Engleza 11 Fr

COLEGIUL TEHNIC DE COMUNICATII NICOLAE VASILESCU KARPEN BACAU

SINTEZE CURS LIMBA ENGLEZA

a 11-a FR

PROPUNATOR: GURLUI ANCA

2011

BIBLIOGRAFIE

1. www.englishclub.com2. Arhire, Mona, Micu Anamaria, Limba engleza 1600 teste grila, editura Aula, Brasov, 2004

Contents

41. What are Verbs?

41.1 Verb Classification

41.1.1 Helping Verbs

51.1.2. Main Verbs

71.2Verb Forms

71.2.1Forms of Main Verbs

101.2.2Forms of Helping Verbs

111.3Tenses

111.3.1Simple Present Tense

131.3.2How do we make the Present Continuous Tense?

141.3.3How do we make the Present Perfect Tense?

171.3.4Present Perfect Continuous Tense

181. An action that has just stopped or recently stopped

182. An action continuing up to now

191.3.5How do we make the Simple Past Tense?

221.3.6How do we make the Past Continuous Tense?

241.3.7How do we make the Past Perfect Tense?

261.3.8Past Perfect Continuous Tense

281.3.9Simple Future Tense

291.3.10Future Continuous Tense

311.3.11Future Perfect Tense

321.3.12Future Perfect Continuous Tense

352.EXERCISES

363.TESTS

363.1 TEST PAPER PRESENT TIME 1

373.2FUTURE TENSES


393.4 FUTURE TENSES 2

1. What are Verbs?

The verb is king in English. The shortest sentence contains a verb. You can make a one-word sentence with a verb, for example: "Stop!" You cannot make a one-word sentence with any other type of word.

Verbs are sometimes described as "action words". This is partly true. Many verbs give the idea of action, of "doing" something. For example, words likerun, fight, doandworkall convey action.

But some verbs do not give the idea of action; they give the idea of existence, of state, of "being". For example, verbs likebe, exist, seemandbelongall convey state.

A verb always has a subject. (In the sentence "John speaks English",Johnis the subject andspeaksis the verb.) In simple terms, therefore, we can say that verbs are words that tell us what a subjectdoesoris; they describe:

action(Ram plays football.)

state(Anthony seems kind.)

There is something very special about verbs in English. Most other words (adjectives, adverbs, prepositions etc) do not change in form (although nouns can have singular and plural forms). But almost all verbs change in form. For example, the verbto workhas five forms:

to work, work, works, worked, workingOf course, this is still very few forms compared to some languages which may have thirty or more forms for a single verb.

1.1 Verb Classification

We divide verbs into two broad classifications:

1.1.1 Helping Verbs

Imagine that a stranger walks into your room and says:

Ican.

Peoplemust.

The Earthwill.

Do you understand anything? Has this person communicated anything to you? Probably not! That's because these verbs arehelping verbsand have no meaning on their own. They are necessary for the grammatical structure of the sentence, but they do not tell us very much alone. We usually use helping verbs with main verbs. They "help" the main verb. (The sentences in the above examples are therefore incomplete. They need at least a main verb to complete them.) There are only about 15 helping verbs.

Helping verbs are also called "auxiliary verbs".

Helping verbs have no meaning on their own. They are necessary for the grammatical structure of a sentence, but they do not tell us very much alone. We usually use helping verbs withmain verbs. They "help" the main verb (which has the real meaning). There are only about 15 helping verbs in English, and we divide them into two basic groups:

1.1.1.1 Primary helping verbs (3 verbs)

These are the verbsbe,do, andhave. Note that we can use these three verbs as helping verbsoras main verbs. On this page we talk about them as helping verbs. We use them in the following cases:

be to make continuous tenses (Heiswatching TV.)

to make the passive (Small fishareeaten by big fish.)

have to make perfect tenses (Ihavefinished my homework.)

do to make negatives (Idonot like you.)

to ask questions (Doyou want some coffee?)

to show emphasis (Idowant you to pass your exam.)

to stand for a main verb in some constructions (He speaks faster than shedoes.)

1.1.1.2 Modal helping verbs (10 verbs)

We use modal helping verbs to "modify" the meaning of the main verb in some way. A modal helping verb expresses necessity or possibility, and changes the main verb in that sense. These are the modal verbs:

can, could

may, might

will, would,

shall, should

must

ought to

Here are examples using modal verbs:

Ican'tspeak Chinese.

Johnmayarrive late.

Wouldyou like a cup of coffee?

Youshouldsee a doctor.

I reallymustgo now.

1.1.1.3 Semi-modal verbs (3 verbs)The following verbs are often called "semi-modals" because they are partly like modal helping verbs and partly like main verbs:

need

dare

used to1.1.2. Main Verbs

Now imagine that the same stranger walks into your room and says:

Iteach.

Peopleeat.

The Earthrotates.

Do you understand something? Has this person communicated something to you? Probably yes! Not a lot, but something. That's because these verbs aremain verbsand have meaning on their own. They tell us something. Of course, there are thousands of main verbs.

In the following table we see example sentences with helping verbs and main verbs. Notice that all of these sentences have a main verb. Only some of them have a helping verb.

helping verbmain verb

Johnlikescoffee.

Youliedto me.

Theyarehappy.

The childrenareplaying.

Wemustgonow.

Idonotwantany.

Main verbs are also called "lexical verbs".

Main verbs have meaning on their own (unlikehelping verbs). There are thousands of main verbs, and we can classify them in several ways:

1.1.2.1 Transitive and intransitive verbs

A transitive verb takes a direct object:Somebody killed the President.An intransitive verb does not have a direct object:He died.Many verbs, likespeak, can be transitive or intransitive. Look at these examples:

transitive:

Isawan elephant.

We arewatchingTV.

HespeaksEnglish.

intransitive:

He hasarrived.

Johngoesto school.

Shespeaksfast.

1.1.2.2 Linking verbs

A linking verb does not have much meaning in itself. It "links" the subject to what is said about the subject. Usually, a linking verb shows equality (=) or a change to a different state or place (>). Linking verbs are always intransitive (but not all intransitive verbs are linking verbs).

Maryisa teacher. (mary = teacher)

Taraisbeautiful. (tara = beautiful)

Thatsoundsinteresting. (that = interesting)

The skybecamedark. (the sky > dark)

The breadhas gonebad. (bread > bad)

1.1.2.3 Dynamic and stative verbs

Some verbs describe action. They are called "dynamic", and can be used with continuous tenses. Other verbs describe state (non-action, a situation). They are called "stative", and cannot normally be used with continuous tenses (though some of them can be used with continuous tenses with a change in meaning).

dynamic verbs (examples):

hit, explode, fight, run, go

stative verbs (examples):

be

like, love, prefer, wish

impress, please, surprise

hear, see, sound

belong to, consist of, contain, include, need

appear, resemble, seem

1.1.2.4Regular and irregular verbs

This is more a question of vocabulary than of grammar. The only real difference between regular and irregular verbs is that they have different endings for their past tense and past participle forms. For regular verbs, the past tense ending and past participle ending is always the same: -ed. For irregular verbs, the past tense ending and the past participle ending is variable, so it is necessary to learn them by heart.

regular verbs:base, past tense, past participle

look, looked, looked

work, worked, worked

irregular verbs:base, past tense, past participle

buy, bought, bought

cut, cut, cut

do, did, done

Here are lists ofregular verbsandirregular verbs.

One way to think of regular and irregular verbs is like this:allverbs are irregular and the so-called regular verbs are simply one very large group of irregular verbs.

Often the above divisions can be mixed. For example, one verb could be irregular, transitive and dynamic; another verb could be regular, transitive and stative.

1.2Verb Forms

English verbs come in severalforms. For example, the verbto singcan be: to sing, sing, sang, sung, singing or sings. This is a total of 6 forms. Not many, considering that some languages (French, for example) have more than 30 forms for an individual verb. Englishtensesmay be quite complicated, but the forms that we use to make the tenses are actually very simple! With the exception of the verbto be, English main verbs have only 4, 5 or 6 forms.To behas 9 forms. Do not confuse verb forms with tenses. We use the different verb forms to make the tenses, but they are not the same thing.

1.2.1Forms of Main Verbs

Main verbs are also called "lexical verbs".

Main verbs (except the verb "be") have only 4, 5 or 6 forms. "Be" has 9 forms.

V1V2V3

infinitivebasepast simplepast participlepresent participlepresent simple, 3rd person singular

regular(to) workworkworkedworkedworkingworks

irregular(to) sing(to) make(to) cutsingmakecutsangmadecutsungmadecutsingingmakingcuttingsingsmakescuts

(to) do*(to) have*dohavedidhaddonehaddoinghavingdoeshas

infinitivebasepast simplepast participlepresent participlepresent simple

(to) be*bewas, werebeenbeingam, are, is

In the above examples:

to cuthas4forms: to cut, cut, cutting, cuts

to workhas5forms: to work, work, worked, working, works

to singhas6forms: to sing, sing, sang, sung, singing, sings

to behas9forms: to be, be, was, were, been, being, am, is, are

The infinitive can be with or withoutto. For example,to singandsingare both infinitives. We often call the infinitive withouttothe "bare infinitive".

At school, students usually learn by heart thebase,past simpleandpast participle(sometimes called V1, V2, V3, meaning Verb 1, Verb 2, Verb 3) for the irregular verbs. They may spend many hours chanting: sing, sang, sung; go, went, gone; have, had, had; etc. They do not learn these for the regular verbs because the past simple and past participle are always the same: they are formed by adding "-ed" to the base. They do not learn thepresent participleand3rd person singular present simpleby heart - for another very simple reason: they never change. The present participle is always made by adding "-ing" to the base, and the 3rd person singular present simple is always made by adding "s" to the base (though there are some variations in spelling).

* Note that "do", "have" and "be" also function ashelping or auxiliary verbs, with exactly the same forms (except that as helping verbs they are never in infinitive form).

Example Sentences

These example sentences use main verbs in different forms.

Infinitive

I wantto work He hasto sing.

This exercise is easyto do.

Let himhaveone.

To be, or notto be, that is the question:

Base - Imperative

Workwell!

Makethis.

Havea nice day.

Bequiet!

Base - Present simple(except 3rd person singular)

Iworkin London.

Yousingwell.

Theyhavea lot of money.

Base - After modal auxiliary verbs

I canworktomorrow.

You mustsinglouder.

They mightdoit.

You couldberight.

Past simple

Iworkedyesterday.

Shecuthis hair last week.

Theyhada good time.

Theyweresurprised, but Iwasnot.

Past participle

I haveworkedhere for five years.

He needs a foldermadeof plastic.

It isdonelike this.

I have neverbeenso happy.

Present participle

I amworking.

Singingwell is not easy.

Havingfinished, he went home.

You arebeingsilly!

3rd person singular, present simple

Heworksin London.

Shesingswell.

Shehasa lot of money.

ItisVietnamese.

1.2.2Forms of Helping Verbs

All helping verbs are used with a main verb (either expressed or understood*). There are 2 groups of helping verbs:

Primary helping verbs, used mainly to change the tense or voice of the main verb, and in making questions and negatives.

Modal helping verbs, used to change the "mood" of the main verb.

Study the table below. It shows the prinicipal forms and uses of helping verbs, and explains the differences between primary and modal helping verbs.

* Sometimes we make a sentence that has a helping verb and seems to have no main verb. In fact, the main verb is "understood". Look at the following examples:

Question:CanyouspeakEnglish? (The main verbspeakis "expressed".)

Answer: Yes, Ican. (The main verbspeakis not expressed. It is "understood" from the context. We understand: Yes, Ican speakEnglish.

But if somebody walked into the room and said "Hello. I can", we would understandnothing!

Helping Verbs

PrimaryModal

do(to make simple tenses, and questions and negatives)cancould

be(to make continuous tenses, and the passive voice)maymight

have(to make perfect tenses)willwould

shallshould

must

ought (to)

"Do", "be" and "have" as helping verbs have exactly the same forms as when they aremain verbs(except that as helping verbs they are never used in infinitive forms).Modal helping verbs are invariable. They always have the same form.

Primary helping verbs are followed by the main verb in a particularform:

do+ V1 (base verb)

be+ -ing (present participle)

have+ V3 (past participle)"Ought" is followed by the main verb in infinitive form. Other modal helping verbs are followed by the main verb in its base form (V1).

ought+ to... (infinitive)

other modals+ V1 (base verb)

"Do", "be" and "have" can also function asmain verbs.Modal helping verbs cannot function as main verbs.

1.3Tenses

1.3.1Simple Present Tense

Ising

subject+auxiliary verb+main verb

dobase

There are three importantexceptions:

1. For positive sentences,we do not normally use the auxiliary.

2. For the 3rd person singular (he, she, it), we addsto the main verb oresto the auxiliary.

3. For the verbto be, we do not use an auxiliary, even for questions and negatives.

Look at these examples with the main verblike:

subjectauxiliary verbmain verb

+I, you, we, theylikecoffee.

He, she, itlikescoffee.

-I, you, we, theydonotlikecoffee.

He, she, itdoesnotlikecoffee.

?DoI, you, we, theylikecoffee?

Doeshe, she, itlikecoffee?

Look at these examples with the main verbbe. Notice that there is no auxiliary:

subjectmain verb

+IamFrench.

You, we, theyareFrench.

He, she, itisFrench.

-Iamnotold.

You, we, theyarenotold.

He, she, itisnotold.

?AmIlate?

Areyou, we, theylate?

Ishe, she, itlate?

We use the simple present tense when:

the action is general

the action happens all the time, or habitually, in the past, present and future

the action is not only happening now

the statement is always true

John drives a taxi.

pastpresentfuture

It is John's job to drive a taxi. He does it every day. Past, present and future.

Look at these examples:

I live in New York.

The Moon goes round the Earth.

John drives a taxi.

He does not drive a bus.

We meet every Thursday.

We do not work at night.

Do you play football?

Note that with the verbto be, we can also use the simple present tense for situations that are not general. We can use the simple present tense to talk aboutnow. Look at these examples of the verb "to be" in the simple present tense - some of them aregeneral, some of them arenow:

Am I right?Tara is not at home.You are happy.

pastpresentfuture

The situation is now.

I am not fat.Why are you so beautiful?Ram is tall.

pastpresentfuture

The situation is general. Past, present and future.

This page shows the use of the simple present tense to talk about general events. But note that there are some other uses for the simple present tense, for example in conditional orifsentences, or to talk about thefuture. You will learn about those later.1.3.2How do we make the Present Continuous Tense?

The structure of the present continuous tense is:


bebase + ing



+Iamspeakingto you.

+Youarereadingthis.

-Sheisnotstayingin London.

-Wearenotplayingfootball.

?IshewatchingTV?

?Aretheywaitingfor John?

We use the present continuous tense to talk about:

action happening now

action in the future

Present continuous tense for action happening now

a) for action happeningexactly nowI am eating my lunch.

pastpresentfuture

The action is happening now.

...the pages are turning....the candle is burning....the numbers are spinning.

b) for action happeningaround nowThe action may not be happening exactly now, but it is happening just before and just after now, and it is not permanent or habitual.

John is going out with Mary.

pastpresentfuture

The action is happening around now.


Murielis learningto drive.

Iam livingwith my sister until I find an apartment.

Present continuous tense for the future

We can also use the present continuous tense to talk about thefuture- if we add afuture word!! We must add (or understand from the context) a future word. "Future words" include, for example,tomorrow,next year,in June,at Christmasetc. We only use the present continuous tense to talk about the future when we have planned to do something before we speak. We have alreadymade a decision and a planbefore speaking.

I am taking my exam next month.

pastpresentfuture

!!!

A firm plan or programme exists now.The action is in the future.


We're eatingin a restaurant tonight. We've already booked the table..

They can play tennis with you tomorrow. They'renotworking.

Whenareyoustartingyour new job?

In these examples, we havea firm plan or programme before speaking. The decision and plan were madebeforespeaking.

1.3.3How do we make the Present Perfect Tense?

The structure of the present perfect tense is:


havepast participle

Here are some examples of the present perfect tense:


+IhaveseenET.

+Youhaveeatenmine.

-Shehasnotbeento Rome.

-Wehavenotplayedfootball.

?Haveyoufinished?

?Havetheydoneit?

When we use the present perfect tense in speaking, we usually contract the subject and auxiliary verb. We also sometimes do this when we write.

I haveI've

You haveYou've

He hasShe hasIt hasJohn hasThe car hasHe'sShe'sIt'sJohn'sThe car's

We haveWe've

They haveThey've

Here are some examples:

I've finished my work.

John's seen ET.

They've gone home.

He'sorhe's??? Be careful! The'scontraction is used for the auxiliary verbshaveandbe. For example, "It's eaten" can mean:

Ithaseaten. [present perfect tense, active voice]

Itiseaten. [present tense, passive voice]

It is usually clear from the context.

This tense is called thepresentperfect tense. There is always a connection with the past and with thepresent. There are basically three uses for the present perfect tense:

1. experience

2. change

3. continuing situation

1. Present perfect tense for experience

We often use the present perfect tense to talk aboutexperiencefrom the past. We are not interested inwhenyou did something. We only want to knowifyou did it:

I have seen ET.He has lived in Bangkok.Have you been there?We have never eaten caviar.

pastpresentfuture

!!!

The action or state was in the past.In my head, I have a memory now.

Connection with past:the event was in the past.Connection with present:in my head,now, I have a memory of the event; Iknowsomething about the event; I haveexperienceof it.

2. Present perfect tense for changeWe also use the present perfect tense to talk about achangeornewinformation:

I have bought a car.

pastpresentfuture

-+

Last week I didn't have a car.Now I have a car.

John has broken his leg.

pastpresentfuture

+-

Yesterday John had a good leg.Now he has a bad leg.

Has the price gone up?

pastpresentfuture

+-

Was the price $1.50 yesterday?Is the price $1.70 today?

The police have arrested the killer.

pastpresentfuture

-+

Yesterday the killer was free.Now he is in prison.

Connection with past:the past is the opposite of the present.Connection with present:the present is the opposite of the past.

Americans do not use the present perfect tense so much as British speakers. Americans often use the past tense instead. An American might say "Did you have lunch?", where a British person would say "Have you had lunch?"3. Present perfect tense for continuing situation

We often use the present perfect tense to talk about acontinuing situation. This is a state that started in thepastand continues in thepresent(and will probably continue into the future). This is astate(not an action). We usually usefororsincewith this structure.

I have worked here since June.He has been ill for 2 days.How long have you known Tara?

pastpresentfuture

The situation started in the past.It continues up to now.(It will probably continue into the future.)

Connection with past:the situation started in the past.Connection with present:the situation continues in the present.

1.3.4Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Ihave been singing

The structure of the present perfect continuous tense is:

subject+auxiliary verb+auxiliary verb+main verb

havehasbeenbase + ing

Here are some examples of the present perfect continuous tense:

subjectauxiliary verbauxiliary verbmain verb

+Ihavebeenwaitingfor one hour.

+Youhavebeentalkingtoo much.

-Ithasnotbeenraining.

-Wehavenotbeenplayingfootball.

?Haveyoubeenseeingher?

?Havetheybeendoingtheir homework?

Contractions

When we use the present perfect continuous tense in speaking, we often contract the subject and the first auxiliary. We also sometimes do this in informal writing.

I have beenI've been

You have beenYou've been

He has beenShe has beenIt has beenJohn has beenThe car has beenHe's beenShe's beenIt's beenJohn's beenThe car's been

We have beenWe've been

They have beenThey've been


I've been reading.

The car's been giving trouble.

We've been playing tennis for two hours.

This tense is called thepresentperfect continuous tense. There is usually a connection with thepresentor now. There are basically two uses for the present perfect continuous tense:

1. An action that has just stopped or recently stopped

We use the present perfect continuous tense to talk about anactionthat started in the past and stopped recently. There is usually a resultnow.

I'm tired because I've been running.

pastpresentfuture

!!!

Recent action.Result now.

I'm tired[now]because I've been running.

Why is the grass wet[now]?Hasitbeen raining?

You don't understand[now]because youhaven'tbeen listening.

2. An action continuing up to nowWe use the present perfect continuous tense to talk about anactionthat started in the past and is continuingnow. This is often used withfororsince.

I have been reading for 2 hours.

pastpresentfuture

Action started in past.Action is continuing now.

Ihave been reading for2 hours. [I am still reading now.]

We've been studying since9 o'clock. [We're still studying now.]

How longhaveyoubeen learningEnglish? [You are still learning now.]

Wehavenotbeen smoking. [And we are not smoking now.]

For and Since with Present Perfect Continuous Tense

We often useforandsincewith the present perfect tense.

We useforto talk about aperiodof time - 5 minutes, 2 weeks, 6 years.

We usesinceto talk about apointin past time - 9 o'clock, 1st January, Monday.

forsince

a period of timea point in past time

x

20 minutes6.15pm

three daysMonday

6 monthsJanuary

4 years1994

2 centuries1800

a long timeI left school

everthe beginning of time

etcetc


I have been studyingfor3 hours.

I have been watching TVsince7pm.

Tara hasn't been feeling wellfor2 weeks.

Tara hasn't been visiting ussinceMarch.

He has been playing footballfora long time.

He has been living in Bangkoksincehe left school.

Forcan be used with all tenses.Sinceis usually used with perfect tenses only.

1.3.5How do we make the Simple Past Tense?

To make the simple past tense, we use:

past formonlyor

auxiliarydid + base formHere you can see examples of thepast formandbase formfor irregular verbs and regular verbs:

V1baseV2pastV3past participle

regular verbworkexplodelikeworkedexplodedlikedworkedexplodedlikedThe past form for all regular verbs ends in -ed.

irregular verbgoseesingwentsawsanggoneseensungThe past form for irregular verbs is variable. You need to learn it by heart.

You do not need the past participle form to make the simple past tense. It is shown here for completeness only.

The structure forpositivesentences in the simple past tense is:

subject+main verb

past

The structure fornegativesentences in the simple past tense is:

subject+auxiliary verb+not+main verb

didbase

The structure forquestionsentences in the simple past tense is:

auxiliary verb+subject+main verb

didbase

The auxiliary verbdidis not conjugated. It is the same for all persons (I did, you did, he did etc). And the base form and past form do not change. Look at these examples with the main verbsgoandwork:


+Iwentto school.

Youworkedvery hard.

-Shedidnotgowith me.

Wedidnotworkyesterday.

?Didyougoto London?

Didtheyworkat home?

Exception!The verbto beis different. We conjugate the verb to be (I was, you were, he/she/it was, we were, they were); and we donotuse an auxiliary for negative and question sentences. To make a question, we exchange the subject and verb. Look at these examples:

subjectmain verb

+I, he/she/itwashere.

You, we, theywerein London.

-I, he/she/itwasnotthere.

You, we, theywerenothappy.

?WasI, he/she/itright?

Wereyou, we, theylate?

We use the simple past tense to talk about an action or a situation - an event - in the past. The event can beshortorlong.

Here are someshortevents with the simple past tense:

The car exploded at 9.30am yesterday.She went to the door.We did not hear the telephone.Did you see that car?

pastpresentfuture

The action is in the past.

Here are somelongevents with the simple past tense:

I lived in Bangkok for 10 years.The Jurassic period lasted about 62 million years.We did not sing at the concert.Did you watch TV last night?

pastpresentfuture

The action is in the past.

Notice that it does not matter how long ago the event is: it can be a few minutes or seconds in the past, or millions of years in the past. Also it does not matter how long the event is. It can be a few milliseconds (car explosion) or millions of years (Jurassic period). We use the simple past tense when:

the event isin the past the event iscompletely finished we say (or understand) thetimeand/orplaceof the event

In general, if we say thetimeorplaceof the event, we must use the simple past tense; we cannot use the present perfect.

Here are some more examples:

Ilivedin that house when I was young.

Hedidn'tlikethe movie.

Whatdidyoueatfor dinner?

Johndroveto London on Monday.

Marydidnotgoto work yesterday.

Didyouplaytennis last week?

Iwasat work yesterday.

Wewerenot late (for the train).

Wereyou angry?

Note that when we tell a story, we usually use the simple past tense. We may use the past continuous tense to "set the scene", but we almost always use the simple past tense for the action. Look at this example of the beginning of a story:

"The wind was howling around the hotel and the rain was pouring down. Itwascold. The dooropenedand James Bondentered. Hetook offhis coat, whichwasvery wet, andordereda drink at the bar. Hesat downin the corner of the lounge and quietlydrankhis..."

This page shows the use of the simple past tense to talk about past events. But note that there are some other uses for the simple past tense, for example in conditional orifsentences.

1.3.6How do we make the Past Continuous Tense?

The structure of the past continuous tense is:

subject+auxiliary verb BE+main verb

conjugated in simple past tensepresent participle

waswerebase + ing

For negative sentences in the past continuous tense, we insertnotbetween the auxiliary verb and main verb. For question sentences, we exchange thesubjectandauxiliary verb. Look at these example sentences with the past continuous tense:


+IwaswatchingTV.

+Youwereworkinghard.

-He, she, itwasnothelpingMary.

-Wewerenotjoking.

?Wereyoubeingsilly?

?Weretheyplayingfootball?

The past continuous tense expresses action at aparticular momentin the past. The action started before that moment but has not finished at that moment. For example, yesterday I watched a film on TV. The film started at 7pm and finished at 9pm.

At 8pm yesterday, I was watching TV.

pastpresentfuture

8pm

At 8pm, I was in the middle of watching TV.

When we use the past continuous tense, our listener usually knows or understands what time we are talking about. Look at these examples:

Iwas workingat 10pm last night.

Theywerenotplayingfootball at 9am this morning.

Whatwereyoudoingat 10pm last night?

Whatwereyoudoingwhen he arrived?

Shewas cookingwhen I telephoned her.

Wewere havingdinner when it started to rain.

Ram went home early because itwas snowing.

Some verbs cannot be usedin continuous/progressive tenses.

We often use the past continuous tense to "set the scene" in stories. We use it to describe the background situation at the moment when the action begins. Often, the story starts with the past continuous tense and then moves into the simple past tense. Here is an example:

" James Bondwas drivingthrough town. Itwas raining. The windwas blowinghard. Nobodywas walkingin the streets. Suddenly, Bond saw the killer in a telephone box..."

Past Continuous Tense + Simple Past Tense

We often use the past continuous tense with the simple past tense. We use the past continuous tense to express alongaction. And we use the simple past tense to express ashortaction that happensin the middleof the long action. We can join the two ideas withwhenorwhile.

In the following example, we have two actions:

1. long action (watching TV), expressed with past continuous tense

2. short action (telephoned), expressed with simple past tense

pastpresentfuture

Long action.

I was watching TV at 8pm.

8pm

You telephoned at 8pm.

Short action.

We can join these two actions withwhen:

I was watching TVwhenyou telephoned.

(Notice that "when you telephoned" is also a way of defining the time [8pm].)

We use:

when+short action(simple past tense)

while+long action(past continuous tense)

There are four basic combinations:

I was walking past the carwhenit exploded.

Whenthe car explodedI was walking past it.

The car explodedwhileI was walking past it.

WhileI was walking past the carit exploded.

Notice that thelong actionandshort actionare relative.

"Watching TV" took a few hours. "Telephoned" took a few seconds.

"Walking past the car" took a few seconds. "Exploded" took a few milliseconds.

1.3.7How do we make the Past Perfect Tense?

The structure of the past perfect tense is:

subject+auxiliary verb HAVE+main verb

conjugated in simple past tensepast participle

hadV3

For negative sentences in the past perfect tense, we insertnotbetween the auxiliary verb and main verb. For question sentences, we exchange thesubjectandauxiliary verb. Look at these example sentences with the past perfect tense:


+Ihadfinishedmy work.

+Youhadstoppedbefore me.

-Shehadnotgoneto school.

-Wehadnotleft.

?Hadyouarrived?

?Hadtheyeatendinner?

When speaking with the past perfect tense, we often contract the subject and auxiliary verb:

I hadI'd

you hadyou'd

he hadshe hadit hadhe'dshe'dit'd

we hadwe'd

they hadthey'd

The'dcontraction is also used for the auxiliary verbwould. For example,we'dcan mean: Wehador

WewouldBut usually the main verb is in a different form, for example:

We hadarrived(past participle)

We wouldarrive(base)

It is always clear from the context.

The past perfect tense expresses action in thepastbefore another action in thepast. This is thepast in the past. For example:

The train left at 9am. We arrived at 9.15am. When we arrived, the trainhad left.

The trainhad leftwhenwe arrived.

pastpresentfuture

Train leaves in past at 9am.

9

9.15

We arrive in past at 9.15am.

Look at some more examples:

I wasn't hungry. Ihadjusteaten.

They were hungry. Theyhadnoteatenfor five hours.

I didn't know who he was. Ihadneverseenhim before.

"Mary wasn't at home when I arrived.""Really? Wherehadshegone?"

You can sometimes think of the past perfect tense like the present perfect tense, but instead of the time beingnowthe time ispast.

past perfect tensepresent perfect tense

had |done |> |have |done |> |

pastnowfuturepastnowfuture

For example, imagine that you arrive at the station at 9.15am. The stationmaster says to you:

"Youaretoo late. The trainhas left."

Later, you tell your friends:

"Weweretoo late. The trainhad left."

We often use the past perfect tense in reported speech after verbs likesaid, told, asked, thought, wondered:


He told us that the trainhad left.

I thought Ihad mether before, but I was wrong.

He explained that hehad closedthe window because of the rain.

I wondered if Ihad beenthere before.

I asked them why theyhadnotfinished.

1.3.8Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Ihad been singing

The structure of the past perfect continuous tense is:

subject+auxiliary verb HAVE+auxiliary verb BE+main verb

conjugated in simple past tensepast participlepresent participle

hadbeenbase + ing

For negative sentences in the past perfect continuous tense, we insertnotafter the first auxiliary verb. For question sentences, we exchange thesubjectandfirst auxiliary verb. Look at these example sentences with the past perfect continuous tense:


+Ihadbeenworking.

+Youhadbeenplayingtennis.

-Ithadnotbeenworkingwell.

-Wehadnotbeenexpectingher.

?Hadyoubeendrinking?

?Hadtheybeenwaitinglong?

When speaking with the past perfect continuous tense, we often contract the subject and first auxiliary verb:

I had beenI'd been

you had beenyou'd been

he hadshe had beenit had beenhe'd beenshe'd beenit'd been

we had beenwe'd been

they had beenthey'd been

The past perfect continuous tense is like the past perfect tense, but it expresses longer actions in thepastbefore another action in thepast. For example:

Ram started waiting at 9am. I arrived at 11am. When I arrived, Ramhad been waitingfor two hours.

Ramhad been waitingfor two hours whenI arrived.

pastpresentfuture

Ram starts waiting in past at 9am.

9

11

I arrive in past at 11am.

Here are some more examples:

John was very tired. Hehad been running.

I could smell cigarettes. Somebodyhad been smoking.

Suddenly, my car broke down. I was not surprised. Ithadnotbeen runningwell for a long time.

Hadthe pilotbeen drinkingbefore the crash?

You can sometimes think of the past perfect continuous tense like the present perfect continuous tense, but instead of the time beingnowthe time ispast.

past perfect continuous tensepresent perfect continuous tense

had |been |doing |>>>> |||||||||have |been |doing |>>>> |

pastnowfuturepastnowfuture

For example, imagine that you meet Ram at 11am. Ram says to you:

"Iamangry. Ihave been waitingfor two hours."

Later, you tell your friends:

"Ramwasangry. Hehad been waitingfor two hours."

1.3.9Simple Future Tense

Iwill sing

Thesimple future tenseis often calledwill, because we make the simple future tense with the modal auxiliarywill.

The structure of the simple future tense is:

subject+auxiliary verb WILL+main verb

invariablebase

willV1

For negative sentences in the simple future tense, we insertnotbetween the auxiliary verb and main verb. For question sentences, we exchange thesubjectandauxiliary verb. Look at these example sentences with the simple future tense:


+Iwillopenthe door.

+Youwillfinishbefore me.

-Shewillnotbeat school tomorrow.

-Wewillnotleaveyet.

?Willyouarriveon time?

?Willtheywantdinner?

When we use the simple future tense in speaking, we often contract the subject and auxiliary verb:

I willI'll

you willyou'll

he willshe willit willhe'llshe'llit'll

we willwe'll

they willthey'll

For negative sentences in the simple future tense, we contract withwon't, like this:

I will notI won't

you will notyou won't

he will notshe will notit will nothe won'tshe won'tit won't

we will notwe won't

they will notthey won't

No Plan

We use the simple future tense when there is no plan or decision to do something before we speak. We make the decision spontaneously at the time of speaking. Look at these examples:

Hold on. I'll geta pen.

Wewill seewhat we can do to help you.

Maybe we'll stay inandwatchtelevision tonight.

In these examples, we had no firm plan before speaking. The decision is madeat the time of speaking.

We often use the simple future tense with the verbto thinkbefore it:

IthinkI'll go to the gym tomorrow.

IthinkI will have a holiday next year.

I don'tthinkI'll buy that car.

Prediction

We often use the simple future tense to make a prediction about the future. Again, there is no firm plan. We are sayingwhat we think will happen. Here are some examples:

Itwill raintomorrow.

Peoplewon't goto Jupiter before the 22nd century.

Who do you thinkwill getthe job?

Be

When the main verb isbe, we can use the simple future tense even if we have a firm plan or decision before speaking. Examples:

I'll bein London tomorrow.

I'm going shopping. Iwon't bevery long.

Willyoubeat work tomorrow?

Note that when we have a plan or intention to do something in the future, we usually use other tenses or expressions, such as thepresent continuous tenseorgoing to.

1.3.10Future Continuous Tense

Iwill be singing

The structure of the future continuous tense is:

subject+auxiliary verb WILL+auxiliary verb BE+main verb

invariableinvariablepresent participle

willbebase + ing

For negative sentences in the future continuous tense, we insertnotbetweenwillandbe. For question sentences, we exchange thesubjectandwill. Look at these example sentences with the future continuous tense:


+Iwillbeworkingat 10am.

+Youwillbelyingon a beach tomorrow.

-Shewillnotbeusingthe car.

-Wewillnotbehavingdinner at home.

?Willyoubeplayingfootball?

?WilltheybewatchingTV?

When we use the future continuous tense in speaking, we often contract the subject and will:

I willI'll

you willyou'll


we willwe'll

they willthey'll

For spoken negative sentences in the future continuous tense, we contract withwon't, like this:

I will notI won't



we will notwe won't


We sometimes useshallinstead ofwill, especially for I and we.The future continuous tense expresses action at aparticular momentin the future. The action will start before that moment but it will not have finished at that moment. For example, tomorrow I will start work at 2pm and stop work at 6pm:

At 4pm tomorrow, I will be working.

pastpresentfuture

4pm

At 4pm, I will be in the middle of working.

When we use the future continuous tense, our listener usually knows or understands what time we are talking about. Look at these examples:

Iwill be playingtennis at 10am tomorrow.

Theywon't be watchingTV at 9pm tonight.

Whatwillyoube doingat 10pm tonight?

Whatwillyoube doingwhen I arrive?

Shewillnotbe sleepingwhen you telephone her.

We'll be havingdinner when the film starts.

Take your umbrella. Itwill be rainingwhen you return.

1.3.11Future Perfect Tense

Iwill have sung

Thefuture perfect tenseis quite an easy tense to understand and use. The future perfect tense talks about thepast in the future.

The structure of the future perfect tense is:

subject+auxiliary verb WILL+auxiliary verb HAVE+main verb

invariableinvariablepast participle

willhaveV3

Look at these example sentences in the future perfect tense:


+Iwillhavefinishedby 10am.

+Youwillhaveforgottenme by then.

-Shewillnothavegoneto school.

-Wewillnothaveleft.

?Willyouhavearrived?

?Willtheyhavereceivedit?

In speaking with the future perfect tense, we often contract thesubjectandwill. Sometimes, we contract thesubject,willandhaveall together:

I will haveI'll haveI'll've

you will haveyou'll haveyou'll've

he will haveshe will haveit will havehe'll haveshe'll haveit'll havehe'll'veshe'll'veit'll've

we will havewe'll havewe'll've

they will havethey'll havethey'll've

We sometimes useshallinstead ofwill, especially for I and we.The future perfect tense expresses action in the futurebeforeanother action in the future. This is thepast in the future. For example:

The train will leave the station at 9am. You will arrive at the station at 9.15am. When you arrive, the trainwill have left.

The trainwill have leftwhenyou arrive.

pastpresentfuture

Train leaves in future at 9am.

9

9.15

You arrive in future at 9.15am.

Look at some more examples:

You can call me at work at 8am. Iwill have arrivedat the office by 8.

They will be tired when they arrive. Theywillnothave sleptfor a long time.

"Mary won't be at home when you arrive.""Really? Wherewillshehave gone?"

1.3.12Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Iwill have been singing

The structure of the future perfect continuous tense is:

subject+auxiliary verb WILL+auxiliary verb HAVE+auxiliary verb BE+main verb

invariableinvariablepast participlepresent participle

willhavebeenbase + ing

For negative sentences in the future perfect continuous tense, we insertnotbetweenwillandhave. For question sentences, we exchange thesubjectandwill. Look at these example sentences with the future perfect continuous tense:

subjectauxiliary verbauxiliary verbauxiliary verbmain verb

+Iwillhavebeenworkingfor four hours.

+Youwillhavebeentravellingfor two days.

-Shewillnothavebeenusingthe car.

-Wewillnothavebeenwaitinglong.

?Willyouhavebeenplayingfootball?

?WilltheyhavebeenwatchingTV?

When we use the future perfect continuous tense in speaking, we often contract the subject and auxiliary verb:

I willI'll

you willyou'll


we willwe'll

they willthey'll

For negative sentences in the future perfect continuous tense, we contract withwon't, like this:

I will notI won't



we will notwe won't


We use the future perfect continuous tense to talk about a long action before some point in the future. Look at these examples:

Iwill have been workinghere for ten years next week.

He will be tired when he arrives. Hewill have been travellingfor 24 hours.

2.EXERCISES. Present Tenses

1.I alwaysyou at the corner of the street.

a) met; b) meet; c) am meeting; d) have met;2. Usually heat seven.

a) wake up; b) is waking up; c) wakes up; d) will be waking up:

3.I neverwhat he means.

a) understood; b) understands; c) am understanding; d) understand;

4.Mary oftento write her homework.

a) forget; b) have forgotten; c) forgets; d) is forgetting;

5.Sometimes.wethat they return.

a) are hoping; b) will hope; c) hope; d) hopes;

Past Tenses

1.Olivertwenty miles that day.

a) was walking; b) walked; c) has walked; d) had been walking;

2.As a child sheplaying with dolls.

a) enjoyed; b) was enjoying; c) has enjoyed; d) has been enjoying;

3.ColumbusAmerica more than 4oo years ago;

a) has discovered; b) discovered; c) discovers;

d) was discovering;

4. Ione like it a month ago.

a) buy; b) has bought; c) bought; d) buys;

5.How long agothe last war?

a) is; b) has been; c) were; d) was;

Future Tenses

1.Theyhere next week.

a) are; b) will be; c) have been here; d) were;

2.Wecare of it soon.

a) take; b) are taking; c) shall take; d) shall be taking;

3.Hean interview on Monday.

a) will have; b) have; c) is having; d) would have;

4.Itennis in the afternoon if it clears up.

a) would play; b) play; c) shall play; d) will have played;

5.Heyou the book tomorrow afternoon.

a) is sending; b) will send; c) will be sending; d) sends;

Irregular verbs

1.After washing all the windows, motherup the new curtains.

a) hanged; b) hung; c) hunged; d) hang;

2.In Victorian England criminals were

a) hanged; b) hunged; c) hung; d) hang;

3.She felt exhausted anddown for a while to rest.

a) lied; b) lay; c) layed; d) lain;

4.You may be the boss but you can'tdown the rules here.

a) lie; b) laid; c) lay; d) lye;

5.It is all in vain, we can neverthis competition.

a) won; b) win; c) wan; d) winning;

3.TESTS3.1 TEST PAPER PRESENT TIME 1

PUT EACH VERB IN BRACKETS INTO THE PRESENT SIMPLE, PRESENT CONTINUOUS, PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE OR PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS. (7p)a. Theres nobody here, and the doors lock. What (we do) now?

b. Which hotel (you stay)in when you(come) here?

c. I (still have) a pain in my leg but it (get) better.

d. Someone (eat) all the cakes. Ill have to buy some more.

e. Graham and Pauline (try) to find a house for ages, but they cant find one they can afford.

f. How many people (you invite) to your party?

g. It (rain) all day! Why cant it stop?

COMPLETE THE SECOND SENTENCE SO THAT IT HAS A SIMILAR MEANING TO THE FIRST SENTENCE, USING THE WORD GIVEN. DO NOT CHANGE THE WORD GIVEN. (2p)a. Do you know how to drive this kind of car? EVER

Have .this kind of car before?

b. Do you have any plans for Saturday evening? DOING

What ..Saturday evening? Bonus 1p

3.2FUTURE TENSES

1. Put the verbs in brackets into a suitable verb form: (3p)a. In 24 hours time I. (relax) on my yacht.

b. Theres someone at the door. That (be) the postman.

c. By the time you get back Harry (leave).

d. Its only a short trip. I (be) back in an hour.

2. Choose the most appropriate continuation for each sentence: (3p)a. According to the latest forecast, the tunnel

A. will be finished next year

B. will have been finished next year

C. is finishing next year.

b. When you get to the airport..

A. someone is going to be waiting for you

B. someone is due to wait for you

C. someone will be waiting for you

3. Put the verbs in brackets into a suitable verb form: (3p)a. When the rain (start), we (reach) the top of the mountain.

b. I (phone) you as soon as, I (find) anything about George.

c. The game (continue) until one of the teams (score).

Bonus 1p


PUT EACH VERB IN BRACKETS INTO THE PRESENT SIMPLE, PRESENT CONTINUOUS, PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE OR PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS. (7p)a. What (you look) at? (I wear) the wrong clothes?

b. That plant I bought (not grow) very much. And I (water) it every day.

c. Who (drive) the Mercedes thats parked outside?

d. What (you buy) your sister for her birthday?

e. I (do) everything you asked. What should I do now?

f. Brenda (learn) Russian, but she finds it difficult.

g. Harry always (look) untidy! He (wear) dirty jeans.

COMPLETE THE SECOND SENTENCE SO THAT IT HAS A SIMILAR MEANING TO THE FIRST SENTENCE, USING THE WORD GIVEN. DO NOT CHANGE THE WORD GIVEN. (2p)a. Oh no! My wallet is missing. LOST

Oh no! I.. wallet.

b. Our meeting is tomorrow. HAVING

We tomorrow.Bonus 1p

3.4 FUTURE TENSES 21. Put the verbs in brackets into a suitable verb form: (3p)a. Its very hot in here. I think I (faint).

b. What (you / give) Ann for her birthday? Have you decided yet?

c. Come round between 8 and 9. We (watch) the match on TV then.

d. Have you ever wondered what exactly you (do) in 10 years time?

2. Choose the most appropriate continuation for each sentence: (3p)a. By the time we reach the summit, we.for 10 hours.

A. have been climbing

B. will be climbing

C. will have been climbing

b. It was strange to think that in a few days we.. together again.

A. will be

B. had been

C. would be

3. Put the verbs in brackets into a suitable verb form: (3p)a. The spectators (wait) until the curtain (go up).

b. Sarah (stop) talking when she (reach) a conclusion.

c. I (answer) her letter as soon as I (have) time.

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