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THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES
Muhammad Nur Hasan (11620060)Rudin Wijiono (11620061)Ainiyatul Fikriyah (11620062)
Rizkia Rodhia Rohima (11620063)
Supervised by: Oktavia Widiastuti, M.Pd
Written by:
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INTRODUCTION
In Origin of Species, Charles Darwin introduced the
concept of natural selection. Natural selection is a natural
process which acts to preserve and accumulate minor
advantageous variations within living systems.
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WHATISASPECIES?
The literal meaning of species is kinds.
Species is defined as a group of actually or potentiallyinterbreeding naturalpopulations, which are
reproductively isolated from other such groups(biologicalspecies concept).
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HOW IS REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION BEETWEN
MAINTAINED?
Reproductive isolation is the existence of biological factors
(barriers) that impede two species from producing viable, fertile
offspring.
Hybrids are the offspring of crosses between different species.
Reproductive isolation can be classified by whether factors actbefore or after fertilization.
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PREZYGOTIC ISOLATING MECHANISMS
Geographic isolation. Species occur in different areas,separated by a physical barrier such as a river or mountain
range.
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Ecological isolation. Species occur in the same area butoccupy different habitats. Survival of hybrids is low because they are
not adapted to either environment of their parents
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Temporal isolation. Species reproduce in different seasons orat different times of the day.
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Behavioral isolation. Species differ in their mating rituals.
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Mechanical isolation. Structural differences between speciessuch as these copepods prevent mating between the sexes.
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Prevention of gamete fusion. Gametes of one species usuallyfunction poorly with the gametes of another species, preventing the
formation of a zygote.
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POSTZYGOTIC ISOLATING MECHANISMS
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HOWDONEWSPECIESFORM?
Speciation is the process by which one species splits into two
species. Not all evolutionary changes result in new species. The critical
process in the formation of new species is the segregation of the gene
pool of the ancestral species into two separate gene pools.
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ALLOPATRICSPECIATION
Allopatric speciation is thought to be the dominant form of
speciation among most groups of organisms. Allopatric speciation also may
result when some members of a population cross a barrier and form a new,
isolated population.
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SYMPATRICSPECIATIONOCCURS
A partition of a gene pool that occurs without physical
separation is called sympatric speciation. The most common means of
sympatric speciation is polyploidy, an increase in the number of
chromosomes.
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WHAT CAUSES EXTINCTION?
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Habitat Destruction
Aerial photograph of dry forest scrub in
southern Zambia,
fragmented by agricultural land conversion. 2008
Habitat destruction elements include agricultural land conversion,
deforestation, overgrazing and urbanization; within these activities the
process of habitat fragmentation is a sometimes hidden cause of major
biodiversity loss.
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Overexplotation
Modern biotic extracts store in HongKong, China.
Certain of these products represent trade
in organisms that are endangered species.
Source: C. Michael Hogan
Overexploitation consists of intensive mineral and other geological
resource extraction, overharvesting of wild flora and fauna (mainly for
human food), hunting or fishing threatened fauna and killing of threatened
fauna for herbal or cultural extracts.
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POLLUTION
Pollution impacts include buildup of toxic atmospheric substances,
discharge of water pollutants into natural water reserves, chemical
contamination of soils and noise pollution.
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Introduction of Alien Species
The Signal crayfish has been introduced into
vast areas of Europe and Asia, where it has
decimated many native species.
Source: C.Michael Hogan
Introduction of alien species is usually an unintended activity whereseeds, stowaway fauna aboard ships and other viably reproducing biota are
transported by man to a new environment.
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DISEASEANDPARASITISM
The phenomena of disease and parasitism often weaken organisms
and interfere with metabolic function.
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Cryptic Habitats
Small geyser pool at Yellowstone NP, USA showing
a cryptic habitat inhabited by extremophile micro-
organisms. Source: C. Michael Hogan
A special problem arises in the case of cryptic habitats, defined asportions of an ecosystem that are largely hidden from normal investigative
view of scientists, or which have components that are not readily
discoverable with state of the art research techniques.
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EVOLUTIONARY CONNECTION
Evolution is a branch of biology
that studies the history of the origin of
species and the genetic relationship
between one of species with each other.
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LAMARCK'STHEORYOFEVOLUTION
Firstly, the idea of use and disuse.Secondly, the nature or acquired traits can be inherited fromthe environment to the offspring.
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LAMARCK'STHEORYOFEVOLUTION
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DARWIN'S THEORYOF EVOLUTION.
Firstly, the species living today are derived from
species that lived in the past.
Secondly, natural selection is the cause of adaptive
evolution.
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WALLACE'S THEORYOF EVOLUTION.
Developed a theory of natural selection which is basically
the same as that proposed by Darwin. Namely the competition
between intra-and inter-individual species or survival of the
fittest
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DARWINAND WALLACE'STHEORY
Natural selection is more profitable long neck giraffe. Long
neck giraffe can reach the high leaves, can survive while the short
neck can not do it.
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WEISMANN THEORYOF EVOLUTION
Evolution involves the inheritance of genes throughsex cells. This means that the evolution of the symptoms
associated with the natural selection of genetic factors.
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THE END. . .
Thanks your attention. . . .
!!!