ENGINEER’S - WR Training

6

CCARBON

12.0107

2

HeHELIUM

4.0026

74

WWALFRAM

183.84

53

IIODINE126.9000

6

CCARBON

12.0107

13

AlALUMINUM

26.9820

ENGINEER’S

REFERENCE FOLDER

PETROLEUM

PETROCHEMICAL

REFINING

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

PREFACE

This folder is prepared mainly for two groups of readers :

1. Petroleum and Chemical Engineering students

2. Chemical engineers whose major interest is gas and petroleum

production, refining and processing operations

The folder provides well-organized technical data in form of tables,

charts and diagrams, indispensible for a chemical engineer.

The preparation of the folder was a joint effort of WR Training

engineers who compiled data, charts and diagrams for which they

were especially qualified and possess valuable experience.

Although great care has been taken to provide accurate and

reliable information, neither WR Training nor anyone else

associated with this work, shall be liable for any loss, damage, or

liability directly or indirectly caused or alleged to be caused by the

folder. The material contained herein is not intended to provide

specific advice or recommendations for any specific situation.

WR Training

INDEX OF DATA AND DIAGRAMS

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PURE SUBSTANCESA

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER AND STEAMC

ENTHALPYE

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

BEHAVIOUR OF GASES AND COMPRESSION

COMBUSTION

G

I

K

CENTRIFUGAL PUMPSM

COMPRESSORSO

DISTILLATION, ABSORPTION AND STRIPPING

CONVERSION TABLES

Q

T

VAPOR PRESSUREB

SPECIFIC HEATD

VISCOSITYF

DENSITY OF LIQUIDS

LIQUID / VAPOR EQUILIBRIUM

FLUID DYNAMICS

H

J

L

HEAT TRANSFER AND HEAT EXCHANGERSN

PROPERTIES RELATIVE TO THE PETROLEUM CUTSP

SAFETYS

THE CHEMICAL ENGINEER’S

REFERENCE FOLDER


PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PURE SUBSTANCESA

Physical characteristics of hydrocarbons, sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen compounds1

VAPOR PRESSUREB

Vapor pressure using Antoine’s equation

Correlation between Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP) and True Vapor Pressure

Vapor pressure curves of some chemical compounds

2

4

6

Vapor pressure Harlacher coefficients8

Vapor pressure curves for acrylic and methacrylic acids and derivated esters

Vapor pressure curves of methanol and ethanol

Periodic table of elements0

Physical characteristics of pure substances2

Vapor pressure of some hydrocarbons, ethanol and water1

Hydrocarbon vapor pressure curves

Vapor pressure curves of some solvents

Vapor pressure curves of some sulfur compounds

3

5

7

Vapor pressure curves for aromatic hydrocarbons9

Vapor pressure curve of ammonia

0

2

1

1

1

1


REFERENCE FOLDER


PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER AND STEAMC

Vapor pressure of water2

SPECIFIC HEATD

Density of steam

Specific heat of liquid hydrocarbons

6

2

Mass specific of gaseous petroleum cuts at atmospheric and vacuum conditions4

Average molar heat for some gases

Vapor pressure and enthalpy for saturated water and steam1

Water latent heat of vaporization variation with temperature3

Density of saturated liquid water and steam5

Mollier chart for steam

Molar specific heat of ideal gases

Specific heat of gaseous hydrocarbons and some gases at atmospheric pressure

7

1

3

Molar specific heat correction as a function of reduced pressure and temperature5

Determining molar heat for liquids at 20°C using the contribution group method

6

7

Enthalpy of pressurized liquid water4


REFERENCE FOLDER


ENTHALPYE

Introduction to the Maxwell enthalpy diagram1

Mollier diagram for propane

Enthalpy diagram of petroleum cuts

Enthalpy of H2O, CO2 and SO2

5

7

9

Enthalpy diagram of methane, ethane and propane2

Enthalpy diagram of pentane, hexane and heptane4

Propane enthalpy diagram

Enthalpy of O2 and N2

6

8

Enthalpy diagram of iso-butane, n-butane and iso-pentane3

11

01

21

61

3

5

4

1

1

1

7

8

1

1

Enthalpy diagram of ethylene

Enthalpy diagram of iso-butene and 1-butene

Enthalpy diagram of propylene

Enthalpy diagram of 2-butene cis and trans

Enthalpy pressure diagram of R22, CHClF2

Enthalpy diagram of benzene

Enthalpy pressure diagram of R12, CCl2F2

Enthalpy diagram of toluene

Standard enthalpy of formation


REFERENCE FOLDER


VISCOSITYF

Viscosity : Definition and units0

Standard viscosity-temperature chart for liquid petroleum products

Viscosity diagram of heavy fuels n°2

Viscosity grades for motor lubes

4

6

8

Viscosity of some gases at atmospheric pressure1

Graphic determination of viscosity of mixture of 2 liquid petroleum products3

Viscosity of mixtures

Calculation of viscosity index

5

7

Dynamic viscosity of liquid hydrocarbons2

01

9

11

21

Conversion into centistokes

Viscosity of liquid chemical products

Viscosity of some liquids

Viscosity-temperature chart


REFERENCE FOLDER


THERMAL CONDUCTIVITYG

Thermal conductivity of metals1

Thermal conductivity in gaseous phase at atmospheric pressure

Thermal conductivity – gases pressure correction

Thermal conductivity

5

7

9

Thermal conductivity of liquids2

Thermal conductivity – liquid pressure correction4

Thermal conductivity of gases

Average thermal conductivity of a material under temperature gradient

6

8

Thermal conductivity of liquid petroleum cuts3

01 Conduction resistance

1

2

6

3

5

4

Specific gravity of miscellaneous liquid

Specific gravity of liquid organic compounds

Variation of liquid hydrocarbon specific gravity with temperature

Expansion coefficient of liquids versus reduced coordinates

Concentration and specific gravity of sodium hydroxide solutions

ASTM table extractions

DENSITY OF LIQUIDSH


REFERENCE FOLDER


BEHAVIOR OF GASES AND COMPRESSIONI

Generalized compressibility chart1

Ideal gases isentropic exponent k (from API technical data book)

Compression work and power

5

7

Generalized compressibility chart – Z0 charts2

Corresponding state law with 3 parameters : Lee and Kesler method4

Isentropic compression : Discharge temperature of a compressor

Correction of entropy of ideal gases using Edmister method

6

8

Determination of the compressibility factor using the Pitzer acentric factor3

1

2

4

9

Fugacity of methane and ethane

Equilibrium coefficients of hydrocarbons – Scheibel and Jenny chart

Choice of thermodynamic model

Transformation of TBP to ASTM distillation curve – Edmister correlation

LIQUID / VAPOR EQUILIBRIUMJ

01

11

21

Calculation of the atmospheric flash curve starting from the TBP curve

Calculation of the atmospheric flash curve starting from the TBP or ASTM curve

Shift of flash curve – Edmister method

31

41

Flash curve under vacuum – TBP correlation using Van Winkle method

Specific gravity of equilibrium liquid and vapor phases


REFERENCE FOLDER


COMBUSTIONK

Reaction heat and calorific value of pure hydrocarbons1

Excess air versus O2 content in dry flue gas5

Fuel oil LHV determination2

Excess air versus CO2 content in dry flue gas4

Furnace efficiency estimate – Case of a fuel gas fired furnace6

Fuel gas LHV determination3

1

2

3

4

Head losses in straight tubes – Friction factors for steel pipes

Main characteristics of seamless and welded pipes

Resistance of valves and fittings to fluid flow – K values (1/2)

Resistance of valves and fittings to fluid flow – K values (2/2)

FLUID DYNAMICSL

5

6

7

Resistance of valves and fittings to fluid flow – Equivalent straight pipe length

Resistance of valves and fittings to fluid flow – Equivalent straight pipe length

Friction losses in flowmeters

8

9

Correction of flowmeter indications – Mass flowrate indication

Surface tension of some chemical compounds

01

11 Heat transmission in a furnace – Emissivity coefficients for material and gases

Heat transmission in a furnace – Black body properties


REFERENCE FOLDER


FLUID DYNAMICSL

1

2

3

Typical impeller selection according to K number

Measurement of head

Performance correction chart

CENTRIFUGAL PUMPSM

01

11 2 phase flow pattern – Upflow in vertical pipes

Baker flow pattern for horizontal pipes

21

31

41

Gas flow in horizontal pipes based on Lockhart and Martinelli correlation

Correction of pressure drop with diameter

Liquid and vapor hold-up in horizontal pipe – Lockhart and Martinelli correlation

51

61

Friction losses for liquids in 2”, 4” and 6” pipes

Control valves : full open Cv


REFERENCE FOLDER


HEAT TRANSFER AND HEAT EXCHANGERSN

Convection heat transfer coefficients1

Heat losses for an insulated pipe

Estimation of the overall heat transfer coefficient

Fouling resistance

5

7

9

Film coefficient2

Losses due to convection4

Heat insulator : External surface temperature estimate

Estimation of the overall heat transfer coefficient for water and hydrocarbons

6

8

Correction of the heat transfer coefficient with the allowed pressure drop3

11

01

21

71

3

6

5

1

1

1

8

9

1

1

Heat exchanger efficiency : cocurrent and countercurrent

Heat exchanger nomenclature : TEMA standards

Heat exchanger efficiency : countercurrent and 1-n exchangers

Different heat exchangers (from TEMA tables)

Simultaneous conduction and convection

Exchanger tube standards

Convection coefficient

Surface efficiency

LMTD correction factor (1shell pass, 2 or 2n tube passes)

02 Chart for solving LMTD


REFERENCE FOLDER


COMPRESSORSO

1

2 Centrifugal compressor polytropic efficiency estimation

Dynamic and positive displacement compressors : Areas of application

3

4

5

Polytropic coefficient chart

Determination of isentropic efficiency

Reciprocating compressor isentropic and overall efficiency estimation

PROPERTIES RELATIVE TO THE PETROLEUM CUTSP

Mean boiling point temperature for petroleum cuts1

KUOP determination for heavy feeds5

Characterization factor (KUOP) for hydrocarbons and petroleum cuts2

Automotive fuel susceptibility to tetra-ethyl lead4

Water solubility in some liquid petroleum cuts6

Pseudo-critical temperature and pressure for petroleum cuts3

7 Air solubility in liquid petroleum products


REFERENCE FOLDER

DISTILLATION, ABSOPRTION AND STRIPPINGQ

1

2 Tray efficiency for distillation and absorption columns

Gilliland’s correlation

3 Absorption (or stripping) ratio vs Absorption (or stripping) factor

SAFETYS

Flammability1


CONVERSION TABLEST

Temperature1

Mass

Pressure

5

7

Relation between specific gravity and API degrees2

Area4

Volume

Density

6

8

Length3

Force9

11

01 Energy

Power


REFERENCE FOLDER

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