Radue Ihaek

A Division of Tandy Corporation

Fort Worth, TX 76102

PRINTED IN U.S .A .

0 40293 10537 2

Radue $haeK

Engineer's

Mini-Notebook

Cat. No . 62-5011

CIRCUIT SYMBOLS

FIXED

VARIMLE RIXED

POLA .tZED

RESISTOR

RESISTOR CAPAc,TOR CAPACITOR

d1

RELAY

TRANSFORMER SPEAKER

RECTIFIER/ ZENER

PNP

NPN

DIODE

DI ODE

TRANSISTOR TRANSISTbg

SOLAR

PHOTO-

PHOTO-

LEI)

CELL

RESISTOR TRANSISTOR

I

+v

i

CONNECTED UNCONNECTED POSITIVE

WIRES

WIRES

SUPPLY

GR0uND

n--

0

NORMALLY NORMALLY

SPST

SPOT

OPEN

CLOSED

Sw ITcH

SWITCH PUSHBUTTON Pu5H8uTTON

moo

1

PIEzo-

SPEAKER

METER

LAMP

BATTERYOP-AMP

T I - (TOOK,1NC1-UDE$ STANDARD APPLICATION

INTRODUCTION

POWERING

CIRCUIT ASSEMBLY

0 AMP SPECIFICATIONS

OP-AMPS

TIPS

(at

7

CIRCUITS AND CIRWITS DES1GAiEL LAY TH.E

A1TNOR .EACH CIRCUIT WAS ASSFMBLED AND

TE :TED_ BY -ME AuTt oR As THE E.cok . .wAS

DEvECOPEQ . .A rER . : 1H

Gook wAS CoMPLFErEb,

AUTHOR: .REASShMB(.ED EACH ;C I Rcu IT To

CHECK FOR ERRORS .

WHILE REASOCJAE E CARE

wAS EXERCISED j

CooIC, VARLA-TIONS

THE PREPARATIONOF Tt11S

7 141C 0P'-ASPIN

CO MPoNENTTOLERAN'CES'

=A u,D . CorgiSTP-uCTIotj

METHODS MAY CAUSFj.. ..7. .

1 LI 58 DUAL OP AMP

331 QUAD COMPARATOR

86 AUDIO AMPLIFIER

ClRCU ITS

BASIC INVERTING AMPLIFIER

UNITY GAIN .._INVERTER

NON,-aNVERTtNG AMPLIFIER

UNITY-GAIN._ .FOLLOWER

TRANSCONDUCTANCE AMPLIFIER

TRANSIMPE:DANCE AMWLIF.IER

SINGLE:-SUPPLY AMPLE.

RESULTS You oarA/N TO DtPEP

. FPOMT?t1o5E

I

THE AUTHOR AND

RESPontsl8I4clty . FOR

COOk'S CONTEj,jT5

SI NC1 ,_ W . . NAuL

GIVEN HERE . T1- EREFoRE

kA Dio SHACK ASSuN+E NO

TI5.THE SUI7-A$ILtrYOF

A WYAPPLICA Trot..

OOIJ TRO4- OVER TRf>- us E. TD HUH t4.

IN FoR MATlo.J IIa T L5 Bo.Qk AS:.. PQT't

A 55 ur .IE

No LIAI /LIT' FOR Am Y. DAHAG,S

RESuCTIr NCa -PO-4 ITS USE. ., . QF, C0.~2 .(3SE

LT

IS . YouR REs Poni5.1el4.)rY . _. TD . . DE.T F~R.M.LhiE IF

CoI-ttiERC(AL USE, SOLE OR MAtiJU)CA'C'RIRE

of P 'I DEVtCF- __-N.AT INCoRPoRArES IntFaP-

MA TION In1 'fN.15 > BooK INFRINcE5,

AAJY

PATEtJTS

COPYRIG.NTS

OTC-1ER RIGHTS

DUE T0 T4&.. r- ANY I au-ozi.l:.s RFcEIvks.r y

AUDIO ;.AMPLIFIER

SUMMING _ AMPLIFIER

DIFFERENCE AMPLIFIER

._bLIAL-SUPPLY INTEGRATOR 2,

RADIO SHACK AND THE AciTHOR, IT IS NOT_

PosstEL . Tom_ PROVIDE PERSONA-. RESPoNsE5.

7-D _ REQUESTS FOR A-DbvT.IoNAt /IQ FoAt--14rion

.`

Cu-rat--t CIRCUIT DESIGN TECHNICAL ADV.IOL,

TI .ovBLESHoor(N6_ ADv ICE', E TC.) .

.IF . 'You

51NGL,E-S.UP

.PLY INTEGRATOR

bUAL-SUPPLY bIFFERENTIATI R21

Wt s - Tt .l.E,AP-N MARE. A&uT F--E_ .TR4.NIcs

51NGLE-Sl1PPLY DIFFERE[11TIATQR

21

SE,E OTHER Boo'KS 1 N THIS $ERI S AND

RADIO

HAC& S ".GETTING s779RTED__:,IN

PEAK DETECTOR'_

INVERTING CLIPPER3

Er

LQ_w PASS _FILTER

X1 1-1 ,_.PASS FILTER

~0-.kli .NOTCk FILTERS

TUNABLE; RANDPASS, FILTER

MUN.t-COLOR ORGAN

5QLJ.ARt* 'WAVE GENERATOR

SIN E WAVE _ OSCILLATOR

FUNCTION GENERATOR

HISTORICAL NOTE

THE OPERATIONAL AMPLII=IER WAS DEVELOPED

FOR USE IN ANALOG COMPUTERS

19 tJ5 .' . rEAR~,Y _ 'Qty-AMPS u_S.ED VACUUM TUBES

AND:_ WERE = . . .LARG'E '_ IN SIZE . ..ANDCON S UNIED

Cont.Sib.ERA.13LE POWER. .

IN _1847 FAIRCHILD

SE.MLCONO,uCTOR INTRODUCEp THE FIRST

.g . ItaTeGRAT6b. ._. CIRCUIT OP-AMP. TODAY'S

OP-AMPS ARE FAR SUPERIOR TO THEIR

VACUUM TUNE P REDECESSORS . AI.I D THEY

ARE MUCH SMALLER,, AND CAN ISEPURCHASED

FoR __ AS L1-r_TLE s A DOLLAR

O

RES.ISTDR- THAT ;.. FEEDS. ,.SOME OF

AMPLIFtED SIGNAL. FROM114E

OUTPUT ; TO

INVERTING 1N' PUT:. THIS' REDUCES TIN

P \ LI TU DE OF THE OUTPUT SIGNAL? HEr ICE

GAIN; . THE SMALLER -rHE RESISTOR:

TH

LOWER THE GAIN .

HERE

BASIC NVERT ING AM LI F)ER

MADE WITH AN

P-AMP

IN

RN

GP IN RF R.

vo

Vo T

N

RF- R%N

LINEAR

OUTPUT

V

THE GAIN ; IS INQEPEN DENT ofTHE SUPPLY

VOLTAGE. . NOTE THAT THE UNUSED INPUT

lS GROUNDED,- : .TxEREFORE THE OP AMP

PsMPLIFIES THE . DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE

INPUT (,VIN') ANQ , ..G .ROuND_ (o VOLTS). THE

OP-AMP Is THEN ..A. .D.1F1=( .(3ENTlALAMPLIFIER.

.5

4

4

I---

`

_

_

CU ITS INTRODUCT1OM

BASIC COMPARATQR .

BASIC_ WINDOW COMPARATOR

SEQ. ENC.E R

,$ARGRAPH VOLTMETER 3"1 _,

T E bPERA tONQL._ AMPLIFIER OI OP-AMP

A NI,11._.~?Ir.Rfrcs121VlANCIE'- .1..1M.EAR AMPLIFIER

wITK AN . .AMAZLt,LG., VA RIELY. . 11 O.FL- USES. THE

INPUTS,. = I IJ VERT I N G t

;-)

OP-AMP (I\$ TuiO'

LIGHT-ACTIVAT.E...D RELAYS

-.11 C, HT -ACTIVATED ..ALERTER

QARK-ACTIVATE-b ~LLEkTER

LIGHT-SENSITIVE OSCILLATORS_

HUGH -_SENSITIVITY 0614T METER

SOUND -LEVEL METER

-!S.0UND-ACTIVATED RELAY

PERCU'SStOW SYNTKE SIZ E R

PL.E~4 L 1~1ENT DROVER

3, 2

3 3

At,1t . . NO -INVERTI G

A

IS

(+~ 1 ' AM ONE- OUTPUT'.

sI6NAL APPLIED To THE

REV RSED AT _ THE

APPLIED TO THE NON-

THE . POLARITY OF

INVERTING;

OUTPUT. A

INVERTI"G

INPUT

SIGNAL

INPUT RETAINS TS POLARITY AT

THE OUTPUT. -

THE 'GAW (DE.6.REE OF AMPLIFICATION

AN= OP-AMP ; IS DF.T'ERMINED gY_ A FEEDGACK

E FEEDQACK RESISTOR (RE) .. AND

OP-AMP FORM A CLOSED FEEDBACK LOOOP WHEN

RF IS OMITTED, THE OP-AMP IS SAtD ,TO BE IN ITS,

OPEN LOOP MODE ._ THE OP-AMP THEWEX.A.1ITS MAX-

IMUM GAIM, BUT_ ITS OUTPUT T}tEN . ,SknJ.l _ S FROM

FULL ONTo

FULL OFF OR VICE ; VERSA FOR VERY

SMALL CHANGES IN INPUT VOLTA.GE'

. 'THEREFQR.E . .__ _

THE OPEN .i...OOP MODE IS MOT PRACTICAL FOR _. .

LINEAR .AMPLI .FICATION . INSTEAD TH.LS MODE tS

USED T INL?ICA >` .WHErv_THE VoL-A6E AT ONE;_

._INPUT p'IFFE.RS F.1~OM 'THAT_ AT THE OTH61Z . LN

THIS MOM. THE' OP-AMP is CALLED A COMPAR

A'ToR SINeE IT COMPARES ONE jPv7 VOLTAGE

W LTN THE OTHER

POWERCNG OP-AMPS

MOST OP-AMPS_ AND OP-AMP CIRCUITS REauIRE_

A DUAL POLARIT`1 POWER SUPPLY. I4ERE IS A

SIMPLE DUAL .POLARITY SUPPLY . MADE FROM TWO

q-VOLT BATTERIES

9 VOLTS

VOLTS

+

I

GAO UIJQ

IMPORTANT ; THE LEADS FROM THE SuPPLY TP THE

OP- AMP SHOULD &ESNORT AND DIRECT. IF-_THEY

EXCEED AgouT . to INCHES 1 THE OP-AM.P'S

SUPPLY PINS MUST BE BYPASSED BY CoNNECT-

NG A

CAPACITOR BETWEEN EACK

PowER SUPPLY PIN AND GRovND . OTHERWISE

OP- AMP, MAY OSCILLATE OR FAIL TO

OPERATE. PROPERLY. ALW A'15 USE FRESH BATTERIES .

BOTH MUST SUPPLY THE SAME V OLTAGE . B E

SURE THE BATTERY CLIPS ARE CLEAN AND

71614T. _ NEVER _APPLY AN ILiPUT_SIGNAL. WHEN

THE POWER

_SUPPLY

IS SVJtTCNE .D OFF.

OP-AMP SPEC t Flt' _ ION

OP-AMPS ARE C KARACTERLZE

DozE$S1".,,

S'P~C1F_LCATIO S~ SOME

WHICH ARE C1.1 E~al .z.SLST Dt FoR . .A.z . :

(REDUCE, RESkSTANCE OF R2 It` CIRCU17 OSCILLATtS

OR GIVES _DISTORTED . 'OUT PUT.) JMPOkTAnl. : SYPRSS

mE POWER SUPPLY CONNECTION-S. W,IT1_L 0.1 ,uF

CAPACITORS

1OK

10K

OK To USE'

i

W ITH THE

AMPLIFIER,

10K

ABOVE.

OUTPUT

o K,

3 ,

K

USE w Im

MULTIPLE_ :

MICROPHONES .

I

-1 - toK

TEST RE .uLT :..

too K

VorrT

i

Vt 2

TEST RESULT

V10i

v

out

'1=

100K

\J 2

Vpvc

V

Tl-t O=u.'tPuT

TH SUMMINGAMPLI=F.L;E RER fi

Vo x V

Vt 1

IS _T)AE_ 5WM_.OF THE INPUT VOLTA6E!~.. IRE

SUM' (;?F `TE INPUTS _5FkOUL1Nor ax

V_ _LESS. : . .A VOLT OR_ TWO._ OK TO ADDMORE

OUTPUT OF

.E 'DIFFEREWCE AMPLIFIER

LNPIT.S., ,(USE Lot< RESISTOR To PIN

viN2 - U, N 1 . 'THE INPUT VOLTAGES ;

EACH'CN'PuT.

CIRCUIT BELOW" '_PRE.~.ERVE~ . .SHOULD NoT ExC EEO t V . _ THE

CIRCUIT

T)-k poLARITY

SELow REVERSES THE. POLARITY OF

VLN 2 VIN 1

R1

R3

loK

10K

Vi 1

10k

3

1

look

100K

t isV

oo.i __

190K

LooK .

y

F R-_TEST EELOW

14S8

V T

V"1

1 K

2 V1

o r

T

IN

I K

+-V

4 K

10K

0

`i 1 K

?F

OUT

2

ThE OUTPUT

`+ K

R2 ^ 14 R1

-Ct1E; INTEGRI~T~1R .

1S._PRAP0RTIai,3AL .

L/ R

AMPLITUDE,

~?R: IN'PvT TI'M S. . ._

/c1

Du.RAT1c N OF

INPuT. USE ?D

JNPuT

MAKE_.TR~ ANGI E,

FREQUENCY

wPQF-s Fog

LOW -P~SS

FOR VPALUES SHO\,uN

FILTER;, ETC .

RwD ~= 2,o0OMz

y. K

VOLT S&VARE, WAvE l

Ri R2

MA OUT PUT, Js A

R1+ R2 &1 .3-vol-rTRIM-464E.

S NGL E SUPPLY NTEG RATOR

OUT

FOR VALUES

SwowN AND

f= 2,000 Hz

2 .s voi-Ts .

THE OUT PUT 1 S

AA 1 . S- VOLT

TRIANGLE

TO +_ 15 V

r

f

I

Sv

s v

1 f Rzcl

OR .VALUES SHOWN AND c- \OOA,

S- VOLT _

TPZI At6(G

WAVE

OUTPUT

' VOL?'

_. SQUARE WAVE.

UPL SUP L'{

'THE OUTPUT OF

THE DIFFERENT{ATOR

C 1. R2

PROPOR .fl0NAL

TO THE DERWP TIVE

= 1 :/ C

OF T-HE IQpuT .

THE DIFFERENTIATDR WILL TRANSFOR:NA,. A SQUARE.. .

WAVE INTO PULSES

2, o 14z

l v

l

O.S U

V

S

N ;LE

P PLY

C2 Ri

1MF ,too oi uF

Lt K

1 K

-b F PEIR

'AT"

b FFERENTIATOR

0

2

FOR VALUtS

S Ao.W RJR . A N D

f = 2,oao R-I

t S'vOLT s

THE OUTPUT

s 1 .2 _VOLT.

DUAL SUPPLY NT 'GRATO R

PEAK DETECT _R

1 K

L K

RESET

1To 1

T-t1S C I F-CVIT FOLLOWS

AN I N C O M I tJ (, ' . VOLTA G E

S4GNALAND

STORES THE MAXIMUM. .VOLTAAGE

Ci : _ .PRESS SI To DISCHARGE C1 AND

RESET CI (NCO IT . _ CoN.tiiECT A VOLTMETER

FROM OVTPVT To GRo.,,pND TO MEASURE THE

PEAK.-VOLTAGE_ _STOREDL . .. IN THE _CIRCUIT_,

FUNCT(ONS LIKE THIS

-V

INPUT

JS.QTE ROvi THE OUTPUT

FOLLOWS 'THE PRECEEDING

. H CPEAK) INPUT. ALSONOTE THAT THE CHARGE

N__Cl WILL GRADUALLYLEAK AvJAy . Ci. JN

-ME TEST CI(-C.U IT FELL 1.0 MILLWOLTS ./ SECOND.

T1 ME

TH S OP-AMP

A Vo'1A GE

FOu owER h AT

1N914 gUFFERS

FROM 'TAE OUT PVr,'

OUTPUT

t is VOLTS_

QR1 FT

0

j,-4 u

41-TO 'LI M iT

~1E L-oPDS

_,AuoIb AMPLIFIERS..

IAND`To COVERT ...

SNE IMAVES To

SRVARE WA .E S . ,..

I

vRLUES S0~0 K `6-WE

GAlnl .

- D2.=. S VOLTS.

R_

NVEPTING

NPUT

1

ZE ER.. .bI E .'

TH . R SR.E A14 DAWN

VOLTA _ is .VI4AT

A ETERM, Lt. ES

TAEJ _.60 P.P Iaa f~

LEVEL .

7~ PIP-A

%

~ hLAVE.FORMS

CLIP

OU

S

o rP r

QVtPLT

f .

t

to

V

bf15V

I

TOPICAL WP.VEFOM- .

U

GAIN = R2/Rl

V-I? LUES SHAWN_

GJVJL .. 11. 6 AIL .

_81 S TA 2~L E R F LtP- F L

1 K

Lt K

4. K

DS A w C>

A?-E.

Lul,

LED Z.

0PTtOMp8L` SSt-VOLZEN

ER .DtoD'ES

SEE I eLQVQ.

NPUT

G

K)V>, ..-

-6"D_

V

w.v

GND

LE D

oFF..

FF

ON

.OFF . .

QN

o FF

R Is

1 7 K

2N 2222

/w-4

I

2N2222

T}-11$ C~RCVtT . D.Et\p.NST.Ratr_S --how_ Atj ANA

C k I P ; CAN PIE R FO-RM A D_IG . t TAL ~-OG.i C . . FU N C.T VQ,.t4,

(THE. COMPq.RATf

.R_.. IS ANOTHER ex-kM.RLrz- ., .,

IA ERE

THE TRUTH_ TK&L,E

THESE OUTPUTS

NPAVE MEMORY

-

Awl 1404--b THEIR'

IE

STATE EVF-W HEN__

S tt PuT FLOATS . '

USE D AND

LIm_IT OUTPUT t-EVES, . . _

O L_-

TR\ GG E R

OuT PvT.

PULSEM F

. .

PuLSL

A,. NEGA r. VE-

. TR\GG E R PULSE-. AUSzE.$ ' TA OP- AMP

.UTP r __.w.li 6_ FR0fA ... ;LOW -ro .

.

.w-6N FoR A

'CLNtE ; F P'RD IMATELY EQUAL: To RZ X C:2

. USE

TD D\VIDE' AN _INCOMI'JG $1GNAL AND TD

Q O "V.E.RT AN IRREGULAR ' MPUT PULSE TO A

UMIFORM OUTPUT PULSE . TYPICAL;_ RESULTS ; :

I_ .._

TRIGGER

PULSES

DtvIDE-9Y I

OUTPUT

CZ = .001,u

7._

R2= 25 K

DwtDE-BY-2

OUTPUT

C2= .01,MF -7.5

R2= 18 .Z K

S

.1 ~+scc

m Se

KASCC_

NOTE : USE- TA. $ 5 FOR_ MORE:VERSATILITY

N CC .

f

5,

-+-Y

I

'&Ksl ,c- comp

V au

av-r

WREN \)%w EXCEEDS VRE;:

l

OUTPUT

AN ANALOG_ . .

L-CI

U IT

TAO INPUT voLT-6ES .lum,

va 6,e

S'--,CALLED THE

jk

VgF

At.D , T-HF

OTHER, IS~-,.,t-ALLEU

Np,u-r VOLTAGE (Vim) .

ViKE,l ), V iN

+ k~vsgs ~ ., AgovE OR FALLS BELovi VAEF' THE

6UTpu -r OF THE WAPARATOR CHAMS

_ ;`i, 1fATE. .

SOME CIRCUITS (LACE THE 339 .

swiTeirkEs FROM Low To

416N

'Df SI NEB SPECIFICALLY AS

TC? P% S .

DUE TO ITS VERY H16 4

GAIN Arj OP-AMP WITHOUT

I

RESISTOR CAtj FWJCT Lot A

10 CIO KPA RAT 0 R .

EO-,S,-

0,UT- PUT .

C0:MPA kA-TOR'

'ASF

VOLT

41

I QVERTt EJG

Co M PAP, NTO R

I

10K

NSIC -C&APARATOR CC CINT.)

Now-lwvEkTlNc,~

COM PARATOR -

VouT = 1

\Iiw (VOLTS

UT'z 8 .2-\t

vittv: ~'A-s

410

LED

6011-D 7141S SWPLE. CIRCUIT'_ . 6t\j A PLASTIC

~-T,0-,", ..LEARN

&ASICS,-; OF _ 114E

AND R2 fyNc-TION AS

VOLTAGE DIYIDF-IZS THAT SUPPLY RAW 6E

OF VOLTAGES.:-015 BOTH 7441 INPUTS .

Q1

Svi ITCRES CUR. LENT TO THE LEI)WHEN

THE OUTPUT.,-OF._1 GOES HIGH. THE

CIRCUIT WORKS L .tkE -rHi s

ASSUME ?,Z 15 SET TO ITS CENTER POSITION

TO G I vE VPEF ~ = Lf-S VOLTS

V/Z`1.5 V),

Rl 7-HEN C0,haT-ROLS Va s , .

LF-D- OFF

1-E

0 tq

f-

AV

i

F-T--,

1-4

BASIC W N'bOVT COM_PARATOR_

V REF

C 4I6

S TO 1.5 V

KI

V REF

L W

TH S

AMots G TAE MOST VERSATIL-E

CDMPARATQR CIRCUITS . A SUMS VizE1; (H1GH)

S.S VoLTS AND VREp 0-ow) I S 2 .S VOLT'S

C ?,Cu IT TN:Ea..1 OPERATES LIKE THIS

VRgG (~.ow)

141614

> 14

3-STEP'

PRESS

RESET.

V USE

START

AUTOMATIC_ 3-STEP SEQUENCE

y1

Ry

iO K

190K

1M

B RGRAPR V

100 K

R

5

39

LED_ I

LE. '3

LED 4

R9 '_

R~CONTROLS

SEWS IT IV I T\1 .

IN

0 USE

yi_ OP-AMPS.

LEDS CLout IN SEQ.~ENGE AS INPUT vrLTAGE

R\SES, L.EI S' PLSo . R. SPO.EJn . TO:_.CHAtJGE__I

KES%STP%cE. AT IMPUT. To vgk . ..-maput5 U111H

FINGER - _06SE.RVE..

CdLS CELL

ACROSS

UT

tl l~ LCNTME.i'f R

K

1TIAks

WINDOW COMPARATOR THAT

SUPPLIES

3-STEP SE&UENCE OR -OUTPUT

SIGNALS

PRESSING S . DISCH'ARG.ES -Cl AND ;

L\GNT5 LED 1 (AND LEb .2 BRIEFLY .., Cl. 174F-W

CHARGES THROd6H R4 . 'AS CHARGE._. ON C1

PASSES S AND' . . .6. . : ..VQLTS..~

LED.2>.A.t,~D .3 GI

.oW

SEQUENCE .. . ; .Rf-: DUCI. R2. TQ EAI~AMCE

TI M1~. DELAY SE.Q.U,EIJCE' AND REDUCE, . DELAY

TIME . .DELAY S SHawiJ WILL VARY JITN_

TOLERANCE

111

asK

2.

1

1M

RE LA Y

(RADIO SNACK_

Z") 5 -00

ILLUMINATE Qi To ACTIVATE RELAY.

KcT ES I S

C4

ILLUMINATE CaS CF-LL

P40ToRESV.5ToR

TO ACTUATE . .I,EAY. ._

R ELA

A c+o_ SNACK

R.EVERjf , 7`Il IN, P ITS ._

TQ PEVERsE OPER~Tto~l. .

R3

Z.N ZZ22 . ._.

Q1 .

2n~~222

P Fio'T.O .R ..S..L . T S2

I mm

0

_1UZZER E A 1 S TQ.NE_.U HEa .. PNOTQCEL.L WS

1LLUMINRTE0.

RZ. CD TRQLS 5.BN5lT1vITY .,_

Rv KEEPS Q1 OFF UNTIL THE w7'1 .OUTPUT

;.G,4E5 AA16 A._ USE_ AS SUN-ACTIVAi'6A ,WAkEUP.. _

ALARM _ Atiu OPEN REFRl~>=RATQR DOOR : ALARM., .; _

0

IDENTk COAL

ABODE CIRCUIT F-)(qEPT

J)

-ro Ni REVERSED,.

Qk..rS

_ 'TC~ RlrPCP

PLEzO BU ZZER \A11TH RELAY MO-I 2.7$ -, DO'4

Cep_ s

.PNOTORESLSTOR

_tT& RT- .SE N' h"T 1\.E S I-L ' ""

R

F

93

1 K

4,

_1K' _ ca s

"PHoTOCE1.L} ._ . _

ILLUMIrjATE' Cd S 1

ra _,I N c9..tA,5E _ .'RIME_

FR EQU E N.c Y,. AND

CdS ;2 1D $Ouc .

AD 316T KS

FOR

__BALANCE..

_RS

C4 z

s~-K .

P1EZ.

SPEAYER

Q

0NnaECT_ .._

To 38 (0,-' . . .

S P EA R'_. ._ _

Am PL1F IEg,, z

4S

CP u-r O N

`T(S CIRCUIT . .

VERY SENSMVE .

'TOO MUCH. LIGHT

Vj I LL ~' SLAM"THEN

At)

NN RLO6 ' . M ETER. .

FULL - SCALE

tit ETE R

SILtcON

SOLAR

cELI-

1 K

1 K

1 rAA M ETE R

WEL OR VOM

SO

TNLS .CIRCUIT

&A-5-ED, VPON THOSE USED

ME PRECtSIOnJ11

. : LABURAT.oRY - QUALITY LIGHT

METERS . Tb ZERQ' METER 1 CONNECTPIN Z

To-_ G..ROuzJ

AND. ADJUST OF>=S~.T (RS) UNTIL

MET1'sR READS ? .> THEN . .-D15COMNECT PIN Z

FROM GROUND . R!-i .IS A.N .OPTIONAL_ CONTROL

FOR', AJ ERING ,$.E .S .l .T .wv,ITt/ F THE. CIRcutT.

RSDk

4. K

4 K

b-LEVEL t

UTiON' USE EAR

PROTECTLON 6l1HEN

MENSvRING LOUD

SOUNDS .

MICKOPHON_E (RAD 0 SHACK_ _00 -0q-, OR SIMILA

, .,

THIS,, SIMKE CIRCUIT

AN EFFECTIVE SOUND-

4-EV 1. fIAETES . . .R

CONTROLS THE GAIN of

Tl4E 'l (1

J4Ehic. THE SEN51 TV.ITY

4F V, 'E CIRCUIT."''NE. METER. CAN SE

PANEL

METER ' OR A M.ILTIMETER SET 'TO READ .CURI EN :

THE C I RCV iT : WAS _ TESTED W (T)4 A PJEZo .LSQz:ZER` . . .

mAT EMITTED A S { (J-z THE AT A SuND

PRESSURE OF 9D.d.~ . ; ._.1NMEN T1-E _BUZZER

AS Z" FROM T)-FE'... .. .. Nj.cRDPHoNE Ani D; R1. WAS

SET FOR MAXIMUM ..GAIN.,' THE METER

INDICATED 1 A . AT 12" TI*E OUTPUT FELL

0 .y_w,A . NORMAL SPEECH AT 12" _GAvE

FLUCTUATING S16 MAL

70 10,44 A .

SOUNb ACT1V S

f

,9'7,A F

4 K

'}' V

CONTROLS

SENSITIVITY .

5 5

Cy

F

TH S CH LF FU NCTI O!J S

A MONOSTABLE

MULTiVI:,BRATOR ONE-SHOT

zNzzz

RE4AY~_

10 F

2~5

.

CRcPHON.E (RADIO . SNACK' 2?0-09z

SIMILAR

THIS -_CIRCUIT TRIPS RELAY RESPONSE TO

LOUD SOUND (VOICE, CLAP, ETC .) . R5_ ArJD C3

CONTROL TIME RELAY STA /5 PULLED IN (vALUE:S

SHDwt GIVENIZ SECO4DS) . IMPORTANT : USE o'.1

IM

>

CAPACITOR ACRoS5- PowER SUPPLY PINS OF Bo*_

~ 1

ArND 55.5. REDUCE RESISTANCE

TO REDvcf~_ SENSITIVITY.

I

GATEb

NIGH

I-

HIGH TO NE 0

LOW

Z VOLTS

PIEZO ELEMENT

oNE

F

QR\VERS

'i k

THIS CIPCVIT IS A

ASTABLE MOLT\VIERATOR

wNICK A, PIEZO ELEMENT .DOUBLES

TIMt.N6 CAPACITOR AND' TE4E TONE SOURCE,

7P.k.GGEif , VIVITHLOGIC SI6"'AL OR BY CONNECTIN?" TD+u>= FRQR_.

K

R3

PIEZo

ELEMENT.

PIEZO

ELEMENT

I

PERC USS ION IS-

T

+%/2

-

1u$8

cs z. .Z_. F

RS

iOK

.LS K_

-ov

POR MANUAL

CONTROLREM VF-

R-11, FROM PIN I

ANO PLACE SWITCH

FROM R"? :TD

a Rout b

140 K

RS CONTROLS

VOLUME . .

PRATE CT." .YDuR

EARS" ~Y

I~EE..fl N U ._

SOW I b LEVEL

Lo J

SPK R

`THES (Z E R'

v-

IM9 ~

y_/Vv

Ct

'00i

THIS CI RCU IT-

PRoDucES_ A .

SERIES- OF

PERCUSSION

SouNOS AT _A

RA- _Cot'

TROLLED S Y

RISELL

._. _ate ~. . Q Ru Nt

SQ..UN"b5 CAN

BE., PROpuCED ._

3

0 0'1 .

OPERATE SEr "

R.i I R2 AND R3 TD'

CENTER POSInONS.

1 K

THEN l0J0ST Rl

UNTII 2 OR 3

CL\C1C S P15R 5EON_O_""

ARE E

384, (O

SPEAKER.

Now A Q:1'UST ":Rl,

UNTIL SPEAKER

EMUS A TONE .

+ CEo -

QACK",Q.1=F UNTIL

1

TD N E M -5T STO P S

R7, PNR R l cONTR0(_

PITCk

+ + v

I

PI EZQ ELEMEN

1>1

+ =v

_C _I = = C

SUT4FF .

,.,,FREQVE

.NCY

S .?47 TIMES

.MAxI 'MUM

GA iN = Rk/R

ABOUT L.S9

Z tT R C

15

1 4.

.0

0

1

X1:5 VOLTS

FREQUENCY

0

R3.

31 K

S K

S

0

0

R

C

Cu TO

FRI, V.EUCY r_ .

/Jd . .(7 itl ME'S

:t

1MUM

._;OUT PVT.

2IIT RC

GA

R4/R3

(ABOUT 1.5

~.T1US .LIk$CUlT ~S _ bE'.LLTICAL

{I'H .. ..EQUAL

=CQ P .4E T=_ A

K1

FLU E. o FACING_

PACE -. ..EXCEPT R .x. ._ .~rvt~ . R r. .ANI~ . . Ci AND CZ. .

!KALE, ..131 E.N 1 ta'rE R N ANs Q~_&E. LO w

_ . .Rf_S;P6 N SE ._-WHEt4 INPUT W. .A.S. .As. . ..1-VOLT SINE WAY,

R =

41 , '

.Q ?.$

0q., J

I-

F4v

J__

4 1pkt.ASUR .Fit) fit

,oaca t

83.

t

5

Aty EQuFL CONIPONEwT SALLEN- KE`(

FILTER. _RS SHouLD_ `BE _ .SS(, X_R4 . ._SHOW

BELOW IS RES PO N$ E OF Ft.T ER 1NHE.N .. l % PVT,

VuA.S . . I A I - VOLT SJw iWA I E :_

a CP.tcu ATE D

ME AS Q RED

IK

N

z No

CL. .

K

TW TEE.

2= .2x 23,

C-

c

3~2

91'

`i'70,K

47QK

C 3

220 K

.QL._ .

cl

_ CZ. . . .'_

{

MEN

_ . -1 K_

- `R

21K

S ~ 2"t

2.'R K c-,

USE :Th4ESE FALTERS

T0, . . &LCaC KPOWER

L1t 1E Au M

D WJEN .BRIDGE

W

tW1N TEE

GRAPH SHOWS

2 .

RED S ut;TS Fop, a .5

TEST VERSIONS

W

OF 9oTH FILTERS.

LNPvT WAS 1-VOLT

too

zoo

3 o

PEAK-TO--PEA;K SI E WAVE .

"_H2

-

FREQUENCY N

TU NABL1E

N

AD SU sT

2 To

TUNE

15K

s

s,

BA;N'Q PASS -

.

E

tt . og.S.=K .

.01

22o K

T

S

S V OL S

THIS F TITER CAN

UNEP

TO PASS

A NARROW EREQvENCY gA+)D BETWEEN A FEW

HUNDREA -\z AND _ ABOUT 3,ooO Nz. USE TD_ .

DETECT ; PRESENCE

A TONE LN A SIGNAL

ACTUAL RESPONSE

VOLT SINE WAVE

934 SZ

= 3So 1L

KNz

1.S KR-z

130 f.

2KHz

1 .

1,S

2 5

3.5_

FREQUENCY

Nz

.~5 ARRAY 0F__AC#rlVE ;-FILTERS WJLL. ..CONVE .: __

AuDlo $1C 4AL 3_FkD A SMA4.L : .RAOlO '

0,k ,TAPE PLA`f EK =._IN.Yo A FLI CkERLNr6

mY_PATT>~RN oF ...co4.Q:R.S .

R2 CONTROLS. .GA (,0 ._

O

r EI

P.u.T

M FLI I= I E R E ELouJ . .USE_ . .: ._ '

,..RP+ti1 .4./.TAPE . PLAYER. VOLUME CoNTROL" .AND

LR2 .TO . AQ St 5T 1_N TEN s ITS!. ofLEOs'

INPUT.-' ._ ..

..... =..10

FROM. .

}

,Our pur

ST.'AG..E

__. .FRO M

SL

PRo N..E

WHITE

,IAC.K

R D

R1

GREEN

00a4L

FREQ..QEN CYY

i

t v

i

i

i0o

YELLOW RED _-A

URE&NL_

Low

D

(HIGH)

o,OOp

G6

FOR .I Q. tgiN$Ei?. ...

r

~N G

.i_

#RQ rCE R Atalla I T )tt _CREAS _ RED

N

E

& I.f HT N ESS . I N GK A SER~

_01 e-M, A St _49-Fit'"', ,

I

R3

1.K

-9_v

TL : AuDIQ LNPur__

TRANS FoR~,t.ER .

(R ..S. No. 273-13

4 t SERT PHONE P4U0 __e .oN.NECTED TO T1 PART

;WAY LN PHoNE ,TACK_. So' SPEAKER WILL NOT

SE SWATCHED OFF .,,

BEDS ._VARY :__ .LN ;_9KkGHTN .ESS . EXPERIMENT wiTH__.

>a1FEEf EtaT. . -EDs FoR SEST RESULTS, HERE ;

IS ActuAL ..aESPOk4$E OF CjRcu1T

SQUARE

_'PLA C E C2. C4QS;E .TO ., '?kl .

CZ

Y\IAV GEM ATM

C1 FRE(,~u EN.CY

3, ; 84f& Y1-111~'

_-

1SS . .:Nz

L $ Jlj1

2L Az

Lox

b

1'K

A

AND

+Sv t +1SY .

- I

LOO K

T141S CiRcu1T EAsILJ.. . ADSUSTA&LE

SQUARE WAVE. GENERATOR THE TIMING

COMPCNENYS _ARE CL, RN RSR( AND

R1-R2-K3- CoNTRoL THE OURAT(ON

OR "WIDTH") OF TAE PULSES . THEPULSES . .,

ARE S.YM;METRECAL- WHENR2_ AT (T5'

CENTER f OSMON'.

DIRECTLY TO +V

`LI M IN.AT l N .6

__ ..OK To, ADD Fr,2 ..4. OWERSTAGE

cc) Nw ECT

THEREBY

ryPccAL RESV.4t51 ..

FOR TESF. RESUT5,

R1-R2'- . .3 REPLACED

ti .'t K, .FRAM PIJ 3 To

4- V AQab . . L .) KFROM

GROUND

R S._ .= 100 K

R(+ R7'__ 22K, R G

+ V_ _ '} LZ VOLTS

0 UFFER OUTPUT.

C

R5

look

E BELOW'

3

C2.

A,bB1ST

L) T1L CIRC I'?, .

osc~i~ .aT~E~. '

.R3

I

R

RSV C1,

C3 1 AMP c

F4.R~~_

TWIT-J TEE F LTER

vi HE,N._ C(:Nti ?EU_

t t) 114 1E F E E D g AC K L 04),PAil _ G P = A`M P

T}hE RE5ULTING CI u1T G hJER 1ES A

__z.SINE IwAvE THE FREQ.uEAIC .Y Y11-

11-t-.-l, H

ll.. .. 7TR ~

TY P C A-G 2 .E S ULT_$. .

TEST_

CIRCUIT

3'=

1.O k

1 k

F-9 QUEi N~Y

FROM

100 K

1OOK .1

RB ..

1.0K

10K

1ooK'

14 58

14K

10K

R10.

1oo.k _.

51 N E -

SQuARE

WAVE'

TRlANGALE..

W A V_E_

RESISTOR COLOR CODE

60LD= 5 % SILVER=i 10 4, NONE= * 20%

ONM'S LAW : v=IR R=v/-z

I = V/R P= VI = I t R

ABBREVIATIONS

A = AMPERE

F = FARAD

I = CURRENT

P = POWER

M (MEG-)

K (KILO-)

inn C MILLI-)

,t (MICRO')

h (NANO -)

P (PICo-)

R - RESISTANCE

V (OR .E) = VOLT

W = WATT

.1Z = OA M

x 1, 000, 000

i, 000

.001

000 001

000 000 001

000 000 000 001

A

V&LACK 0

0x

1

BROWN 1 1 % 10

RED 2- 2 100

C1RCV,.j .T ; _ 5 SHOWN ;_._.ORANGE 3 3 ' 1

1000

APERA`TE.5__ AT 1 k HzYELLOW

Iq y 10,000

vSE._

.t POT FOR R9GREEN 5 5 100,000

' r0 VARY. THE RATE.BLUE Io

x1,000,000

IhacREPSE FORVIOLET 7 1 10, 000,000

SLowER RATEGRAY 6 B Y 100,000,000

WNITE 9 9

FOURTH BAND u. DILATES TOLERANCE (ACCURACY) :

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