA posting for further details. responsible for the UA posting for further details. This enables coordinators to alert the user should a This enables coordinators to alert the user should a follow-up or correction to the case be issued. follow-up or correction to the case be issued. Moreover, the user may also be encouraged to join Moreover, the user may also be encouraged to join Amnesty and act on behalf of similar cases on a Amnesty and act on behalf of similar cases on a regular basis.” regular basis.” (Page 220 Para. 4) Example(Page 220 Para. 4) Example

(Arrangement) What the Group (Arrangement) What the Group Thought?Thought?

Arrangement is shown in this quote Arrangement is shown in this quote by showing that AI is dedicated to by showing that AI is dedicated to following a set standard of following a set standard of procedures when information is procedures when information is passed from websites to users.passed from websites to users.

Delivery (message Delivery (message transmission)transmission)

“ “Internationally, many AI supporters continue Internationally, many AI supporters continue to handwrite appeals and mail these by to handwrite appeals and mail these by regular post; telexes and telegrams continue regular post; telexes and telegrams continue to be used in some countries; and while text to be used in some countries; and while text messaging may be a popular new medium messaging may be a popular new medium alerting subscribers to “calls to action,” cyber alerting subscribers to “calls to action,” cyber activists are still urged to follow up all e-activists are still urged to follow up all e-mailed appeals or electronic petitions with an mailed appeals or electronic petitions with an old-fashioned, personalized “snail-mailed” or old-fashioned, personalized “snail-mailed” or faxed letter.” faxed letter.” (Page 209 Para. 1) Theory(Page 209 Para. 1) Theory

(Delivery) What the Group (Delivery) What the Group Thought?Thought?

Message delivery at AI is done in Message delivery at AI is done in various forms so that supporters can various forms so that supporters can be accommodated and notified at the be accommodated and notified at the soonest possible time.soonest possible time.

Delivery Continued!Delivery Continued!

““The IS has also recently invested in The IS has also recently invested in infrastructure to collect electronic infrastructure to collect electronic new feeds via satellite, which it sorts new feeds via satellite, which it sorts and distributes – over three thousand and distributes – over three thousand news stories per day – to IS staff news stories per day – to IS staff workstations and a systems workstations and a systems database, all in real time.” database, all in real time.” (Page 212 (Page 212 Para. 1) ExamplePara. 1) Example


AI is broadening their types of AI is broadening their types of communication by delivering communication by delivering messages through the newest messages through the newest technology available to get important technology available to get important information out as soon as possible.information out as soon as possible.

Delivery Continued!Delivery Continued!

““Since one of the major hurdles to Since one of the major hurdles to access is language, one of Amnesty’s access is language, one of Amnesty’s short-term Internet strategies is to short-term Internet strategies is to provide links to international AI sites in provide links to international AI sites in Arabic, French, and Spanish as well as Arabic, French, and Spanish as well as to national or section sites that operate to national or section sites that operate in less widely known languagesin less widely known languages.” (Page .” (Page 225 Para. 1) Example225 Para. 1) Example


Message transmission is sometimes Message transmission is sometimes challenged by language barriers but challenged by language barriers but AI has risen to the occasion and AI has risen to the occasion and translated information in many translated information in many common languages so delivery is common languages so delivery is easier and more widespread.easier and more widespread.

Logos (appeal to logic)Logos (appeal to logic)

““a diverse tool kit allows a greater a diverse tool kit allows a greater degree degree

of flexibility when the aim is to of flexibility when the aim is to influence states and non-state actors influence states and non-state actors that have widely divergent that have widely divergent technological capacities and equally technological capacities and equally varied views of icts.” (varied views of icts.” (Page 209 Para. Page 209 Para. 1) Theory1) Theory

(Logos) What the Group (Logos) What the Group Thought?Thought?

This quote appeals to logos by This quote appeals to logos by creating a common sense view that creating a common sense view that the more information and tools that the more information and tools that AI uses the easier it is to persuade AI uses the easier it is to persuade others to support them.others to support them.

Logos Continued!Logos Continued!

““The prevailing thought had been The prevailing thought had been that by not providing the complete that by not providing the complete details of the UA case the risk of details of the UA case the risk of manipulation would be lessened.” manipulation would be lessened.” (Page 221 Para. 2) Theory (Page 221 Para. 2) Theory

(Logos) What the Group (Logos) What the Group Thought?Thought?

AIs thinking is common sense when AIs thinking is common sense when they say that the smaller the amount they say that the smaller the amount of information they provide the of information they provide the smaller the incidence of smaller the incidence of misrepresentation. Logos is misrepresentation. Logos is appealing to this common sense appealing to this common sense argument.argument.

Invention (creation of Invention (creation of knowledge)knowledge)

““AI has experienced incredible AI has experienced incredible technological change: from pen and technological change: from pen and paper, Gestetner machines, and paper, Gestetner machines, and conventional mail to short text conventional mail to short text messaging, satellite news feeds, and messaging, satellite news feeds, and “Web-casts” all transmitted in real “Web-casts” all transmitted in real timetime.” (Page 209 Para. 1) Example.” (Page 209 Para. 1) Example

(Invention) What the Group (Invention) What the Group Thought?Thought?

The reader is informed of AIs starting The reader is informed of AIs starting communication practices to what communication practices to what they have evolved into today. This they have evolved into today. This quote uses invention to tell the quote uses invention to tell the reader about all the new technology reader about all the new technology AI uses to spread information.AI uses to spread information.

Invention Continued!Invention Continued!

“ “According to the United Nations (UN), According to the United Nations (UN), industrialized nations account for 15 percent of industrialized nations account for 15 percent of the world’s 6 billion people, 88 percent of whom the world’s 6 billion people, 88 percent of whom are Internet users. Eighty percent of the world’s are Internet users. Eighty percent of the world’s population, on the other hand, has yet to place a population, on the other hand, has yet to place a telephone call. Africa has less than 2 percent of telephone call. Africa has less than 2 percent of the globe’s telephone lines, that is, 2.5 lines for the globe’s telephone lines, that is, 2.5 lines for every one hundred Africans, whereas there are every one hundred Africans, whereas there are 70 phone lines for every one hundred Americans. 70 phone lines for every one hundred Americans. More people use the Internet in London than in all More people use the Internet in London than in all of Africa and, there are more users in South Africa of Africa and, there are more users in South Africa than in all other African countries than in all other African countries combined.”combined.”(( Page 224 Para 3) ExamplePage 224 Para 3) Example

(Invention) What the Group (Invention) What the Group Thought?Thought?

Invention is used to overload the Invention is used to overload the reader with a tremendous amount of reader with a tremendous amount of statistics about communication from statistics about communication from different countries worldwide. Also different countries worldwide. Also highlighting what AI has to deal with highlighting what AI has to deal with when trying to pass information to when trying to pass information to certain countries and areas. certain countries and areas.

The End!The End!Thank you for your time!Thank you for your time!

English 325: Introduction to Rhetorical Studies

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Transcript of English 325: Introduction to Rhetorical Studies