engineering your future.ppt

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ENGINEERING YOUR FUTURE

An Introduction to Engineering:

A Comprehensive Approach

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CHAPTER 1

The History of Engineering

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1.1 Introduction

Definition of Engineering The profession in which knowledge of

the mathematical and natural sciences, gained by study, experience, and practice, is applied with judgment to develop ways to use, economically, the materials and forces of nature for the benefit of mankind.

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1.2 Getting Started

Prehistoric Culture Our Computer Age The Speed of History Quick Overview

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1.3 The Beginnings of Engineering

The Earliest Days Egypt and Mesopotamia (add

picture)**

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1.3 Pictures of Pyramids

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1.4 The Overview Approach

Engineering the Temples of Greece The Roman Roads and Aqueducts The Great Wall of China **FROM HERE MIGHT WANT TO

ADD PICTURES FROM BOOK

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1.5 Traveling Through the Ages

1200 B.C. – A.D. 1 Quality of wrought iron is improved Swords are mass produced Siege towers are perfected Greeks develop manufacturing Archimedes introduces mathematics in

Greece Concrete is used for arched bridges,

roads and aqueducts in Rome.

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1.5 Traveling Through the Ages: A.D. 1-1000

Chinese further develop the study of mathematics

Gunpowder is perfected Cotton and silk manufactured

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1.5 Traveling Through the Ages: 1000-1400

Silk and glass industries continue to grow

Leonardo Fibinacci, a medieval mathematician, writes the first Western text on algebra

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1.5 Traveling Through the Ages: 1400-1700 First toilet is invented in England Galileo constructs a series of telescopes,

with which he observes the rotation about the sun

Otto von Guerick first demonstrates the existence of a vacuum

Issac Newton constructs first reflecting telescopes

Boyle’s Gas Law, stating pressure varies inversely with volume, is first introduced.

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Industrial Revolution begins in Europe James Watt patents his first steam

engine Society of Engineers, a professional

engineering society, is formed in London

First building made completely of cast iron built in England

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Machine automation is first introduced in France

First railroad locomotive is designed and manufactured

Chemical symbols are developed, the same symbols used today (Au, He)

Single wire telegraph line is developed

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Reinforced concrete is first used First synthetic plastic material is

created Bessemer develops his process to

create stronger steel in mass quantities

First oil well drilled in Pennsylvania Typewriter is perfected

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Telephone is patented in the US by Alexander Graham Bell

Thomas Edison invents the light bulb and the phonograph

Gasoline engine developed by Gottlieb Daimler

Automobile introduced by Karl Benz

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Wright brothers complete first sustained flight

Ford develops first diesel engines in tractors

First commercial flight between Paris and London begins

Detroit becomes center of auto production industry

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John Logie Baird invents a primitive form of television

The VW Beetle goes into production

First atomic bomb is used The transistor is invented

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1.5 Traveling Through the Ages: 1950-1975 Computers first introduced into the

market, and are common by 1960 Sputnik I, the first artificial

satellite, put into space by USSR First communication satellite—

Telstar—is put into space The U.S. completes the first ever

moon landing

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The Concord is first used for supersonic flight between Europe and the U.S.

Columbia space shuttle is reused for space travel

First artificial heart is successfully implanted

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1.5 Traveling Through the Ages: 1990-Present

Robots travel on Mars The “Chunnel” between England

and France is finished GPS is used to predict and report

weather conditions, as well as many other consumer applications

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1.6 Case Study of Two HistoricEngineers

Leonardo Da Vinci Gutenberg and His Printing Press

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1.7 The History of the Disciplines Aerospace Eng.

Agricultural Eng.

Chemical Eng.

Civil Eng.

Computer Eng.

Electrical Eng.

Industrial Eng.

Mechanical Eng.

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1.7 History: Aerospace Engineering

“Aerospace engineering is concerned with engineering applications in the areas of aeronautics (the science of air flight) and astronautics (the science of space flight).

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1.7 History: Agricultural Engineering Agricultural engineering focuses

on: Soil and water Structures and environment Electrical power and processing Food engineering Power and machinery

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1.7 History: Chemical Engineering

Chemical engineering applies chemistry to industrial processes, such as the manufacture of drugs, cements, paints, lubricants, and the like.

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1.7 History: Civil Engineering

Civil engineering focuses on structural issues, such as: Bridges and Highways Skyscrapers Industrial Plants and Power Plants Shipping Facilities and Railroad Lines Pipelines, Gas Facilities, Canals

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1.7 History: Computer and Electrical Engineering

The world’s business is centered around computers, and their uses are only increasing

Electrical is the largest branch of engineering

Involved in: Communication Systems Computers and Automatic Controls Power Generation and Transmission Industrial Applications

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1.7 History: Industrial Engineering

Industrial engineers design, install, and improve systems that integrate people, materials, and machines to improve efficiency.

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1.7 History: Mechanical Engineering

Deals with power, the generation of power, and the application of power to a variety of machines, ranging from HVAC to space vehicles.

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CHAPTER 2

Engineering Majors

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2.1 Introduction Several characteristics of students

that might have an interest in engineering are: Proficient skills in math and physical science An urging from a high school counselor Knows someone who is an engineer Knows that engineering offers literally

dozens, if not hundreds of job opportunities Is aware that a degree in engineering is

quite lucrative

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2.1 Engineers and Scientists Scientists seek technical answers to

understand natural phenomenon Engineers study technical problems

with a practical application always in mind

For example “Scientists study atomic structure to

understand the nature of matter; engineers study atomic structure to make smaller and faster microchips”

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2.1 The Engineer and the Engineering Technologist Main difference between the two is:

Engineers design and manufacture machines and systems, while engineering technologists have the technical know-how to use and install the machines properly

An example: “The technologist identifies the equipment

necessary to assemble a new CD player; the engineer designs said CD player”

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2.1 What Do Engineers Do?

Ways to get information about careers: Visit job fairs Attend seminars on campus by various

employers Contact faculty with knowledge of

engineering fields Get an intern or co-op position Enroll in an engineering elective course

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2.1 What Engineers Do

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2.2 Engineering Functions: Research

Research engineers are knowledgeable in principles of chemistry, biology, physics, and mathematics

Computer know-how is also recommended

A Masters Degree is almost always required, and a Ph. D is often strongly recommended

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2.2 Engineering Functions:Development

Development engineers bridge the gap between the laboratory and the production facility

They also identify problems in a potential product

An example is the development of concept cars for companies like Ford and GM

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2.2 Engineering Functions:Testing

Testing engineers are responsible for testing the durability and reliability of a product, making sure that it performs how it is supposed to, every time. T.E.s simulate instances and environments in which a product would be used

Crash testing of a vehicle to observe effects of an air bag and crumple zone are examples of a testing engineer’s duties

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2.2 Engineering Functions:Design

Design aspect is where largest number of engineers are employed

Design engineers often work on components of a product, providing all the necessary specifics needed to successfully manufacture the product

Design engineers regularly use computer design software as well as computer aided drafting software in their jobs

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2.2 Engineering Functions:Design

Design engineers must also verify that the part meets reliability and safety standards required for the product

A concern always on the mind of design engineers is how to keep the development of a part cost effective, which is taken into account during a design process

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2.2 Engineering Functions:Analysis

Analysis engineers use computational tools and mathematic models to enrich the work of design and research engineers

Analysis engineers typically have a mastery of: heat transfer, fluid flow, vibrations, dynamics, acoustics, and many other system characteristics

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2.2 Engineering Functions:Systems

Responsible on a larger scale for bringing together components of parts from design engineers to make a complete product

Responsible for making sure all components of a product work together as was intended by design engineers

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2.2 Engineering Functions:Manufacturing & Construction

Work individually or in teams Responsible for “molding” raw

materials into finished product Maintain and keep records on

equipment in plant Help with design process to keep

costs low

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2.2 Engineering Functions:Operations & Maintenance

Responsible for maintaining production line

Must have technical know-how to deal w/ problems

Responsible for inspecting facility and equipment, must be certified in various inspection methods

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2.2 Engineering Functions:Technical Support

Works between consumers and producers

Not necessarily have in depth knowledge of technical aspects of product

Must have good interpersonal skills

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2.2 Engineering Functions:Customer Support

Often have more of a technical knowledge than Tech. Support, because they must be able to work with basic customers

Evaluate whether or not a current practice is cost effective via feedback from customers

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2.2 Engineering Functions:Sales

Sales engineers have technical background, but are also able to communicate effectively w/ customers

Job market for sales engineers is growing, due to the fact that products are becoming more and more technically complex

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2.2 Engineering Functions:Consulting

Are either self-employed, or work for a firm that does not directly manufacture products

Consulting engineers might be involved in design, installation, and upkeep of a product

Sometimes required to be a registered professional engineer in the state where he/she works

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2.3 Engineering Majors:Aerospace Engineering

Previously known as aeronautical and astronautical engineering

First space flight Oct. 4, 1957 (Sputnik I)

KEY WORDS: Aerodynamics: The study of the flow of air

over a streamlined surface or body. Propulsion engineers: develop quieter,

more efficient, and cleaner burning engines.

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2.3 Engineering Majors:Aerospace Engineering

KEY WORDS: Structural engineers: use of new

alloys, composites, and other new materials to meet design requirements of new spacecraft

Control systems: systems used to operate crafts

Orbital mechanics: calculation of where to place satellites using GPS

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2.3 Engineering Majors:Agricultural Engineering

Concerned with finding ways to produce food more efficiently

KEY WORDS Harvesting Equip. - removes crops

from field, and begins processing of food Structures: used to hold crops, feed,

and livestock; Agricultural engineers develop and design the structures that hold crops

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2.3 Engineering Majors:Agricultural Engineering

Food process engineers: concerned with making healthier processed food products

Soil/Water Resources: working to develop efficient ways to use limited resources

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2.3 Engineering Majors:Architectural Engineering

Structural: primarily concerned with the integrity of the building structure. Evaluates loads placed on buildings, and makes sure the building is structurally sound

Mechanical systems: control climate of building, as well as humidity and air quality(HVAC)

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2.3 Engineering Majors:Biomedical First recognized in 1940’s Three basic categories: Bioengineering,

Medical, and Clinical Bioengineering is application of

engineering principles to biological systems Medical engineers develop instrumentation

for medical uses Clinical engineers develop systems that

help serve the needs of hospitals and clinics

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2.3 Engineering Majors:Chemical

Emphasizes the use of chemistry and chemical processes in engineering

Chemical engineers develop processes to extract and refine crude oil and gas resources

Chemical engineers also develop circuit boards, and work in the pharmaceutical industry, where processes are designed to create new, affordable drugs

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2.3 Engineering MajorsCivil Engineering First seen in pyramids of Egypt Structural engineers most common

type of civil engineer Transportation engineers concerned

w/ design and construction of highways, railroads, and mass transit systems

Surveyors start construction process by locating property lines and property areas

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2.3 Engineering MajorsComputer Engineering

Focuses primarily on computer hardware, not software

Work w/ electrical engineers to develop faster ways to transfer information, and to run the computer

Responsible for the “architecture” of the computer system

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2.3 Engineering MajorsElectrical Engineering

More engineers are electrical than any other discipline

With an ever growing technological society, electrical engineers will ALWAYS have a job

Work in communications, microelectronics, signal processing, bioengineering, etc

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2.3 Engineering MajorsEnvironmental Engineering Often coupled with Civil Engineering 3 aspects of environmental engineering:

Disposal: disposing of industrial/residential waste products

Remediation: clean up of a contaminated site

Prevention: working with corporations to reduce and/or prevent emissions and work to find ways to “recycle” products to be used again to reduce waste

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2.3 Engineering MajorsIndustrial Engineering “Design, improvement, and

installation of integrated systems of people, material, and energy”

Emphasis placed on: Production, Manufacturing, Human Factors Area, and Operations Research

Production focuses on plant layout, scheduling, and quality control

Human Factors focuses on the efficient placement of human resources within a plant/facility

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2.3 Engineering MajorsMarine and Ocean Engineering Concerned with the design, development,

and operation of ships and boats Marine engineer designs and maintains

the systems that operate ships, I.e. propulsion, communication, steering and navigation

Ocean engineer design and operates marine equipment other than ships, such as submersibles. O.E.s might also work on submarine pipelines and/or cables and drilling platforms

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2.3 Engineering MajorsMaterials Engineering Study the structure, as well as

other important properties of materials, I.e. strength, hardness, and durability

Run tests to ensure the quality of the performance of the material

Material Engineers also study metallurgy, and the development of composites and alloys

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2.3 Engineering MajorsMechanical Engineering

Concerned with machines and mechanical devices

Work in design, development, production, control, and operation of machines/devices

Requires a strong math and physics background. Often 4 or more math classes required for graduation

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2.3 Engineering MajorsMining Engineering

Work to maintain constant levels of raw minerals used every day in industrial and commercial settings

Must discover, remove, process, and refine such minerals

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2.3 Engineering MineralsNuclear Engineering

Most concerned with producing and harnessing energy from nuclear sources

Propulsion and electricity are the main uses of nuclear power

Engineers also responsible for disposal of the nuclear waste byproduct, and how to keep people safe from harmful nuclear products

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2.3 Engineering MajorsPetroleum Engineering

Discover, remove, refine, and transport crude and refined oil around the world

PE’s design and operate the machinery used to refine crude oil into its many forms

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Chapter 3

Profiles of Engineers

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3.1 Introduction

Diversity of the engineering work force

Wide range of engineering careers that are possible

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3.1 Profile of a Biomedical Engineer Sue H. Abreu, Ft. Bragg, North Carolina Occupation:

Lieutenant Colonel, Medical Corps, United States Army

Medical Director, Quality Assurance, Womack Army Medical Center

Education: IDE (BSE, Biomedical Engineering), 1978 MD, Uniformed Services University of the

Health Sciences, 1982

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3.1 Profile of an Aerospace Engineer

Patrick Rivera Anthony Occupation:

Project Manager, Boeing Space Beach Education:

BS, Aerospace Engineering

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3.1 Profile of a Civil Engineer

Sandra Begay-Campbell, Boulder, Colorado

Occupation: AISES Executive Director

Education: BSCE, 1987; MS, Structural

Engineering, 1991

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3.1 Profile of an Electrical Engineer

Ryan Maibach, Farmington, Michigan

Occupation: Project Engineer at Barton Malow

Company Education:

BS-CEM (Construction Engineering and Management), 1996

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3.1 Profile of an Agricultural Engineer

Mary E. Maley, Battle Creek, Michigan

Occupation: Project Manager, Kellogg Company

Education: BS, Agricultural Engineering (food

engineering)

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Chapter 4

A Statistical Profile of the Engineering Profession

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4.1 Statistical Overview

How many people study engineering? What are the most common majors? What kind of job market is there for

engineers? How much do engineers earn? How many women and minorities

study engineering?

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4.2 College Enrollment Trends of Engineering Students

1950s-1960s: 60,000-80,000 engineering students

1970s marked the lowest number of students, at 43,000

Engineering peaked in 1980s, with around 118,000 students

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4.3 College Majors of Recent Engineering Students

Of approximately 350,000 full-time undergrad engineering students, just less than 1/3 (124,000) were majoring in computer and electrical engineering

Just over 32,000 were “undecided”

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4.4 Degrees in Engineering

Steady decline in Engineering degrees awarded between 1986 and 1995. Since then, there have been many fluctuations, but as of data of 2000, there were 63,300 engineering degrees awarded

For a long time, electrical awarded the highest number of degrees, but that was eventually replaced by mechanical engineering

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4.5 Job Placement Trends

1999-2000 was the hottest year for engineering majors to find jobs

As the number of engineering students declines, employers must “fight” harder to get whatever students they can get their hands on to fill vacant positions. This has led to a very promising job placement ratio

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4.6 Salaries of Engineers On the whole, engineers make more

money than any other graduate with another degree

Electrical, computer, and computer science recently have led the way, with average salaries from a Bachelor degree starting at around $52,000

A Ph.D. in computer science will earn a starting average of around $84,000

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4.7 Diversity in the Profession

For a long time, white males dominated engineering

Recently, women, foreign nationals, and various minority students have entered colleges and universities with an engineering diploma in mind

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4.8 Distribution of Engineers by Field of Study

Electrical engineering employs the highest number of engineers, nearly 25%, numbering close to 375,000

Mechanical employs almost 250,000

Civil is the next highest “populated”, with 200,000 workers

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4.11 Words of Advice from Employers

Looking for graduates who possess: Excellent communication skills Teamwork Leadership Computer/Technical proficiency Hard working attitude

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Chapter 5

Global and InternationalEngineering

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5.1 Introduction

After WWII, engineering became a more “global” business.

Taking a few foreign language classes in college cannot hurt, but only help your chances at getting a job after college.

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5.2 The Evolving Global Market: Changing World Maps & Alliances

Breakup of former USSR New laws, regulations, policies

have affected the spread of international engineering

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5.2 NAFTA

1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (US, Mexico, Canada)

Designed to reduce tariffs, and increase international competition

Manufacturing trade has increased by 128% between Canada, US, and Mexico since 1994

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5.3 International OpportunitiesFor Engineers Engineers are employed internationally in:

Automobile Industry Manufacturing Construction Pharmaceuticals Food Industry Petroleum and Chemical Industry Computer and Electronics Industry Telecommunications

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5.4 Preparing for a Global Career

Students who look to work internationally should: Be language and culturally proficient Should participate in study abroad

programs Look into work international work

experienceand Co-Op opportunities

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Chapter 6

Future Challenges

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6.1 Expanding World Population

1900-2000, world population climbs from 1.6 billion to 6 billion people

Places new stress on conservation of resources, and gives engineers new challenges to compensate for high population

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6.2 Pollution

Engineers concerned with management and the control of pollution, especially: Air pollution Water pollution and the depletion of

freshwater resources Management of solid waste

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6.3 Energy

It is predicted that energy usage in the Developing Countries will more than double in the next 30 years

Engineers must find new ways to generate power in an effort to conserve natural resources (fossil fuels)

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6.5 Infrastructure

With mass transportation an ever-present problem, engineers will be responsible in the future for designing and maintaining a system by which the transportation of raw materials, as well as the human capital that process them, can easily and efficiently move from place to place

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CHAPTER 7

Succeeding in the Classroom

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7.2 Attitude Success in an engineering

curriculum depends largely on a student’s attitude and work ethic

If the student’s attitude is one of failure, the student will most likely fail

Keep an open mind, and be willing to “work” with the professor in order to best understand the material

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7.3 Goals Set goals that will be difficult to attain,

but not impossible This will motivate the student to work

hard, not just hard enough to do the minimum, but to reach their higher standard/goal

Set short, intermediate, and long term goals GPA for a semester, grade on an upcoming

exam, GPA for a year/college career

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7.4 Keys to effectiveness GO TO CLASS Allow 2 hrs. of study time outside of class

for every hour in class Re-read sections of book covered in class Keep up with class and reading Take good notes Work lots of problems, not just the

minimum amount for homework Study in groups

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7.5 Test Taking

Obtain past exams Ask professor for practice exams Work problems in book Start with problems you know how

to do, then work on the harder problems

Skim test first, to see what will basically be covered

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7.6 Making the Most of Your Professor

Don’t wait until the end of the semester to go for help

If you make yourself visible in class and during office hours, the professor may remember you while grading

Teaching is not professors only responsibility, often the are researchers and advisors as well, so give them the benefit of the doubt

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7.7 Learning Styles Each person’s brain is unique to

him or her Proper nutrition, stress, drugs and

alcohol are some of the factors that can affect a developing brain

Each person is born with all the brain cells, or neurons, they will ever have (estimated at 180 billion neurons)

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7.7 Learning Styles

None of us is ever too old or too dumb to learn something new!

People think and memorize in several different ways

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7.7 Learning Styles

Memorizing: Refers to how people assimilate new

material to existing knowledge and experience

How we accommodate, or change our previous way of organizing material

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7.7 Learning Styles

Thinking: Refers to how we see the world,

approach problems and use the different parts of our brain.

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7.7 Learning Styles

We all have different learning styles

Memory Languages: Auditory Visual Kinesthetic

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7.7 Learning Styles Auditory Learner:

Buy a small tape recorder and record lectures

Sit where you can hear the professor well

Focus on what is said in class, take notes from the tape recorder later

Ask the professor questions Read out loud to yourself Keep visual distractions to a minimum

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7.7 Learning Styles Visual Learner:

Sit where you can see the professor and board or screen clearly

Write notes during lecture with lots of pictures and meaningful doodles

Rewrite notes later in a more organized fashion and highlight main ideas

Write out questions to ask the professor Highlight and take notes in your book

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7.7 Learning Styles

Kinesthetic Learners: TAKE Labs! Make connections between what is

being said and what you’ve done in the past

Talk to professor about ways to gain more hands-on experience, such as volunteering in his/her lab

Use models or experiments at home

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7.7 Learning Styles

Thinking Skills: Refers to how we see the world,

approach problems and use the different parts of our brain

Different people think differently Two hemispheres in our brain, and

four quadrants generally categorize how we think

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7.7 Learning Styles

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7.8 Well Rounded Equals Effective

Make sure to balance social, intellectual, and physical activities in your schedule

Well rounded students are generally more effective than students with a “one-track” mind

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7.9 Your Effective Use of Time Decide in advance what to study and

when Make schedules Use calendars effectively Organize tasks by priority level Stay focused on task **Remember, everyone will “fail” at some

point, it’s how you respond to a failure that determines your future success or failure

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Chapter 8

Problem Solving

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8.1 Introduction

Problem solving requires many “tools” and skills. Make sure that you have them, or at least know where to find them and how to use them

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8.2 Analytic and Creative Problem Solving

Two basic types of problem solving involved in design process: creative and analytic

More students familiar with analytic, where there is one right answer

Creative problem solving has no right answers

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8.2 Analytic and Creative Problem Solving

Steps that typically help w/ problem solving Make a model/figure Identify necessary, desired and given

info Work backwards from answers Restate problem in one’s own words Check the solution and validate it

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8.3 Analytic Problem Solving

Six steps to analytic problem solving: Define the problem and create a

problem statement Diagram and describe the problem Apply theory and any known equations Simplify assumptions Solve necessary problems Verify accuracy of answer to desired

level

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8.4 Creative Problem Solving Use divergence and convergence to

gather and analyze ideas. Divergence is brainstorming. Convergence is analyzing and evaluating the ideas, seeking out the best possible solutions

What is wrong? What do we know? What is the real problem? What is the best solution? How do we implement the solution?

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Chapter 9

Visualization and Graphics

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9.1-9.2 Visualization

Visualization is often used as a mode of communication between engineers

Sketches, tables, graphs, computer generated drawings, blueprints are various ways in which engineers communicate via visual mediums

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9.3 Sketching Although most final drawings are

computer generated, initial and freehand sketches are vital to the design process

Freehand does not mean messy. Sketches should display an adequate amount of detail, and any pertinent notes/comments pertaining to the drawing For instance, if a line is supposed to be

straight, make it as straight as possible. A square will not pass for a circle.

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9.7 Graphical Communication

Oblique and isometric drawings are 3D and general

Orthographic drawings are 2D, more detailed, and often have dimensions for the part

Object, Hidden, Centerline, and Construction are 4 common types of lines used in engineering graphics

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Chapter 10

Computer Tools

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10.1-10.6 Computer Tools for Engineers There are many aspects to the design

process of a product Engineers must be competent in basic

computer tools such as the internet, word processing, and basic spreadsheets

Engineers will most likely be required to have some knowledge of mathematical software, such as MatLab

Engineers also make computer presentations using most commonly, Microsoft PowerPoint

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10.7-10.8 Operating Systems and Programming Language

Engineers may be required to have experience or be expected to be able to work in UNIX, MS-DOS, or a Microsoft Windows System

Computers work on series of 1’s and 0’s, called binary code

FORTRAN, BASIC, C, and C++ are all programming languages used by engineers to communicate with the computer

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Chapter 11

Teamwork Skills

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11.1 Teamwork

Corporations develop teams for many reasons Projects are becoming increasingly

complex Projects often span international

borders, and require workers all over Projects are requiring more speed,

which require more workers

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11.2 What Makes a SuccessfulTeam?

A common goal Leadership Each member makes unique

contributions Effective communication Creativity Good planning and use of resources

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11.4 Team Leadership Structures

Traditional: One leader, who directs subordinates. Leader typically is the only one who “speaks”.

Participative: Leader is closer to individual workers.

Flat: There is no “leader”. All members are equal. The leadership “moves” with the situation to the worker with the most expertise in a given subject

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11.5 Decisions within a Team

Consensus: All team members agree on a decision

Majority Rule Minority/Committee decision Expert input

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11.7 Grading a Team Effort Did the team accomplish its goal? Were results of a high quality? If not, why? Did the team grow throughout the process? Evaluate the team leader Evaluate the other members of the team Evaluate your own contribution to the

project

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Chapter 12

Project Management

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12.1 Introduction

“Failure to plan is planning to fail.” A good plan is one of the most

important attributes of successful teams and projects.

Projects should be organized systematically.

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12.1 Eight Questions that can be Addressed with a Plan What to do first? Next? How many people? What resources? How long? Time table? Deadlines? Objectives?

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12.2 Creating a Project Charter A project summary Defining what your project is and

when you will know when it is done Elements include

Deliverables Duration Stakeholders Team members

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12.3 Task Definitions

Identify the completion tasks to achieve the objectives and outcomes Plan Design Build Deliver

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12.3 Plans

Plans should include: Who to hold accountable for progress Needed materials, resources, etc. How to determine if the project is on

schedule Manage people and resources Determine the end!

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12.4 Milestones

Monitoring of your plans progress Deadlines for deliverables Completion of subcomponents

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12.5 Defining Times Include the full time needed for

tasks As a student, you don’t have a full

eight-hour work day every day Break tasks into week segments

Weekday and/or weekend Class periods

Break tasks into short time periods No more than a week or two

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12.6 Organizing the Tasks

Determine task relationships and sequencing

Relate the task groups from your outline

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12.7 PERT Charts

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12.7 PERT Charts

Each task is represented by a box containing a brief description of and duration for the task

The boxes can be laid out just as the project plan is laid out

Useful as a “what if” tool during planning stages

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12.8 Critical Paths

The longest string of dependant project tasks Ex. – prerequisites such as the math

curriculum for engineering Some tasks can be accelerated by

using more people, others cannot Ex. – nine people cannot have the

same baby in one month

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12.9 Gantt Charts

Popular project management charting method

Horizontal bar chart Tasks vs. dates

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12.9 Gantt Charts

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12.10 Details, Details

Remember Murphy’s Law - “Anything that can go wrong, will.”

Leave time to fix debug or fix errors

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12.10 Details, Details Don’t assume things will fit together

the first time Order parts well in advance to leave

time for shipping, errors, or backorders

Leave time for parts malfunction Push delivery times back to a week

before they’re actually due – this will help to avoid panic if things go badly

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12.11 Personnel Distribution

Get the right people on the right tasks Assign people after developing a draft

of the plan Balance the work between everyone Weekly updates – does everyone

understand what they’re doing and is everyone still on task?

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12.12 Money and Resources Develop a budget

Estimate with high, middle, and lower quality products – offer a range of solutions

Extra costs Shipping Travel Extra parts such as nails, screws, resistors Material costs and labor

Have someone be responsible for managing the budgets and financial aspects

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12.13 Document As You Go

Document milestones as they occur

Leave time at the end for reviewing, not writing

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12.14 Team Roles

Roles Project Leader or Monitor Procurement Financial Officer Liaison

Project Management Software

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12.14 – Project Leader or Monitor

Designate a leader, or rotate leaders

Monitor and track progress of milestones

Maintains timelines Increases likelihood of meeting

goals

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12.14 – Procurement

Learns purchasing system Tracks team orders

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12.14 – Financial Officer

Manages teams expenses Creates original budget Makes identifying budgetary

problems easier

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12.14 – Liaison

Responsible for keeping everyone informed about the progress of the plan and any changes

This includes outside customers, management, professors, etc.

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Chapter 13

Engineering Design

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13.1 Engineering Design Engineering design is the process of

devising a system, component, or process to meet desired needs. It is a decision making process in which the basic sciences and mathematics and engineering sciences are applied to convert resources optimally to meet a stated objective. Among the fundamental elements of the design process are the establishment of objectives and criteria, synthesis, analysis, construction, and testing….

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13.2 The Design Process1. Identify the problem2. Define the working criteria/goals3. Research and gather data4. Brainstorm ideas5. Analyze potential solutions6. Develop and test models7. Make decision8. Communicate decision9. Implement and commercialize decision10. Perform post-implementation review

159

Chapter 14

Communication Skills

160

14.1 Why do we Communicate?

Transfers important information Provides basis for judging one’s

knowledge Conveys interest and competence Identifies gaps in your own knowledge

161

14.2-14.3 Oral and Written Communication Skills

Present communication on a level that you believe will be easily understood by whomever is to be receiving your communication Don’t use big words if a smaller,

easier-to-understand word will suffice.

162

14.5 Power of Language

Be as clear as possible Avoid clichés Avoid redundancy Avoid using jargon specific to a

certain group of people Don’t make sexual generalizations,

I.e. his, hers, he, she

163

14.6 Technical Writing

Identify thesis early Follows a specific format Follows a problem solving approach Uses specialized vocabulary Often incorporates visual aids Complete set of references Be objective, not biased either way

164

14.9 Formal Reports Should include:

Title; short and concise

Summary of what will be discussed

Table of Contents (not including abstract)

Introduction

Analysis Procedure and

Results Discussion of

results Conclusions References Appendices

165

14.10 Other forms of Communication

E-mail Progress reports Problem statements Cover letters Resumes

166

Chapter 15

Ethics

167

15. The Nature of Ethics

Ethics is generally concerned with rules or guidelines for morals and/or socially approved conduct

Ethical standards generally apply to conduct that can or does have a substantial effect on people’s lives

168

Chapter 16

Units

169

16.1 History of Units A common denomination of units is

essential for the development of trade and economics around the world

National Bureau of Standards, established by Congress, adopted the English system of measurement (12 inches, etc)

Majority of nations in the world today operate on the metric system because of its simplicity (multiples of 10)

170

16.1 History of Units - SI Units

Le Systeme International d’Unites, French for the International System of Units

Improvements in the definitions of the base units continue to be made by the General Conference of Weights and Measures as science dictates

171

16.2 The SI System of Units Modernized metric system adopted

by the General Conference, a multi-national organization which includes the United States

Built on a foundation of seven base units, plus two supplementary ones

All other SI units are derived from these nine units

172

16.2 The SI System of Units

Multiples and sub-multiples are expressed using a decimal system

Generally, the first letter of a symbol is capitalized if the name of the symbol is derived from a person’s name, otherwise it is lowercase

173

16.2 The SI System of Units Base Units in the SI system

Meter = m Kilogram = kg Seconds = s Ampere = A Kelvin = K Mole = mol Candela = cd

174

16.3 Derived Units

Expressed algebraically in terms of base and supplementary units

Several derived units have been given special names and symbols, such as the newton (N).

175

16.3 Derived Units Quantities whose units are expressed in

terms of base and supplementary units

Quantity

SI Unit SI Symbol

Area Square meter

m2

Speed, velocit

y

Meter per second

m/s

Density Kilogram per cubic

meter

Kg/m3

176

16.3 Derived Units

Quantities whose units have special names

Quantity SI Name SI Symbol

Other SI Units

Frequency

hertz Hz cycle/s

Force newton N kg*m/s2

Electrical Resistanc

e

ohm V/A

177

16.3 Derived Units Units used with the SI System

Name Symbol

Value in SI Units

Minute min 1 min = 60 s

Hour h 1 h = 3600 s

Degree ° 1° = /180 rad

178

16.4 Prefixes

Defined for the SI system Used instead of writing extremely

large or very small numbers All items in a given context should

use the same prefix, for example in a table

Notation in powers of 10 is often used in place of a prefix

179

16.4 Prefixes

Multiplication Factor

Prefix

Symbol

Term (USA)

1000000 = 106

mega

M One million

1000 = 103 kilo k One thousand

.001 = 10-3 milli m One thousandth

.000001 = 10-6

micro

One millionth

180

16.5 Numerals A space is always left between the

numeral and the unit name or symbol, except when we write a degree symbol 3 m = 3 meters; 8 ms = 8 milliseconds

SI units a space is used to separate groups of three in a long number 3,000,000 = 3 000 000 .000005 = .000 005

This is optional when there are four digits in a number (3456 = 3 456; .3867 = .386 7)

181

16.5 Numerals

A zero is used for numbers between -1 and 1 to prevent a faint decimal point from being missed

Rounding Significant Digits

182

16.6 Conversions

To convert from:

To: Multiply by:

Degrees Radians 0.017 453

Inches Centimeters 2.54

Newtons Pounds 0.224 81

183

Chapter 17

Mathematics Review

184

17.1 Algebra

Three basic laws Commutative: a + b = b + a Distributive: a ( b + c ) = a b + a c Associative: a + ( b + c ) = ( a + b ) +

c

185

17.1 Algebra Exponents

Used for many manipulations Examples

xa xb=xa+b

xab=(xa)b

Logarithms Related to exponents

bx = y then x = logby Table 17.1.5

186

17.1 Algebra Quadratic Formula

Solves ax2 + bx + c = 0 Formula 17.1.6

Binomial Theorem Used to expand (a+x)n

Formula 17.1.7 Partial Fractions

Used for simplifying rational fractions Formulas 17.1.8, 17.1.9, 17.1.10, 17.1.11

Examples

187

17.2 Trigonometry Involves the ratios between sides of a right

triangle sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant, and

cosecant are the primary functions Trigonometry identities are often used

17.2.3, 17.2.4, 17.2.5, 17.2.6, 17.2.7 For all triangle we can also use the laws of sines

and cosines Some other equations that can be found in your

book are Pythagorean Theorem 17.2.10 Hyperbolic Trig Functions 17.2.11

Examples

188

17.3 Geometry Used to analyze a variety of shapes and

lines The equation for a straight line

Ax + By + C = 0 This equation can also be written in Pint-slope, Slope-

intercept, and Two-intercept forms

Distance between a line and a point is given in Formula 17.3.5

The general equation of the second degree is 0222 22 FEyDxCyBxyAx

189

17.3 Geometry

This equation is used to represent conic sections Classified on page 473 Ellipse, Parabola, Hyperbola

More information on pages 474-475

Examples

190

17.4 Complex Numbers Complex numbers consist of a real (x) and

imaginary (y) part x+iy where i= In electrical engineering j is used instead of i because i

is used for current Useful to express in polar form Euler’s equation is also commonly used

Other useful equations can be found on page 477

Examples

ireiyx

sincos iei

191

17.5 Linear Algebra Used to solve n linear equations for n unknowns

Uses m x n matrices Many manipulations of this basic equation are shown

on page 479 Determinants of matrices are often used in

calculations Illustrated on page 480

Eigenvalues are used to solve first-order differential equations

Examples

n

kkjikij bac

1

n

jijijij Aaa

1

0)( xIA

192

17.6 Calculus

We first write derivatives using limits Some basic derivatives are shown on

pages 484-485 Used to indicate points of inflection,

maxima, and minima L’Hospial’s rule when f(x)/g(x) is 0 or

infinity 17.6.6

193

17.6 Calculus Inversely we have integration

Used for finding the area under a curve Equation 17.6.7 Can be used to find the length of a curve Used to find volumes Definite when there are limits When indefinite a constant is added to the

solution Basic Integrals on page 486

Examples

194

17.7 Probability and Statistics The probability of one events’

occurrence effects the probability of another event

Probabilities

Many combinations can occur P(A or B) = P(A)+P(B) P(A and B)=P(A)P(B) P(not A) = 1-P(A) P(either A or B)=P(A)+P(B)-P(A)P(B)

)!(

)!1(),(

rn

nrnP

)!(

!),(

rn

nrnP

)!(!

!),(

rnr

nrnC

195

17.7 Probability and Statistics Probability ranges from 0 to 1 Additional equations on page 490

Arithmetic Mean Median Mode Standard Deviation Variance

Examples

196

Chapter 18

Engineering Fundamentals

197

18.1 Statics

Concerned with equilibrium of bodies subjected to force systems

The two entities that are of the most interest in statics are forces and moments.

198

18.1 Statics

Force: The manifestation of the action of one

body upon another. Arise from the direct action of two

bodies in contact with one another, or from the “action at a distance” of one body upon another.

Represented by vectors

199

18.1 Statics

Moment: Can be thought of as a tendency to

rotate the body upon which it acts about a certain axis.

Equilibrium: The system of forces acting on a body

is one whose resultant is absolutely zero

200

18.1 Statics Free Body

Diagrams (FBD): Neat sketch of the

body showing all forces and moments acting on the body, together with all important linear and angular dimensions.

201

18.2 Dynamics

Separated into two sections: Kinematics

Study of motion without reference to the forces causing the motion

Kinetics Relates the forces on bodies to their

resulting motions

202

18.2 Dynamics

Newton’s laws of motion: 1st Law – The Law of Inertia 2nd Law – F=ma 3rd Law – Fab=-Fba

Law of Gravitation

203

18.3 Thermodynamics

Involves the storage, transformation and transfer of energy. Stored as internal energy, kinetic

energy, and potential energy Transformed between these various

forms Transferred as work or heat transfer

204

18.3 Thermodynamics

There are many definitions, laws, and other terms that are useful to know when studying thermodynamics.

205

18.3 Thermodynamics

A few useful definitions: System

A fixed quantity of matter Control Volume (open system)

A volume into which and/or from which a substance flows

Universe A system and its surrounding

206

18.3 Thermodynamics Some Laws of ideal gases:

Boyle’s Law Volume varies inversely with pressure

Charles’ Law Volume varies directly with temperature

Avagadro’s Law Equal volumes of different ideal gasses

with the same temperature and pressure contain an equal number of molecules

207

18.4 Electrical Circuits

Interconnection of electrical components for the purpose of: Generating and distributing electrical

power Converting electrical power to some

other useful form Processing information contained in

an electrical form

208


Direct Current (DC) Alternating Current (AC) Steady State Transient circuit

209


Quantity Symbol Unit

Charge Q coulomb

Current I ampere

Voltage V volt

Energy W joule

Power P watt

210


Circuit Components: Resistors Inductors Capacitors

Sources of Electrical Energy Voltage Current

211


Kirchhoff’s Laws Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)

Ohm’s Law V=IR

212


Reference Voltage Polarity and Current Direction

Circuit Equations Using Branch Currents Using Mesh Currents

Circuit Simplification DC Circuits

213

18.5 Economics

Value and Interest The value of a dollar given to you

today is of greater value than that of a dollar given to you one year from today

Cash Flow Diagrams Cash Flow Patterns Equivalence of Cash Flow Patterns

214

Chapter 19

The Campus Experience

215

19.1 Orienting Yourself to Your Campus

Introduction to Campus Life Tools to assist students to

adjusting to the college lifestyle

216

19.2 Exploring

Begin by becoming familiar with some different locations on campus Offices Dorms Classroom Buildings

Engineering Building

Sample map of Michigan State University Campus

217

19.3 Determining and planning your Major

Narrow down to a few different majors

Ask questions of insightful people Look for any opportunity to learn

more about each field

218

19.4 Get into the Habit of Asking Questions

Active questioners learn the most Questions help students

understand and complete tasks Communication skills are vital to

engineers Understanding information given Giving information that is

understandable

219

19.5 The ‘People Issue’ Meeting People

Make friends of other engineers Helpful as study partners Offer perspective on engineering

Academic Advisor Advisors are an excellent resource

Discuss problems Information about the school, classes, and

instructors Offer guidance for graduating and careers

220

19.5 The ‘People Issue’ Instructors

Ask other students about an Instructor before signing up for the class

Sit in on a class to see their teaching style

Networking Keep in contact with friends and

acquaintances Useful for assistance and support in and

out of the classroom

221

19.6 Searching for Campus Resources Every school has a document or website

that lists activities and opportunities Examples

Things to Do, Places to Go Planetarium, Gardens, Museum, Union

What’s Happening Academic calendar, calendar of events

Library locations and hours Services

Legal aid, counseling, financial aid Extracurricular Activities

222

19.7 Other Important Issues

Managing Time Control time to achieve success Recommended Reading

The Usefulness of Reading Engineering requires the extensive use

of technical and non-technical materials Read each paragraph for its central point Create outlines for each reading

assignment

223

19.7 Other Important Issues Fulfilling Duties

Engineers have a responsibility to society Contributing to Society brings its own reward

Using the Web Use the internet to look up more information

on topics of interest outside the classroom Sending e-mail

Most contacts use email for some part of their interaction

224

19.7 Other Important Issues Test-taking Skills

Preparing outlines as subject matter is presented will make studying easier

Form study groups Ask questions

Taking Notes Organize information Highlight essential information

225

19.7 Other Important Issues Study Skills

Should be calm, structured, and routine Remember to get up and move a few times in

an hour Reward yourself for studying

Teaching Styles Variety of Instructors including graduate

students Fully engage professors and ask questions

Learning Styles Discover your Learning Style and use it to

your advantage

226

19.7 Other Important Issues Perspectives of others

Learn to listen to others respectfully Be open to discussion of a variety of

topics Listening Skills

Dialogue does not need to be confrontational

Allow others to express their opinions Listen carefully to what other people say

227

19.7 Other Important Issues Handling Stress

Include time to relax in your schedule Take classes for the right reason Do not resent required classes Approach weak points with a positive attitude Focus on learning instead of grades Be patient for results of increased studying Stress can not be avoided Talking out problems can help

228

19.8 Final Thoughts

Use the concepts from this chapter to make the college experience all it can be.

Don’t forget to ask questions!!!

229

Chapter 20

Financial Aid

230

20.1 Intro

What costs are involved in going to college? Tuition Other college or university fees Cost-of-living expenses Other “extras”

231

20.2 Parental Assistance

Some parents are able and willing to cover all of your college expenses

On average, nine million students must find ways to fund their college education every fall

232

20.3 Is Financial Assistance for You?

Applying for Financial Aid Three areas:

Grants and scholarships Loans Work

Need vs. Non-need Academic qualifications

Why apply?

233


Budgeting Advisors available to assist with

personal budgeting Help estimate costs and income and

develop a plan How to apply

Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA)

234


FAFSA http://www.fafsa.gov First thing to complete to become

eligible for aid Can apply as early as January for the

following fall semester Look up the information required

before starting to fill out the form

235

20.4 Scholarships

Educational funds that do not need to be repaid

Public, private, or university sources Local high school, professional groups,

corporations, service organizations, government, college, etc.

It is your responsibility to seek out private scholarships/grants

236

20.5 Loans May be secured from lending institutions

and state and federal loan programs Students who apply for financial aid will

be notified of their eligibility for both student and parent federal loans

Loans can be obtained from parents or relative who feel that you should repay the money that is required to put you through school

237

20.6 Work-Study

“Earning money the old-fashioned way” On- or off-campus employment during

school Summer jobs Internships Co-ops

Requires careful management of time

238

20.6 Work-Study Work-Study:

Employment subsidized by the federal or state government

Will be listed on your financial aid award letter is you are eligible

“Just Plain Work” Volunteering Full Semester Off-Campus

Employment

239

20.6 Work-Study

Cooperative Education Academic program in which college

students are employed in positions directly related to their major field of study

Alternating, Parallel, and Back-to-back semesters

240

20.7 Scams to Beware

Do your own homework to avoid scholarship service rip-offs

Check with the Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/menu-jobs.htm

241

20.8 The Road Ahead Awaits

Examine the many different sources available to you for obtaining the funds needed for your college expenses

How much do you actually need? Correct forms and deadlines

242

Chapter 21

Engineering Work Experience

243

21.1 A Job and Experience “How do you get experience without a job, and how do

you get a job without experience?” Graduate schools and employers look for experiences

outside the classroom Incorporating career experience is a worthwhile

consideration May extend college to 6 years

Many Economic shifts have happened in a college students lifetime

1980-1983: Major Recession 1983-1986: Revival of U.S. Economy 1988-1994: Restructuring of Corporate America 1994-2001: Vigorous Rebound of Economy 2001-2003: Recession 2004- : Signs of improvement in the labor market for

engineers

244

21.1 A Job and Experience

In good and bad times employers look for Engineers with job-related experience Engineers require less training Faster results

Many different Experiences are available

245

21.2 Summer Jobs Even jobs such as baby-sitting and

mowing lawns is a place to start All jobs help develop basic employable

skills Provide stepping stone to better, more career

related jobs Skills include teamwork, communication, and

problem solving Help you discover what working

environments you like

246

21.3 Volunteer Especially useful to freshmen and

sophomores to gain experience Generally volunteer positions are

with non-profit organizations Not a paid experience Useful in developing skills Able to experiment with different

career related fields

247

21.4 Supervised Independent Study Designed for the advanced undergraduate

Preparatory for grad school or a career in Research

Some are paid and others award credit Provides a unique experience Challenging in many different areas To learn more

Talk to professors that share similar interests

248

21.5 Internships Paid or unpaid experience for a set period of

time Usually during the summer No obligations for future employment

Sometimes they support other engineers Other times they are given individual projects No official evaluation or credit given Short term projects

Obtain a description of these projects prior to employment to assure it is of interest

Great for students with time, curriculum, and location constraints

249

21.6 Co-operative Education Cooperative Education is often the preferred form

of experimental Learning Co-ops are considered to be academic and are

administered by the college Assignments are directly related to field of study

Detailed job descriptions are used to create the best possible matches

School and work are closely integrated Alternating terms of school with work at the same

company Projects become more extensive throughout the experience Term in school followed by a term at work followed by a

term at school and so on

250

21.6 Co-operative Education

Parallel co-ops is an alternative Students are partially enrolled in classes and spend

20 to 25 hours at work Difficulties arise in allowing ample time for both areas

Sometimes a longer alternating approach is used

Students work two consecutive semesters then attend class for a semester or two

Allows for longer projects Some schools use all three methods Co-ops are rarely summer only

Break between work assignments is too long Requires a three or four semester commitment

251

21.6 Co-operative Education Advantages for Students

Consideration for employment and grad school Improved technical skills Helps determine career path Excellent pay

Advantages for Employers Recruiting Co-op students is more cost efficient Many students accept full time positions with their

employer More diverse and dedicated students Students free up other engineers and bring in fresh

approaches

252

21.6 Co-operative Education Advantages for Schools

Integrates theory and practice Keeps faculty informed of trends in industry Creates relationships between schools and

businesses Improves a schools reputation

Other Benefits Communication Skills Networking Self-discipline Management Experience Interactions with a variety of people

253

21.7 Which is Best for You? Some Questions to help determine

which is best for you Am I willing to sacrifice convenience for the

best experience? How flexible can I be? How committed do I want to be?

Seek out advice from professors, academic advisors, and campus placement officers

254

Chapter 22

Connections: Liberal Arts and Engineering

255

22.1 What are Connections? Connections exist between

engineering and liberal arts Literature History Music Art Social studies Philosophy

256

22.1 What are Connections? Look closely at what engineers really are

and what they really do “liberal” comes from liberty, so that

liberal arts means “works befitting a free man”

Need for a general education Developed because people have a need for a

strong, open mind in addition to a specialty in order to be well-rounded

Not trapped by cultural blind-spots

257

22.2 Why Study Liberal Arts?

Liberal arts help improve your broadness Look in many directions at once Questions about areas that do not

have pre-set answers Expected to be a leader

258


The Arts Improve: Your Perspective

See the “big picture” Your Balance

Practice dealing with a variety of diverse ideas

Your People Skills Be aware of things that modern

tendencies avoid or neglect

259


The Arts Improve: Your Sense of Duty and Responsibility

Elevate, integrate, and unify the standards of the profession

Fulfill your duty in life, so society respects you more

260

Appendix A:

The Basics of Power Point

261

A.1 Introduction

The purpose of this section is to introduce a user to PowerPoint Learn 20 key procedures Be able to do 80% of everything you

will ever need to do To learn more experiment with the

software

262

A.2 The Basics of PowerPoint To begin open a blank presentation

Activate the standard, formatting, drawing, picture, and WordArt toolbars

Select a slide type for the first slide Select a background Enter text into given text blocks

Edit the text and box sizes and shapes Add additional text boxes selecting Insert-

TextBox Insert WordArt as necessary

263

A.2 The Basics of PowerPoint Insert any pictures

Click Insert-Picture-From File Format the picture using the Picture toolbar

Insert Clip Art Click Insert-Picture-Clip Art Picture Toolbar is used for formatting

Change visibility of an object by right clicking on an object and then selecting Order from the menu

To Delete objects click on it and press backspace or delete

264

A.2 The Basics of PowerPoint To begin a new slide click the new slide button

Repeat from the beginning to format View slides by thumbnails in the Slide Sorter

View Useful for arranging or hiding slides for presentations Can be used when copying or deleting whole slides

Save your work when finished Change slide transitions and animations View the entire Show

265

Appendix B:

Introduction to MATLAB

266

B.1 Introduction MATRIX LABORATORY Powerful tool in performing engineering

computations Many engineering curricula have moved

to making MATLAB the primary computing tool in its undergraduate program

Can be run on many different platforms, including UNIX, PC, and Macintosh.

267

B.2 MATLAB Environment Command window

Use to run your programs and see the results Command History window

Shows a history of the commands that have been entered into the command window

Launch Pad window Allows you to start applications and

demonstrations by clicking the icons in the window

268

B.2 MATLAB Environment Demonstration Programs

>>demo Help Files

>>help <command name> >>lookfor topic >>helpwin

MATLAB is case sensitive Apple ≠ apple ≠ APPLE ≠ aPPle

269

B.2 MATLAB Environment

Helpful commands >>who

Allows the user to see the variables currently in memory

>>clear Erase the memory

>>clear <variable> Clears just that variable

270

B.2 MATLAB Environment MATLAB has some predefined functions

that should not be used to name variables A few variable names to avoid:

ans Inf NaN i j realmin

271

B.3 Symbolic Manipulations To declare variables as a symbol

>> syms x y Algebraic expressions

>>solve (x^2-4) Symbolic derivatives

>>diff (y^3) Symbolic integrals

>>int (sin(x))

272

B.4 Saving and Loading Files

To find out the identity of your working directory, type pwd (print working directory)

Use cd to change the working directory >>cd c:\matlab\mystuff

The file can be saved using save at the MATLAB prompt

273

B.4 Saving and Loading Files

Use the command load followed by the file name to retrieve your file. >>load my_workspace

path lists the directories that MATLA will search for files

addpath <pathname> will add the location to the path listing

274

B.5 Vectors

A vector is simply a row or column of numbers

Vectors are enclosed in square brackets >>row_vector = [1 2 6 9 12] >>col_vector = [2;4;6;8;10]

To change a column vector into a row vector and vice versa, use transpose

275

B.5 Vectors

For vectors to be added and subtracted, they must be of the same type and size

To multiply or divide vectors, special MATLAB symbols must be used “.*” is used for multiplication “./” is used for division

276

B.6 Matrices A matrix is a group of numbers

arranged in columns and rows Each element in a matrix is identified

by the use of two numbers or indices The first index is the row number The second index is the column number

MATLAB can extract an entire row or column, or specific elements

277

B.7 Simultaneous Equations

Put the equations to be solved into standard form

To solve for matrix x from Ax=b X=A\b

278

B.9 Plotting To generate linear xy plots use plot

>>plot(x axis values, y axis values, ‘symbol or line type’)

Use hold on to plot multiple data sets

The axes can be labeled using the commands xlabel, ylabel, and title

To generate multiple plots on a single figure use subplot

279

B.9 Plotting

Semi-log and log plots semilogx semilogy loglog

280

B.9 Plotting

281

B.10 Programming Programs, called scripts, consist of a

series of MATLAB commands that can be saved to run later

Select new, M-file to open the programming editor

Enter MATLAB commands just like you would type them into the workspace

Add comments by using the % symbol

282

B.10 Programming

Save the file with a .m extension Remember to avoid file names that

MATLAB already uses The file can then be executed by

typing the file name at the MATLAB prompt

283

B.10 Programming

Input commands To ask the user to input a number

>>W=input(‘Enter a number to be used by the program’)

To ask the user to enter a string >>my_word=input(‘Enter a word:’,’s’)

The function disp can be used to display data

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