English 2 and 3

The Language of WordsLiteral Language

A word means exactly what it says:A rose is the physical

flower. A desk is a piece of furniture.

A building is a structure.

An eye is part of a face.

The Language of WordsFigurative Language

Any language that goes beyond the literal meaning of words in order to furnish new effects or fresh insights into an idea or a subject.

My love is like a red, red rose.

Practice What You’ve Learned #1

Label each of the following as either L for literal or F for figurative language.

1.I will love you until the earth stops spinning on its axis.

2.My rebellious feet refused to go another step.3.The desk is sitting in the corner of the room.4.My road leads me seaward.5.Jillian and Joe are two excellent students.6.Dear God! The very houses seem asleep.7.My heart leaps up when I behold…8.Ten rioters were arrested at the demonstration.

Now it’s your turn #1Write down 3 examples of literal language and 3 examples of figurative language. Be sure to label each as either literal or figurative.

Example:The sky shed angry tears on therebellious people.Figurative Language.

Types of Figurative Language

SimileA comparison of two dissimilar things using "like" or "as.”

Your smile is like a glowing pumpkin, filling my heart with warmth.

Types of Figurative LanguageMetaphor

A comparison of two dissimilar things that DOES NOT use words such as "like" or "as.” They are usually joined by “is” or “are” (but not always).

My soul is a butterfly soaring through the skies.

Types of Figurative Language

Personification

Treating abstractions or inanimate objects as human, that is, giving them human attributes, powers, or feelings.

Snow had wrapped a white blanket over the earth.

Practice What You’ve Learned #2

Identify each of the following as S for simile, M for metaphor, or P for personification.

1.The moon with delight doth look around her.2.This Sea bares her bosom to the moon.3.The Child is father of the Man.4.Thy soul was like a star.5.And soon I heard a roaring wind.6.Your life is a train wreck about to happen.7.Your eyes are like sparkling diamonds.8.My rebellious feet refuse to go another step.

Now it’s your turn #2Write 3 examples of similes, 3 examples of metaphors, and 4 examples of personifications using these words: carnival, lips, life, cherries, heart, book, sleep, car, satin, tornado. Be sure to label each appropriately.

Example:

Your love sets my heart on fire. PERSONIFICATION

Types of Figurative Language

ApostropheAn address to a person who is absent or dead , a thing, or abstraction (such as love, death, sorrow). Apostrophes are generally capitalized. O death, where is thy sting?Romeo, Romeo! where for art thou Romeo?O, pardon me, thou bleeding piece of earthO black night, nurse of the golden stars!"

Types of Figurative Language

HyperboleExaggeration, often extravagant; it may be used for serious or for comic effect.

My eyes widened at the sight of the mile-high ice cream cones we were having for dessert.

These books in your bag weigh a ton. I am so tired I could sleep for a year. I'm so hungry, I could eat a horse right now. He is older than the hills. I will die if she asks me to dance. She is as big as an elephant!

Types of Figurative Language

OnomatopoeiaA word whose sounds seem to duplicate the sounds

it describes.

HissBuzzBang

MeowGrowl

Types of Figurative Language

OxymoronA statement with two parts which seem contradictory.

sad joya wise foolthe sound of silenceHamlet's saying, "I must be cruel only to be kind“Rolling stopJumbo shrimpTragic comedyA definite maybeHell’s AngelsOriginal copyOnly choiceLiquid gas

Practice What You’ve Learned #3

Identify each of the following as H for hyperbole, A for apostrophe, ON for onomatopoeia, or OX for oxymoron.

1.The wind whistled through the nooks of the creaking household.

2.Accurate estimate 3.O Shakespeare! Why aren’t you here to explain this sonnet?4.Milton! Thou should be living at this hour.5.I’m so hungry I could eat the shingles off my roof!6.It is best to act naturally when getting interviewed.7.The thunder boomed in the background, as the lightning

clashed violently with the murky sky. 8.You are awfully nice to do this favor for me.9.I have a million things to do today.10.Bad luck seems part of my daily life.

Now it’s your turn #3Write 3 examples of hyperbole, 2 examples of apostrophe, 3 examples of onomatopoeia, and 2 examples of oxymoron. Be sure to label each appropriately.

Example:

He appears invisible to me. Oxymoron

Common Poetic TechniquesAlliteration

The repetition of consonant sounds in words that are close to one another.

As the sad boy sat on the side of the roadhe chucked his toy chicken at the children.

Really rad rocks really rock me.

Willy Wally wants Wanda to be his woman.

Common Poetic TechniquesAssonance

The repetition of vowel sounds in words that are close to one another.

We see the leaves floating in the sea.

Rude Sue shopped for blue boots.

Why do I have such bug eyes?

Practice What You’ve Learned #4

Identify each of the following as AL for alliteration and AS for assonance.

1.The wind whistled through the windows.2.The road is rarely right for me.3.My road leads me seaward.4.Pity the possum who sees Patty.5.Sand castles sitting on the sea.6.We need to see the beef.7.Who knew you threw the ball?

Now it’s Your Turn #4Write 3 examples of lines of poetry with alliteration and 3 examples of lines with assonance. UNDERLINE THE ACTUAL ALLITERATION OR ASSONANCE and label accordingly.

Example:

The light is right for my wife. Assonance

Be Prepared for a Test!Literal languageFigurative languageSimileMetaphorPersonificationHyperboleApostropheOnomatopoeiaOxymoronAlliterationAssonance

Common Types of PoetryFree Verse

•The most common type of poetry, especially for amateur writers who write just for pleasure.•Has no requirements!•Does not have to rhyme (but it can)!•Does not have a certain length.•Does not have to be on a certain topic.•Does have a natural rhythm to it!•Reflects the writer’s deepest feelings.

Examples of Free VerseHeroes Are

sometimescourageous collaborators,sometimesoriginators of opportunities,sometimeschampions of coincidence or circumstance.Sometimesheroes act through intelligenceand at other timesthrough ignorance

Examples of Free VerseFog

by Carl Sandburg

The fog comeson little cat feet.

It sits lookingover harbor and cityon silent haunchesand then moves on.

CONCRETE OR SHAPE POEMA concrete or shape poem is a poem that forms a picture of the topic or follows the contours of a shape that is suggested by that topic. In other words, a concrete poem is one that takes the shape of the object it describes:

1.Think of some feeling but imagine that your poem is going to be printed as a picture so that you can decide on the ideal shape for the poem.

2.The shape can be anything you want, as long as it has something to do with what your poem is about.

3.It might be easiest to outline the shape first, and then erase it, leaving a faint hint of the shape to guide you.

4.Popular examples are hearts and angel wings, clouds, etc.

Concrete or Shape Poem

Common Types of PoetryHaiku

"Haiku" is a traditional form of Japanese poetry.  Haiku poems consist of 3 lines.  The first and last lines of a Haiku have 5

syllables and the middle line has 7 syllables.  The lines rarely rhyme.Note: A syllable is a part of a word pronounced

as a unit.  It is usually made up of a vowel alone or a vowel with one or more consonants.  The word "Haiku" has two syllables:  Hai-ku; the word "introduction" has four syllables:  in-tro-duc-tion.

HaikuHere's a Haiku to help you remember:

I am first with fiveThen seven in the middle --Five again to end.

Because Haikus are such short poems, they are usually written about things that are recognizable to the reader.

HaikuBasho Matsuo is known as the first great poet of

Haiku.

An old silent pond... A frog jumps into the pond,splash! Silence again. by Basho (1644-1694)

HaikuHere is an example of dividing a haiku into syllables of 5/7/5.

Burst/ing in bright huesSplash/ing col/ors all a/boutAu/tumn leaves must fall

Now it’s your turn #51. Write a free verse poem on the

following topic (at least 10 lines):Heroes are…

2. Write a concrete poem and make sure the outline has something to do with the topic of your poem.

3. Write a haiku on any topic related to nature.

Common Types of Poetry

Coupletso You know a couple means two. So a couplet is a pair of

lines of poetry that are usually rhymed. There are lots of ways to write different types of couplets. Couplets can also be used to "build" other poems.

"If turkeys gobble,Do Pilgrims squabble?"  

CoupletsExamples of Couplets

If cars go zoom,exhaust smoke will plume! If the phone rings,hope then still clings. Wave after wave in hills each other crowds,As if the deeps resolved to storm the clouds.

Common Types of PoetryQuatrains

The word quatrain comes from Latin and French words meaning "four." The quatrain is a poem or stanza of four lines. It is a very popular form of poetry:

The worried efforts of the busy heap,The dirt, the imprecision, and the beerProduce a few smart wisecracks every year; Laugh if you can, but you will have to leap.

Quatrains

Oh the birds are singing,

In a nest of broken sticks,

Look what they are bringing,

It's nutrition for their chicks.

Quatrains

The Mountain  The mountain frames the sky (a)As a shadow of an eagle flies by. (a)With clouds hanging at its edge (b)A climber proves his courage on its rocky ledge. (b) 

Did you notice that a quatrain is formed by two rhyming couplets? Easy! This pattern is called aabb. The first line rhymes with the second (sky and by) and the third line rhymes with the fourth line (edge and ledge). Other patterns are abab and abba.

Common Types of PoetryLyric Poems

Poetry that focuses on expressing emotions or thoughts, rather than telling a story.

Most lyric poems are short and they usually imply rather than directly state ONE single emotion, such as bitterness, love, jealousy, or joy.

Many lyric poems were originally meant to be sung and have a rhythmic quality to them.

Lyric Poems

DreamsHold fast to dreamsFor if dreams dieLife is a broken-winged birdThat canot fly.

Hold fast to dreamsFor when dreams goLife is a barren fieldFrozen with snow.

Lyric PoemsA Red, Red, Rose

O, my Luve's like a red, red rose, That's newly sprung in June. O, my luve's like the melodie, That's sweetly play'd in tune.

As fair art thou, my bonie lass, So deep in luve am I, And I will luve thee still, my Dear, Till a' the seas gang dry.

Till a' the seas gang dry, my Dear, And the rocks melt wi' the sun! O I will luve thee still, my Dear, While the sands o' life shall run.

And fare thee weel, my only Luve, And fare thee weel a while! And I will come again, my Luve, Tho' it were ten thousand mile!

Lyric PoemsNature's first green is gold, Her hardest hue to hold. Her early leaf's a flower; But only so an hour. Then leaf subsides to leaf. So Eden sank to grief, So dawn goes down to day.Nothing gold can stay.

Now it’s your turn #6Write a lyric poem relating to some strong emotion you have: love, anger, happiness, sorrow, melancholy, etc.Must be at least 24 lines in length.Must incorporate alliteration and assonance throughout your poem to give it a rhythm.Must have at le