TossponEngl 105

Due today: Compare/Contrast sheetAgenda1. Run-On sentences

- Review Sentence/Fragment/Run on2. Incorporating research3. Quoting/paraphrasing

Quick review: Fragments• To be a complete sentence- – Subject – Verb– Express a

complete thought• Watch for words

like “although” and “because”!• Because I went

to the park.

Fragment!

Combining SentencesCoordinating 1.Use a comma & a coordinating conjunctionThe speaker rose to his feet, and the room became quiet.

2. Use a semicolon, an adverbial conjunction, and a comma – I worked hard; therefore, I expected results.

3. Use a semicolonI worked hard; I expected results

Subordinating1. Subordinating

ConjunctionsWhile he was eating breakfast, the news came on.

2. relative pronoun. (Who, whose, whoever, what, whatever, whichever, when, that…)

The researcher who was studying diabetes had a breakthrough.

Clauses• A clause is a group of words with a

subject and a verbSubject Verb

You stink.Sally is talking.

Subject

Verb

I love grammarSally is talking loudly

Most clauses have further information after the verb

Two Types of Clauses• Independent clause (Main clause)– Can stand alone as a sentence– Can be joined to another clause– Fred filled a cardboard tube with gunpowder.

• Dependent clause (Subordinate clause)– Cannot stand alone as a sentence– Must be joined to an independent clause– Because he wanted to make his own

firecrackers.

A word that joins clauses is a conjunction

Joining Clauses• A dependent clause can be joined

to an independent clause to make a sentence– Fred filled a cardboard tube with

gunpowder because he wanted to make his own firecrackers.

Or

– Because he wanted to make his own firecrackers, Fred filled a cardboard tube with gunpowder.

When the sentence starts with the dependent clause, it must have a comma before the independent clause

Run-ons• Run-ons are independent clauses that

have been combined incorrectly. • There are several types:– The AND run-on– The Fused run-on– The comma splice

We will be going into detail on each one

The and run on (pg 146)• two or more relatively long independent clauses with

a coordinating conjunction without any punctuation.

Goal 1 AND per sentence (some situations warrant 2)(Because this has no punctuation, we have to read it in

one breath.) – I met Charlyce in a yoga class at the YWCA

and we liked each other immediately and we soon became friends and we often hang out at each other’s houses.

The Fused run on• two or more independent

clauses run together without any punctuation. – The girls made the fire the

boys cooked the steaks.

The comma splice run-on • The comma splice: two or more

independent clauses run together with only a comma.

– I met Charlyce in a yoga class at the YWCA, we soon became friends.

– Sounds right? It is actually two separate independent ideas/clauses. We COULD add a ; (semicolon) to make it correct, or we could separate into two sentences.

Review: Run ON • Fragment= incomplete• 2 or more independent clauses

(whole sentences) combined incorrectly. – Too many ANDS (goal 1-2 “and”s per

sentence)– Fused • Jammed together with no punctuation

– Comma Splice• Jammed together with just a comma (need

comma conjunction!!!)

I went to the store and bought a candy bar and who did I see there but Kevin who got me a coke and so we went to the park together.

Kevin bought me a coke so we went to the park together. Kevin bought me a coke, we went to the park together

Practice- Packet1. I'd like to buy a piano, but I really

don't have the money right now. 2. She gives wonderful parties, I can't

wait for her next one. 3. The people on the park bench who

meet every day and eat lunch together.

4. I'm saving money for a trip to Oklahoma my brother lives out there.

5. He was beaming he got an A on the exam.

1. No Change! I'd like to buy a piano, but I really don't have the money right now.

2. Run On! She gives wonderful parties. I can't wait for her next one.

3. Fragment! The people on the park bench who meet every day and eat lunch together.

4. Run on! I'm saving money for a trip to Oklahoma; my brother lives out there.

5. Run on! He was beaming. He got an A on the exam.

Game!• Sentence/Fragment/Run on Free-

throw Contest• Each team – choose a shooting order– 1 pt – identify Sentence, Fragment, Run

on– 1 pt – correct Fragment, Run on, OR

identify Subject/Verb of sentence

Research Planning• With your group, plan the layout of your

materials:

Digital ProjectWritten Project– May need/want to revise your rubric at this point

(due in wk 9).

• Each “main point” needs a quote. – What further research do you need to do? Assign

research tasks. – Computer lab time next week & at end of this

week.

Plagiarism, Citing & Using SourcesTosspon’s English 105

Heald College

Obvious Plagiarism• buying, stealing,

or borrowing a paper (including, of course, copying an entire paper or article from the Web);

• hiring someone to write your paper for you; and copying large sections of text from a source without quotation marks or proper citation.

Cite It

• Words or ideas presented in a magazine, book, newspaper, song, TV program, movie, Web page, computer program, letter, advertisement, or any other medium

• Information you gain through interviewing or conversing with another person, face to face, over the phone, or in writing

• When you copy the exact words or a unique phrase• When you reprint any diagrams, illustrations, charts,

pictures, or other visual materials• When you reuse or repost any electronically-available

media, including images, audio, video, or other media

DON’T Cite It• Writing your own lived experiences, your own observations

and insights, your own thoughts, and your own conclusions about a subject

• When you are writing up your own results obtained through lab or field experiments

• When you use your own artwork, digital photographs, video, audio, etc.

• When you are using "common knowledge," things like folklore, common sense observations, myths, urban legends, and historical events (but not historical documents)

• When you are using generally-accepted facts, e.g., pollution is bad for the environment, including facts that are accepted within particular discourse communities, e.g., in the field of composition studies, "writing is a process" is a generally-accepted fact.

Must Cite in 2 places: In-text

Works Cited Page

(also known as ‘parenthetical documentation’)In other words- in parentheses.

Your in-text citations work with your bibliography (works cited) page to identify where any quotes or ideas borrowed from another author

came from.

“References in the text MUST clearly point to specific sources in the list of works cited.”

- MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 6th ed.

Halio, Jay L., "Elizabethan Age." Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. Scholastic Library Publishing, 2006. HF-L High School. 1 Apr 2006 <http://gme.grolier.com>.

 Life in Elizabethan England. Summer 2005. 31 Mar 2006 <http://renaissance.dm

.net/compendium>. Pressley, J. M. "An Encapsulated Biography." Shakespeare Resource Center,

February 10, 2005. 3 Mar 2006 <http://www.bardweb.net/man.html>. Shakespeare, William. Romeo and Juliet. New York: Scholastic, Inc., 1969. Thomas, Heather. The Life in Times of Queen Elizabeth I. 23 Mar 2006. 1 Apr

2006 <www.elizabethi.org>.

Works Cited

In the body of the paper, it looks like this:

When Mercutio is wounded, he screams “A plague on both your houses!” referring to both the Capulets and the Montagues (Shakespeare 70).

In-text citations: Direct Quote

Works CitedShakespeare, William. Romeo and Juliet. New York: Scholastic, Inc., 1969.

Direct Quotes• Direct quotation:– Educators are cautioned that “…labels tend to

stick, and few people go back later to document a shifting profile of intelligences” (Gardner 139).

• Paraphrase with in-text citation:– Gardner explains that there are difficulties in

labeling children with a type of intelligence, including the problem that labels may last, while the assessment may change (139).

Which of these should be cited?

A. On September 11, 2001, the World Trade Center and the Pentagon were attacked by hijacked airplanes.

B. Atta, Binalshibh, al Shehhi, and Jarrah had lived in Germany and were chosen over more established Al Qaeda members due to their exposure to the West and ability to speak English.

B was correct: it is specific and not commonly known• How would you cite it? In the text of your

paper:• Atta, Binalshibh, al Shehhi, and Jarrah had lived in

Germany and were chosen over more established Al Qaeda members due to their exposure to the West and ability to speak English (National Commission 160).

In the Works Cited: National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the

United States. The 9/11 Commission Report. New York: W.W. Norton, 2004.

Which of THESE do you need to cite?A. “The science labs at East St. Louis High

School are 30 to 50 years outdated.”

B. When public schools were segregated, conditions were not equal.

A! It is very specific, even w/ out quotes!

How would you cite it? In-body:• “The science labs at East St. Louis High

School are 30 to 50 years outdated” (Kozol 27).

In the Works Cited:

Kozol, Jonathan. Savage Inequalities: Children in America’s Schools. New York: HarperCollins, 1991. Print.

Quoting• Pg 393• Quotations must be identical to the

original, using a narrow segment of the source. They must match the source document word for word and must be attributed to the original author.

– Direct quotation. Finally, determining which frog had committed the atrocity she shouted, “Off with his head!” (Burton 26:52).MLA

style citation

Paraphrasing• Paraphrasing involves putting a passage from

source material into your own words. A paraphrase must also be attributed to the original source. Paraphrased material is usually shorter than the original passage, taking a somewhat broader segment of the source and condensing it slightly.

– Paraphrase. In Chapter 11 of Into the Wild, Walt, McCandless’s father, remembers an early hike with twelve-year-old Chris. They made it to 13,000 feet before turning back from the 14,256-foot summit in Colorado. Chris did not want to quit, and complained all the way down (Krakauer, 109).

Summarizing• Summarizing involves putting the main idea(s) into

your own words, including only the main point(s). Once again, it is necessary to attribute summarized ideas to the original source. Summaries are significantly shorter than the original and take a broad overview of the source material.

Summary. In Into the Wild, Krakauer seems to be working out his own past and his relationship with his father as well as telling the sad story of Chris McCandless. Because Krakauer, too, is a man of the outdoors, he understands something about the call of the wild.

Practice Paraphrase, Quote, Summary

• Handout

Practice “Natural Remedies”1. Many foods can help mild to moderate

nausea. Ginger and fruit are examples of foods that can help an individual feel better.

2. Pectin, found in apples, peaches, plums, and carrots, can help decrease nausea.

3. “Ginger…[is a] very powerful plant that works on the digestive tract” (Greening 18).

Using Quotes/Paraphrases• Your quote can’t make your point for

you. YOU must make your point.

• Use a quote,tell the reader WHAT it shows and why.

Try it on YOUR quote(s)

• Fill out a paragraph organizer for YOUR main points/quotes

Incorporating Research Read the paper

Highlight/circle each quote Take notes in the margin

What kind of hook is it? What is the thesis? what is each main point?

Choose 1 quote Do a “Quote Sandwich” for it!

Quoting• Pg 393• Quotations must be identical to the original,

using a narrow segment of the source. They must match the source document word for word and must be attributed to the original author.

– Direct quotation. Jon Krakauer says, “I had been granted unusual freedom and responsibility at an early age, for which I should have been grateful in the extreme, but I wasn’t” (Krakauer, 148).

Paraphrasing• Paraphrasing involves putting a passage from

source material into your own words. A paraphrase must also be attributed to the original source. Paraphrased material is usually shorter than the original passage, taking a somewhat broader segment of the source and condensing it slightly.

– Paraphrase. In Chapter 11 of Into the Wild, Walt, McCandless’s father, remembers an early hike with twelve-year-old Chris. They made it to 13,000 feet before turning back from the 14,256-foot summit in Colorado. Chris did not want to quit, and complained all the way down (Krakauer, 109).

Summarizing• Summarizing involves putting the main idea(s) into

your own words, including only the main point(s). Once again, it is necessary to attribute summarized ideas to the original source. Summaries are significantly shorter than the original and take a broad overview of the source material.

Summary. In Into the Wild, Krakauer seems to be working out his own past and his relationship with his father as well as telling the sad story of Chris McCandless. Because Krakauer, too, is a man of the outdoors, he understands something about the call of the wild.

Practice Paraphrase, Quote, Summary

• Handout

Using Quotes/Paraphrases• Your quote can’t make your point for

you. YOU must make your point.

• Use a quote,tell the reader WHAT it shows and why.

Practice “Natural Remedies”1. Many foods can help mild to moderate

nausea. Ginger and fruit are examples of foods that can help an individual feel better.

2. “Ginger…[is a] very powerful plant that works on the digestive tract” (Greening 18).

3. Pectin, found in apples, peaches, plums, and carrots, can help decrease nausea (Greening 18).

The Quote SandwichRead & highlight the handout• Introduce your quote/paraphrase• Use your quote• Explain your quote

As Kermit the Frog points out, Kermit the Frog profoundly states, According to Kermit the Frog,

“It’s not easy being green” (123).

Analyze your quote/: Relate it to your point Judging from his peeling skin, we can see that

Kermit it right. The depletion of the ozone makes life difficult for not only humans but

green animals as well.

Thus we can see that even a famous frog suffers from the color of his skin.

Sadly, Kermit isn’t always the happy frog he appears to be on TV.

Here Kermit is referring to the prejudice our society has against green creatures.

Quote Sandwich

Using Quotes/Evidence• Look @ each

paragraph1. Write the thesis @ the

top of the paper2. What is the main point

of the paragraph? 3. How does the author

use each quote? – How does she introduce

the quote? – What quote is used– What does it mean to her

paragraph?– How does it prove her

thesis?

Signal the Use of a SourceRead & highlight the handout• Introduce your sources– Dialogue Tags– Phrases– Sentences

• Divide your sources• Use Key Phrases

Try it on YOUR quote(s)

• Fill out a paragraph organizer for YOUR main points/quotes

Quotation Punctuation• Period goes AFTER the quote

Citation: use 1st thing in the Works Cited page (usually

author’s last name or article title)

Works Cited• Use www.easybib.com• Make sure ALL information is correct• Works Cited goes on its OWN PAGE

– Do NOT trust Microsoft! It uses MLA 2007

Homework: Thurs• Compare/Contrast – write-up your comparison of the 2

articles (yours v a classmate) and use 2 Quote Sandwiches (minimum 2 pgs)

• Read –Causal essay example