Engleza Juridica

38
Suport curs drept (texte juridice) sem 1 2012- 2013 The adversary system The trial system in the United States is an adversary system. This means it is a contest between opposing sides. The theory is that the trier of fact (the judge or jury) will be able to determine the truth if the opposing parties present their best arguments and show the weaknesses in the other side’s case. If a criminal case goes to trial, the prosecution has the burden of proving the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. In a civil case, the burden is on the plaintiff to prove his or her case by a preponderance of the evidence (greater weight of evidence). The standard of proof is more difficult in a criminal case. This is because of a belief that more evidence should be required to take away a person’s freedom. The adversary process is not the only method for handling legal disputes. Many countries use the inquisitional system, in which the judge is active in questioning witnesses and controlling the court process, including the gathering and presenting of evidence. This differs from the adversary process, in which these matters are left to the competing parties and a decision is made by the judge or jury based on the arguments and evidence presented. The adversary process is often criticized. Critics say that it is not the best method for 1

description

Engleza Juridica

Transcript of Engleza Juridica

Page 1: Engleza Juridica

Suport curs drept (texte juridice) sem 1 2012-2013

The adversary system

The trial system in the United States is an adversary system. This means it is a contest between opposing sides. The theory is that the trier of fact (the judge or jury) will be able to determine the truth if the opposing parties present their best arguments and show the weaknesses in the other side’s case. If a criminal case goes to trial, the prosecution has the burden of proving the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. In a civil case, the burden is on the plaintiff to prove his or her case by a preponderance of the evidence (greater weight of evidence). The standard of proof is more difficult in a criminal case. This is because of a belief that more evidence should be required to take away a person’s freedom. The adversary process is not the only method for handling legal disputes. Many countries use the inquisitional system, in which the judge is active in questioning witnesses and controlling the court process, including the gathering and presenting of evidence. This differs from the adversary process, in which these matters are left to the competing parties and a decision is made by the judge or jury based on the arguments and evidence presented. The adversary process is often criticized. Critics say that it is not the best method for discovering the truth with respect to the facts of a specific case. They compare the adversary process to a battle in which lawyers act as enemies, making every effort not to present all the evidence. In this view, the goal of trial is “victory, not truth or justice.” On the other hand, the adversary process is the cornerstone of the American legal system. Most attorneys believe that approaching the same set of facts from totally different perspectives will uncover more truth than other methods.

Crime GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

Every crime is made up of certain elements. Elements are the conditions that make an act a crime. A crime cannot be committed unless all its elements are fulfilled. For example, robbery is defined

1

Page 2: Engleza Juridica

as the unlawful taking of goods or money from someone’s person by force or intimidation. Thus, the elements of robbery are (1) the taking of the goods or money, (2) the use of force or intimidation, and (3) the lack of consent of the person from whom the goods or money are taken. If someone picks your pocket without your knowing it, the person cannot be convicted of robbery. This is because the person did not use force or intimidation – one of the elements of robbery. However, the person could be convicted of larceny, because the elements of larceny do not include the use of force or violence. Almost all crimes require an act and an intent. Criminal intent means that the person intended or meant to commit a crime. Criminal intent usually involves knowing and willful action. If a person acts because of a mistake or some other innocent reason, there is no criminal intent. A few crimes are strict liability offences. These crimes do not require criminal intent. Strict liability offences make the act itself a crime regardless of the knowledge of the person committing the act. For example, the law makes it illegal to sell alcoholic beverages to minors. This is true regardless of whether or not the seller knew the buyer was underage. Intent is different from motive. The motive is the reason a person commits a crime. For example, in murder, the motive is the reason a person kills someone (for revenge, to obtain money, or the like). A good motive seldom justifies a criminal act. Robin Hood had a good motive. He stole from the rich to give to the poor, but his actions were still unlawful. A single act can be both a criminal and a civil wrong. For example, if Paul purposely sets fire to Floyd’s store, the state may file criminal charges against Paul for arson. Floyd may also brings separate civil action against Paul to recover for the damage to his store.

STATE AND FEDERAL CRIMES

There are both state and federal criminal laws. Some acts, such as simple assault, disorderly conduct, drunk driving, and shoplifting, can be prosecuted only in a state court unless they occur on federal property, such as a national park. Other acts, such as failure to pay federal taxes, mail fraud, espionage, and international smuggling, can be prosecuted only in a federal court. Certain crimes, such as illegal

2

Page 3: Engleza Juridica

possession of dangerous drugs and bank robbery, can violate both state and federal law and can be prosecuted in either state or federal court.

CLASSES OF CRIMES

Crimes as classified as either felonies or misdemeanors. A felony is a crime for which the penalty is imprisonment for more than one year. Felonies are usually the more serious crimes. A misdemeanor is any crime for which the penalty is imprisonment for one year or less. Minor traffic violations are not considered crimes, although they are punishable by law.

PARTIES TO CRIMES

The person who commits a crime is called the principal. For example, the person who fires the gun in a murder is the principal. Accomplice is someone who helps another person commit a crime. For example, the person who drives the getaway car during a bank robbery is an accomplice. An accomplice may be charged with and convicted of the same crime as the principal. A person who orders a crime or who helps the principal commit the crime but who is not present (for example the underworld leader who hires a professional killer) is known as accessory before the fact. This person can usually be charged with the same crime, and can receive the same punishment, as the principal. An accessory after the fact is a person who, knowing a crime has been committed, helps the principal or an accomplice avoid capture or escape. This person is not charged with the original crime but may be charged with harboring a fugitive, aiding the escape, or obstructing justice.

Crimes against the person include homicide, assault, battery and rape. All of those crimes are serious offences. A defendant found guilty of one of them may

3

Page 4: Engleza Juridica

receive a harsh sentence. However, the law also protects the defendant by defining various levels of these crimes and by considering the circumstances of each offense.

HOMICIDE

Homicide- the killing of one human being by another is the most serious of all acts. Homicides may be either noncriminal or criminal.

Noncriminal Homicide- is the a killing that is justifiable or excusable and for which the killer is deemed faultless. Examples of noncriminal homicide include the killing of an enemy soldier in wartime, the killing of a condemned criminal by an executioner, the killing by a police officer of a person who is committing a serious crime and who poses a threat of death or serious harm, and a killing performed in self-defense or in defense of another.

Criminal Homicide Murder, the most serious form of criminal homicide, is a killing that is done with malice. Malice means having the intent to kill or seriously harm. At one time, there were no degrees of murder. Any homicide done with malice was considered to be murder and was punishable by death. To reduce the punishment for less grievous homicides, most states now have statutes that classify murder according to the killer’s state of mind or the circumstances surrounding the crime.First-degree murder is a killing that is premeditated (thought about beforehand), deliberate, and done with malice (with intent to kill)Second degree-murder is a killing that is done with malice but without premeditation. That is, the intent to kill did not exist until just before the murder took place.Felony murder is a killing that takes place during the commission of certain felonies, such as arson, rape, robbery or burglary. It is not necessary to prove intent to kill; felony murder includes most killing committed during a felony, even if the killing is accidental. Most states consider felony murder to be first-degree murder.Voluntary manslaughter is an intentional killing committed under circumstances that mitigate(lessen), but do not justify or excuse, the killing. Manslaughter is based on the idea that even “the reasonable person” may lose self-control and act rashly if sufficiently provoked.

4

Page 5: Engleza Juridica

Involuntary manslaughter is an unintentional killing resulting from conduct so reckless that it causes extreme danger of death or bodily injury. An example is a killing that results from playing with a gun known to be loaded.Negligent homicide is the causing of death through criminal negligence. Negligence is the failure to exercise a reasonable or ordinary amount of care in a situation that causes harm to someone. Some states classify death by gross, or extreme, negligence as involuntary manslaughter. The most common form of negligent homicide is vehicular, or automobile homicide. This is a killing that results from operating a motor vehicle in a reckless and grossly negligent manner. Any death that results from careless driving may lead to a civil suit for damages, but it is usually not considered a crime unless the death results from gross negligence.

ASSAULT AND BATTERY

Assault is any attempt or threat to carry out a physical attack upon another person. An assault occurs when the threatened person reasonably believes that he or she is in real danger. For example, suppose John points an unloaded gun at Maggie. This is an assault if Maggie reasonably believes the gun is loaded. Battery is any unlawful physical contact inflicted by one person upon another without consent. Actual injury is not necessary. The only requirement is that the person intended to do bodily harm. Today, there is often not much difference in law or practice between the use of the words assault and battery.

Just as there are degrees of murder, there are also different classifications for assault and battery. Aggravated assault and battery is an assault with intent to murder, rob, rape, or do serious bodily harm. For example, if John knocks Maggie down while trying to snatch her purse, he is guilty of aggravated assault as well as the crime of attempted robbery. Many states impose greater punishment when the assault is made with a deadly weapon (a weapon that could cause death). Many states also impose greater punishment for assaults on police officers, prison guards or other law enforcement officer.

5

Page 6: Engleza Juridica

To deal with the growing problem of harassment, forty states now have “anti-stalking” laws. Stalking occurs when a person repeatedly follows or harasses another person and makes threats, causing the victim to fear death or bodily injury. Women are the targets of most of the 200000 cases of stalking that are estimated to occur each year.

RAPE

Traditionally, the law has recognized two types of rape. Forcible rape is the act of unlawful sexual intercourse committed by a man with a woman by force and without her consent. Statutory rape is sexual intercourse by a male with a female who has not yet reached the legal age of consent. In statutory rape cases, consent is not an issue. Sexual intercourse with an underage female is rape whether she consents or not.A number of states have recently rewritten their rape laws. The new laws classify the offense as sexual assault and make it applicable to both men and women.

Crimes against property

The category of crimes against property includes crimes in which property is destroyed (such as arson and vandalism) and crimes in which property is stolen or otherwise taken against the will of the owner (such as robbery and embezzlement).

ARSON

Arson is the willful and malicious burning of another person’s property. In most states, it is a crime to burn any building or structure, even if the person who burns the structure owns it. Moreover, burning property with the intent to defraud an insurance company is usually a separate crime, regardless of the type of property burned or who owned the property.

VANDALISM

6

Page 7: Engleza Juridica

Vandalism, also known as malicious mischief, is willful destruction of, or damage to, the property of another. Vandalism causes millions of dollars in damage each year. It includes such things as breaking windows, ripping down fences, flooding basements, and breaking off car aerials. Depending on the extent of the damage, vandalism can be either a felony or a misdemeanor.

LARCENY

Larceny is the unlawful taking and carrying away of the property of another with intent to steal it. In most states, larceny is divided into two classes, grand and petty, depending on the value of the stolen item. Grand larceny involves the theft of anything above a certain value (often $100 or more) and is a felony. Petty larceny is the theft of anything of small value (usually less than $100) and is a misdemeanor.The crime of larceny also includes keeping lost property when a reasonable method exists for finding the owner. For example, if you find a wallet that contains the identification of its owner but nevertheless decide to keep it, you have committed larceny. Likewise, you may be guilty of larceny if you keep property delivered to you by mistake.Shoplifting is a form of larceny. It is the crime of taking items from a store without paying for them. Some states have a separate crime called concealment. This is the crime of attempted shoplifting.

EMBEZZLEMENT

Embezzlement is the unlawful taking of property by someone to whom it was entrusted. For example, the bank teller who takes money from the cash drawer or the stockbroker who takes money that should have been invested are both guilty of embezzlement. In recent years, a number of states have merged the crimes of embezzlement, larceny, and obtaining property by false pretenses (intentional misstatement of fact) into the statutory crime of theft.

ROBBERY

7

Page 8: Engleza Juridica

Robbery is the unlawful taking of property from a person’s immediate possession by force or intimidation. Though included here as a crime against property, robbery, unlike other offences, involves two harms: theft of property and actual or potential physical harm to the victim. In most states, the element of force is the difference between robbery and larceny. So, a pickpocket who takes your wallet unnoticed is liable for the crime of larceny. A mugger who knocks you down and takes your wallet by force is guilty of the crime of robbery. Robbery is almost always a felony, but many states impose stricter penalties for armed robberies.

EXTORSION

Extortion, popularly called blackmail, is the use of threats to obtain the property of another. Extortion statutes generally cover threats to do future physical harm, destroy property or injure someone’s character or reputation.

BURGLARY

Burglary was originally defines as breaking and entering the dwelling of another during the night with intent to commit a felony. Modern laws have broadened the definition to include the unauthorized entry into any structure with the intent to commit a crime, regardless of the time of day. Many states have stricter penalties for burglaries committed at night, burglaries of inhabited dwelling, and burglaries committed with weapons.

FORGERY

Forgery is a crime in which a person falsely makes or alters a writing or document with intent to defraud. This usually means signing, without permission the name of another person to a check or some other document. It can also mean changing or erasing part of a previously signed document. Uttering, which in many states is a separate crime, is offering to someone as genuine a document (such as a check) known to be fake.

8

Page 9: Engleza Juridica

RECEIVING STOLEN PROPERTY

If you receive or buy property that you know or have a reason to believe is stolen, you have committed the crime of receiving stolen property. Knowledge that the property is stolen may be implied by the circumstances. In most stated, receiving stolen property is a felony if the value of the property received is more than $100 and a misdemeanor if the value is less that $100.

UNAUTHORIZED USE OF A VEHICLE

Several crimes may occur when a person takes a motor vehicle without the owners consent. The crime of unauthorized use of a vehicle is committed if the person only intends to take the vehicle temporarily. This crime, which includes joyriding, is usually punished as a misdemeanor. However, if the person intends to take the car permanently, then the crime may be larceny or auto theft. The crime of carjacking occurs if a person uses force or intimidation to steal a car from a driver. Carjacking is a federal crime and is punishable by a sentence of up to life in prison.

The jury system

The jury system, as it exists now, is entirely the creation of the British and American legal systems. Efforts to introduce trial by jury into the legal systems of other nations had some limited success in the 19th century. Beginning about 1850, however, juries were gradually abolished or used far less throughout Europe. In the 20th century, with the rise of Fascism, Nazism, and Communism in Europe and elsewhere, jury systems were abolished outright. They were done away with in Japan in 1943, during World War II. In the second half of the 20th century, more than 90 percent of all jury trials took place in the United States. Most of the remainder occurred in England and other nations of the Commonwealth, especially Australia and Canada. Selection. In the early centuries of the trial jury system there were some minimum requirements for service as a juror, such as ownership

9

Page 10: Engleza Juridica

of property and clear mental competence. Women were not allowed to serve. This has changed in the 20th century. The principle of random selection from among qualified voters has come to be common in the United States, England, Canada, and Australia. Some Canadian provinces still have property qualifications, and in Quebec women are still not allowed to serve as jurors. In most places persons who are employed in certain professions lawyers, physicians, clergy, police are exempt from jury service. To be called for jury duty does not necessarily mean that one will actually serve. Before the trial begins, potential jurors are questioned by the judge and by lawyers for the defendant and the plaintiff. The law allows the lawyer to challenge jurors for cause, such as a specific bias in the case. A limited number of peremptory challenges are also allowed; these are challenges for which no cause need be stated. This screening process is called voir dire, meaning "to say the truth." It can become very complex and time-consuming, especially in a case that has received a great deal of publicity. Function. During a trial, whether civil or criminal, the jury is under the supervision of the judge. It is he who decides what evidence the jury may hear, according to complex and established rules of evidence. If the judge decides the evidence presented leaves no matter of fact to be resolved, he may direct a verdict of acquittal. This effectively ends the proceedings. In a civil trial the judge may, on his own, find in favor of the defendant or the plaintiff. But in a criminal trial he may not direct a guilty verdict; this is the responsibility of the jury. The judge, in most cases, also explains the legal aspects of the evidence and the duties of the jury. If the jury's verdict is completely at odds with the weight of the evidence, the judge may set it aside. The exception to this rule is acquittal in a criminal trial: acquittal is final, and the persons cannot be tried again for the same crime. This is called the principle of double jeopardy. In many jurisdictions, if a verdict of guilty is rendered by a jury, the jury must also be present for a hearing on sentencing and may be asked to decide what the sentence should be. In civil cases, the jury is asked to decide on the damages to be awarded to the plaintiff. In some jurisdictions the awarding of damages or sentencing are part of the original trial. In other places they become the subject of what is virtually a second trial. Where the death penalty is in effect and could be a sentence, a jury is required at least to express an opinion on whether it should be used.

10

Page 11: Engleza Juridica

Merits and criticisms. Along with other parts of the political structure, the jury trial system has come under a great deal of criticism for its competence and performance. It has been claimed that because juries are drawn from such a wide range of the populace, they do not have the intelligence or sophistication to deal with the complexities of law. To counter this criticism, it is argued that a jury of nonexperts brings a good deal of common sense and openness to a trial. This results in cases being decided in the spirit of the law, rather than by the rigidity of individual statutes. A jury also may provide a useful counterweight to the biases (if any) of the judge and lawyers involved in a trial. Although juries are strictly confined by law to the finding of facts, their presence frequently injects a sense of justice into the proceedings, either on the side of the defendant or the plaintiff.

11

Page 12: Engleza Juridica

Suport curs gramatica sem 1 2012-2013

NOUNS THE PLURAL FORM

In general the plural form of nouns is formed by adding the letter -s.

pen – pensdog – dogsstudent – students

However words that end in –ch, -x, or –s will require an –es to form the plural.

dish – dishesmix – mixeskiss – kisses

Some nouns have irregular plural forms.

child –childrenwoman – womenman – menmouse – mice

Also there are a number of nouns that maintain their Greek or Latin form.

singular pluralanalysis analysesappendix appendixes/appendicesaxis axesbasis basescactus cacticriterion criteriadatum datadiagnosis diagnosesindex indexes/indicesmedium mediaoasis oases

12

Page 13: Engleza Juridica

octopus octopuses/octopiphenomenon phenomenasyllabus syllabuses/syllabithesis theses

Some nouns have the same singular and plural form.

deer- deerfish – fishsheep- sheep

Note: Some nouns (like news, mathematics, economics) appear to be plural in form but take a singular verb.

This news is perfect.COUNT- NOUNS and MASS NOUNS

Count-nouns are the nouns that can be preceded by one (can be counted) and may have a plural form.one boy two boysone chair two chairsone foot two feet

Mass-nouns cannot be preceded by one (cannot be counted) and cannot have a plural form.bread plastic aluminum publicitymilk ice steel biologywater cloth glass history

Some mass-nouns can be pluralized when we use them to express a type:The waters of the Danube are polluted.The French are famous for their cheeses and their wines .

Many mass-nouns name abstractions (and are called abstract nouns):peace courage liberty anger progress culture

Note:Some abstract nouns do have in certain situations (usually with a change of meaning) a plural form:

13

Page 14: Engleza Juridica

This position requires experience.He had a lot of unpleasant experience s as a police officer.

My work is boring.The work s of Leonardo impressed people for centuries.

Gender of Nouns

Gender has the same relation to nouns that sex has to individuals, but while there are only two sexes, there are four genders:

masculine - the masculine gender denotes all those of the male kind

feminine - the feminine gender all those of the female kind

neuter - the neuter gender denotes inanimate things or whatever is without life

common - common gender is applied to animate beings, the sex of which for the time being is indeterminable, such as fish, mouse, bird, etc

Sometimes things which are without life as we conceive it and which, properly speaking, belong to the neuter type of noun, are, by a figure of

speech called Personification, changed into either the masculine or feminine, as, for instance, we say of the sun, He is rising; of the moon, She is setting.

The English language, unlike most others, applies the distinction of

Masculine and Feminine only to the names of persons and animals:

man, woman; boy, girl; lion, lioness. Nouns which denote things

without animal life are said to be Neuter or of Neuter Gender

When the same name is used for male and female, it is said to be Common or of Common Gender : bird, fish, parent, sovereign, friend. There are three ways of indicating difference of Gender in Nouns:-

1. By adding a suffix -ess ex. lion - lioness2. By using compound words ex. boy-friend, landlord, he-wolf3. By distinct words ex. father-mother

14

Page 15: Engleza Juridica

Masculine and feminine gender

actor

author

bachelor

boy

bridegroom

brother

conductor

count

czar

dad

daddy

duke

emperor

father

father-in-law

gentleman

giant

god

governor

grandfather

headmaster

heir

actress

authoress

spinster

girl

bride

sister

conductress

countess

czarina

mum

mummy

duchess

empress

mother

mother-in-law

lady

giantess

goddess

matron

grandmother

headmistress

heiress

15

Page 16: Engleza Juridica

hero

host

hunter

husband

king

lad

landlord

lord

man

manager

manservant

master

milkman

monk

Mr.

murderer

nephew

papa

poet

postmaster

prince

prophet

proprietor

shepherd

sir

heroine

hostess

huntress

wife

queen

lass

landlady

lady

woman

manageress

maidservant

mistress

milkmaid

nun

Mrs.

murderess

niece

mama

poetess

postmistress

princess

prophetess

proprietress

shepherdess

madam

16

Page 17: Engleza Juridica

son

son-in-law

step-father

step-son

steward

sultan

uncle

waiter

wizard

daughter

daughter-in-law

step-mother

step-daughter

stewardess

sultana

aunt

waitress

witch

boar

buck

bull

bull-elephant

cock

cock-pigeon

dog

drake

drone

fox

gander

he-bear

he-goat

sow

doe

cow

cow-elephant

hen

hen-pigeon

bitch

duck

bee

vixen

goose

she-bear

she-goat

17

Page 18: Engleza Juridica

he-wolf

leopard

lion

peacock

ram

stallion

tiger

tom-cat

turkey-cock

she-wolf

leopardess

lioness

peahen

ewe

mare

tigress

tabby-cat

turkey-hen

THE VERB

The verb is perhaps the most important part of the sentence. A verb asserts something about the subject of the sentence and expresses actions, events, or states of being. The verb is (or is an essential part of) the predicate of a sentence. There are three properties which characterize verbs in English--tense, voice, and mood. In English the fourteen verb tenses express the time or relative time in which an action or condition occurs. The voice of a verb, passive or active, expresses whether the action is being received by the subject or being done by the subject. In sentences written in active voice, the subject performs the action expressed in the verb; the subject acts. The man drives the car.

In sentences written in passive voice, the subject receives the action expressed in the verb . The car is driven by the man. The mood of a verb is the manner in which the action or condition is conceived or intended. In English there are three verb moods. Indicative, a verb stating an apparent fact or asking a question. This is the way verbs are

18

Page 19: Engleza Juridica

normally used in English. Imperative, a verb stating a command or request. “Go away!” “Please leave!”

Subjunctive, a verb expressing a doubt, desire, supposition, or condition contrary to fact.

If I were you, I would drive more carefully I wish that his report were longer.

Verbs are also classified according to function. Action verbs show action or possession. Action verbs are either transitive or intransitive. Transitive verbs carry the action of a subject and apply it to an object. They tells us what the subject does to something else (object).

He bought a shirt.

She lost her wallet.

Intransitive verbs do not take an object; they express actions that do not require the subject’s doing something to something else.

He runs.

She dances.

Auxiliary verbs, also called helping verbs, are used with other verbs to change the tense, voice, or condition of the verb. Conditional verbs are verbs conjugated with could, would, or should to show a possible condition. The principal parts of a verb are the four forms of the verb from which all forms of the verb can be made. In English the four principal parts are the present (or infinitive), the past tense, the past participle, and the present participle. Since the present participle is always formed the same way (add -ing), some lists of principal parts omit it. To make the past tense or past participle form of most verbs (regular verbs) we simply add “ed” at the end.

Past Tense: I walked home.

Past Participle: I have walked home.

Irregular verbs are not that simple. We sometimes need a dictionary to help us write the different forms of irregular verbs. (see appendix for a list of irregular verbs)

Past Tense: We saw the plane crash.

Past Participle: We have seen them.

19

Page 20: Engleza Juridica

TIMPURILE VERBELOR LIMBII ENGLEZE

Timpul Forma Cum se formează Menţiuni

The present

tense

simple

Aff.

Neg.

Int.

S + vb(prima formă)

S + don’t/doesn’t +

vb(prima formă)

Do/Does + s + vb (prima

formă

____________________

Ex:I always go to school every day.

The present

tense

continous

Aff.

Neg.

Int.

S + to be + vb-ing

S + to be (negativ) + vb-ing

To be + s + vb-ing

____________________

Ex:I am going to the school now.

The future

tense

simple

Aff.

Neg.

Int.

S + shall/will + vb(short

inf)

S + shan’t/won’t +

vb(sh.inf)

Shall/Will + S +

vb(sh.inf.)

Tomorrow, the day after

tomorrow

next year , next month.

Ex: I will go to my parents next month.

The future

Aff. S + shall/will + be + vb-ing Exprimă o acţiune viitoare

în desfaşurare într-un

20

Page 21: Engleza Juridica

tense

continous

Neg.

Int.

S+shan’t/willn’t + be + vb-

ing

Shall/will + S + be + vb-ing

viitor.

Ex: They will be watching T.V. this time in week-end.

The past tense

simple

Aff.

Neg.

Int.

S + vb-ed(VB REGULATE)

S + vb(a doua coloana)

S + didn’t + sh. Int)

Did + S + vb(sh.int)

Exprimă o acţiune care s-a

desfăşurat şi s-a încheiat

într-un moment trecut

precizat (adv.timp):

the day befor yesterday, last

year.

Ex: I played football last year.

The past tense

continous

Aff.

Neg.

Int.

S + was/wer + vb-ing

S + wasn’t/weren’t + vb-

ing

Was/Were + vb-ing

Exprimă o acţiune trecută

în desfăşurare : ,,this time

yesterday’’

Arată doua acţiuni în

desfăşurare simultan.

Ex: While my brother was plaing football , I was listening the radio.

The past

perfect

tense simple

Aff.

Neg.

Int.

S + had + vb(a-3-a

forma)/ed

S + hadn’t + vb(a-3-a formă)/ed

Had + s + vb(a-3-a formă)

Exprimă o acţiune care a

avut loc şi s-a petrecut

înaintea unui alt timp

trecut.

Ex:I had come home before my mother arrived from office.

The past

perfect

tense continous

Aff.

Neg.

S + had + been + vb-ing

S + hadn’t + been + vb-ing

Exprimă o acţiune care s-a

desfăsurat continuu pe o

perioada de timp şi s-a

încheiat înaintea unui alt

21

Page 22: Engleza Juridica

Int. Had + s + been + vb-ing timp.

Ex:I had been writing a letter for 20 minutes.

The present perfect tense simple

Aff.

Neg.

Int.

S + have/has + vb(a-3-a formă)

S + haven’t/hasn’t + vb(a-3-a formă)/ed

Have/Has + s + vb(a-3-a formă)/ed

1)Exprimă o acţiune ce a avut loc şi s-a încheiat într-un moment trecut care nu este precizat; rezultatele acestei acţiuni se pot vedea în prezent.

2)Exprimă o acţiune care

s-a încheiat recent.

3)Exprimă o acţiune

trecută care a avut loc

intr-un moment trecut ce

face parte dintr-o

perioada de timp care nu

s-a încheiat încă.

4)Se foloseşte cu adverbele

de frecvenţă : always ,

sometime offen .

5)Exprimă o acţiune care

tocmai s-a încheiat :

‚,just’’

6)În propoziţiile

interogative se foloseşte

adverbul ,,already”pentru

a arăta uimirea

vorbitorului.

Ex: 1) People have polueted the planet.

2) I have just done my homework.

3)My parents have alwais enjoi to country.

The present

Aff. S + have/has + been + vb-

ing

Exprimă o acţiune care a

început în trecut şi

22

Page 23: Engleza Juridica

perfect tense continous

Neg.

Int.

S + haven’t/hasn’t + been +

vb-ing

Have/Has + s + been + vb-

ing

continuă în prezent.

Ex:The boys have been plaing football for ten minutes.

LISTA VERBELOR NEREGULATE

to be was, were been

to bear bore borne, born

to beat beat beaten

to become became become

to begin began begun

to bend bent bent

to bite bit bitten

to blow blew blown

to break broke broken

to bring brought brought

to build built built

to burn burnt burnt

to burst burst burst

23

Page 24: Engleza Juridica

to buy bought bought

to catch caught caught

to choose chose chosen

to come came come

to cost cost cost

to creep crept crept

to cut cut cut

to deal dealt dealt

to dig dug dug

to do did done

to draw drew drawn

to dream dreamt dreamt

to drink drank drunk

to drive drove driven

to eat ate eaten

to fall fell fallen

to feed fed fed

to feel felt felt

to fight fought fought

to find found found

to fly flew flown

to forbid forbade forbidden

to forget forgot forgotten

to forgive forgave forgiven

to freeze froze frozen

to give gave given

24

Page 25: Engleza Juridica

to go went gone

to grow grew grown

to hang hung hung

to have had had

to hear heard heard

to hide hid hidden

to hit hit hit

to hold held held

to hurt hurt hurt

to keep kept kept

to kneel knelt knelt

to know knew known

to lay laid laid

to lead led led

to lean leant leant

to learn learnt, learned learnt, learned

to leave left left

to lend lent lent

to let let let

to lie lay lain

to lose lost lost

to make made made

to mean meant meant

to mow mowed mown

to meet met met

to pay paid paid

25

Page 26: Engleza Juridica

to put put put

to read read read

to ride rode ridden

to ring rang rung

to rise rose risen

to run ran run

to say said said

to see saw seen

to seek sought sought

to sell sold sold

to set set set

to sew sewed sewn

to shake shook shaken

to shine shone shone

to shoot shot shot

to show showed shown

to shrink shrank shrunk

to shut shut shut

to sing sang sung

to sink sank sunk

to sleep slept slept

to slide slid slid

to smell smelt smelt

to sow sowed sown

to speak spoke spoken

to spell spelt spelt

26

Page 27: Engleza Juridica

to spend spent spent

to spill spilt split

to spread spread spread

to stand stood stood

to stea1 stole stolen

to stick stuck stuck

to stride strode stridden

to strike struck struck

to strive strove striven

to swear swore sworn

to sweep swept swept

to swim swam swum

to take took taken

to teach taught taught

to tell told told

to think thought thought

to throw threw thrown

to understand understood understood

27