7/23/2019 Engineering Vol 69 1900-02-02

1/31

~ F ~ E ~ n . ~ ~ , ~ ~ ~ 9 o ~ = = = = = = = = = = = = ~ ~ ~ = E ~ N ~ G ~ I = N ~ E = E ~ R ~ I ~N = G ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ = = = = ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~

Par

t iculars

of

th is sys

tem

n.re to be found sc

at t

ered I t is an equilateral

triangl

e, wi

th

th e

face

and

THE STANDARDISATION OF

SC

REW th rough th e

Bulle

t in

Offi

ciel de la Marine,

fr

om r

oots round

ed and truncating th e

triangle, the

THREADS.

186

5

to

1867.

Th

e se

ct i

on of the t

hr

ead conforms

radiu

s of

th

e curve being

0.1 p.

The

form th us

(Co-ntinued page 111.)

almost

exactly

with

th

at of Sellers (see

Fig.

4).

The

co

mbine

s

the Whitw

or th

and Sell

e

rs

s

ystem. The

5

.

Sellers

(1864) (Fig. 4). - W i l l i ~ m e l l e r of inner and outer

points

of the angles ar e t.ru ncat e

d,

seri

es of

diameters and pitches is given in Table

Ph'ladelphia recommended a modtficatwn

of

th e

th

e depth cut off being equal to h

0

Th e

propor-

VII.

Whltworth ~ t a n d a r d .

Fig.

4 shows

th

e. form tions of pitch appear to be widely

generali

sed There are a

number of

in terme

diate

diameters

of this thread,

the

s

J\m

e

letter

s

applytng

to acc

ording

to

some empiric

al

ru l

e,

as

will be se

en

not

given

in t

he

for

egoing Table, but

all t he

similar pa

rt

s as

in Fi

g. 1 (see page

~ 1 1 ante) . Th

e from

the

fo

ll

o

wing Tabl

e,

in

which t

he

dia

meter

s of

varieties

of

pitch are

include

d.

form of

th

o thread is that of an eqUilateral t rumgle the bolt s are g iven to

th

e lin e b, b (Fi g. 4), that is 8. P1"1"'ss

icv

n Sta te R ailw((ys

This

thread was

(

60

deg.) truncated so as presen t a fiat surface to th e apex of the extende

d,

and not to the surface intro

du

ced

to

a limited .ex tent on the Pr ussian

at

the point and root (see '1 , le

an_d

e, f) . The depth

of the

truncated, tlnends. The diameters advance,

St

ate

rail

ways. I t is an

ex

ample of

the numer

ous

of the th read

h,

is

equa

l to .60 and total

pres

uma

bly

by s

teps

of one

millimet

re,

fr

om 6,

but

at te

mp t

s at compromise

th

at we

re

ma de t o

adap

t

depth

ho

enclosing

th

e

?u t

er

and mnor

?f

t

hrou

ghout

th i

s

wide

range

th

ere

are

o

nly

nine

the

Whitwor t

h system to a me

tric

al s

tand

a

rd.

The

the

triangle

at a, b, c

1s .866

11. . Th

e p1tch 1s

variati

o

ns

in

pitch

,

so

th

at

the same

pi t

ch

in part

thr

ead

is

Whitw

orth set o

ut in in

c

he

s,

whil

e

the

nearly p = .1 d. + .025, and the d1ameter at the of the seri

es

is made

to

do du ty for 18 diameters. dimensions of the bol t ,

nut,

and

head

are in met-

root of the

thr

ead is

d

1

=

.87

d

- .03. 'Fhe depth The series is contained in

th

e following Table: deal un its .

Tabl

e VIII .

contains

par t iculars

of

Of

the th read. 65 corresponds very

approximately

to t.his s ystem :

6

Th S 11

t

d d

TA

B

LE

V I . P a

of

th

e

Fr

ench

Mari

ne

that

of Whitworth - .

4 P

e e ers s an ar

St

and

ard (186

5-

7).

TAB

LE

V

I I I . Th

e P

-t

us

s

ia

n

St

ate R

ailwa

y System.

Tig.ll.

SELLERS

.

1 f18G

4J

I I

l

7:

l

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

l Y . .

, I I

I{ I

I

I

I

I ' I

I I 1

I I I

I

I

I

I

I

l

I

I I

I

I

I

I 1

p

l -

I

I

'

: - t - ---

-

-X -

.

I

/

k/

I

. __ _J

__

L------ -

J

1 I

I

I

I I

l :

r-t-------- ~

4 , l :

/J) - - - - - - - - - ' R - -

~

- - - - -

- - - - ~

Fifl.JO.

LOMBAROO.

A L I A H STATE

A I L W A

I

I - - - - - -

I

I : I

I - - - - - - -- -----++------d,-

1 1

I I

I I

I I I

IQ/

I I

- - - ~ - -

1 I I I I

l I : I

I

I I

I I I

)- .

, I : 1

I

.....,b

I I I I

,,

I

I I

I 60

1-

I I

1

I I I

pI

\ ~ ~ ~ I I

I

I

I I I I

11 11 I

I

I

I I I

I I I I 1 '

I I

I I

I

I

ll 11

I

I

I

I I

1

1 I - - - -

1 I ' ID

iv 1

I :

1

__ 1 I

15

1 : I I

I

1

I I

I

I

I I

I I I

I

L I I 1 ,

f . I I

I I

--1t*- 15

I

I

I

I

I

I "ftp,O,?Sp I I

I I

i

- - - - - - -

(Z-3Sid 19 I

1J

-

I

0 ..15 P I

in thi

s review we a

re

alway s following the va

lu

able

report of Signor Galassini, addressed to the Society

of Engineers and Architects of Turin.

14.

The Delisle

Systems, No. 1 (1873) ; No. 2

(1877) (Fig. 11).-

Th

ese were the first systems

presented

to

the

Association of Ge

rman

Engineers.

In the earlier form (1873), Delisle had adopted

pract ically the Sellers type ; whil

st

in the second,

he proposed a profile (Fig. 11 ) of an isoceles

tr i

angle, inscribed in a rectangle, having the base

equal to the height (h

0

= p) , and the trun ca

tion

=

71,0

. Th e series of diameters and of corre-

[FER.

2,

1900.

sponding threads are shown in Table X., as well

as those of the Saarbriick system, referred to

later.

TABLE x.-

Delisle, N os . 1 anil 2, and the Saarb1i

io

k

System.

Diameter.

Delisle, No , 1

Delisle, No. 2

Saabriiok.

Pitch.

Pit ch.

Pit

ch.

-

mm. mm.

mm.

mm.

4

0.8

5 10

6 1.2

1.0

1.

0

7

l.4

1.2

8

1.6

1.

2

1.4

10 1.8

1

.4

1.6

12 20

1 6

1

.8

H 2.2

1 8

2.0

16

2 4

2.0

2.2

18

2.6

2.2

2.4

20

2.8

2.4

2.6

22

2.8

24

3.2

2.8

3.0

26

:3.2

28 3.6

3.2

3.6

32

40

3.6 4.0

36

4.4

4.0

4.4

40 4.8

4.4 4.8

48 52

4.8

6.4

66

5.6

6.2

6.0

64

6.0

6.6 6.6

72

6.4

6.0

7.2

80

6.

8

6.4

7.8

Th

e values of the two Delisle systems are deduced

from the following rat i

os

:

p

=

.2 d for d

=

4 to d

=

8

p

=

.8

+

.1

d

f

ord

=

8

to

d

=

40

p

=

2.8

+

.05 d , d

=

40 ,, d

=

80

Fi'nJ1.

. & ~

GERMAN

DWSLE

I ,

1

i

I

I I I

1..-

1 I

K. I :

1

1

I

I I

1

I

I I I

I I I

I I 1

I I I

L> I -- '- - '-..*QI

f

1

-----------

--

:;;.. I _

__T_

I

I

I I :

I I I I 1

1

I

I

I I

' I I

. . . . .

b

I

I I

I

I

...

I I p

1

6 9 '

~ : / I

I

I

.... I -, I I

....

I I

I

. I I I I I

I I 1 I

I . I 1 I

I

:

I

I

I

I

I

I

f - - - - - - - - - - - - - -* ---*---

I IV

l - - - -

- - - - - - --1--+---

-

-- dJ

I I I I

I I fb.

I I

I

I 1

I / I I

}, I I

I ....._ I

I

* - - - ~

~ - - ~ ~

8 I I I t 8

r - - - Y L ' [ ~ I

I I Jl, ' I

~

~ - - r

____%_p;_ _________J

I

I

Th

e above refers to D elisle, No. 1 ; for Delis

le,

No.

2,

the ratios are :

p

= . +

.1 d for d

=

6 to d

=

40

p = 2.4 + .05

d

,

d

= 40 ,

d

= 80

16.

Saatrbriick

Enginee1s' System (

Fi

g. 1

2)

.- Tbis

closely a

pp

roximates in form of thread to that of

Sellers, the diameter and pitch of the series being

given in Table X., while Fig. 12 shows the pro

gression of both systems of Delisle, as well as that

of Saarbriick ; the curved line introduced in the

diagram illustrates the Whitworth progression

averaged. I t will be noticed that in the Saarbriick

series there is an abrupt jump between the 26

and 28 millimetre diameters ; these dimensions mark

the change from the sma

ll

to the large diameters of

T ABLE

XI. -The R eulcaux Syste'ln .

Diameter

d.

Pi

toh

p .

Diameter d.

Pitch p.

mm

mm.

mm.

mm.

4

0.8

24

2.8

5

0.9

26

2.0

6

1.0

28

3.2

7

1.1

30

3.4

8

1.2

32

8.6

9

1.3

36 4.0

10

1.4

40

4.4

12

1.6

45

4.7

14

1.8

eo

6.0

16

2.0

60

6.6

18

2.2

70

6

.2

20

2A

6.

8

2.6

7/23/2019 Engineering Vol 69 1900-02-02

3/31

,

FEB.

2

1900.]

scre

ws,

and the designers gave a d i ~ e 1 propor

tion to the form

er

to secure a f i n ~ r pitch. .

16.

Th

e R

ettl

ea1tX Sy8tent. - This ~ y s t e m IS very

similar to the thre last named,

a n ~

does

pos

sess any apparent advantage over either.

1h

e

profile corresponds to

that

of Delisle No. 2 (Fig. 11).

EVJ.12.

E N G I N E E RI N G.

underneat

h

are

two cast - steel cases each con

taining seven cylindrical rollers, which revolve

on the slide. The necessary guiding is secured on

the

sides and

under

n

eath

by four clamps of forged

&eel. A cast-

ir

on recoil cy linder is recessed in th e

lower part of the mounting, to which it is strongly

DIAGRAM

OF

PITCHES

DIAMETERS

OF

OELI

SLE

I 11873> AND 2

f

1877) & SAARBRUCK

ENGI NEERS' ASSOC I

ATION.

.

p

N

oT

:

Tl

te

turvedJ

slwws

the;

1Ttea1V

Whitwortlv

pi.tcJv

wuL

?8

dioJneter

fOr

p p r ~

siJxe.s.

-

.

3

.

/

~ ~ ~

/

2

/

.-.:

/

r

/,

I

I ,

1

_I

_I

.

PiJ.cM,

A

c ; . ~ ~ ':f c:t 'it 10 CO Cot

'

:>

0))

- ,... '

C\t

.t

'cot 'P

C> .:. .: . N Cl') a, ) >

'

. D U I / ~ ~

f lUSAI

o (0

: e : : 2 ~

~ H ~

Each different diameter

d

determines

the

cone

sponding pitch p according to the following

formula :

ot

I:>

CO

..

.,

10

10

I:-

t-o

'

...

1

cp

tL

?

,)

(0

10

angles.

The mounting and slide rest in

front

on a bolster,

:MESSRS. SCHNEIDER AND CO.'S

WORKS AT CREUSOT.

-No.

LXXVIII.

MORTARS

FOR COAST

DEFE

NCE .

27

-Oen

timeke (10. C

oas

t-Deence Mmta?-.

-Coast-defence mortars of 10.630-in. calibre have

been built in large numbers

(Fig

. 700, page 146).

The foll

ow

ing are some leading dimensions :

Weightofmortar

......

5,750lrilogs. (1,267lb.)

, mounting ... 19,160 ,, (42,228 , )

, projectile .. . 250 , 551 , )

Angles of elevation . . -0 deg. +

60

deg.

Training . . . . through

270

deg.

Muzzle velocity,

with

black

powder . .

..

.

..

275 m.

902

ft .)

The 10.630-in. mortar illus

trated

is placed on a

mounting, the general arrangements of which

are

similar to those of the mounting for the same calibre

of

coast-defence guns already describ ed.

In the

mortar, however,

the

height of

the

trunnions being

very much less than

in the

10.630-in. guns,

the

plat

form

for loading and training is

not

required ;

the

b o l s t ~ r is fitted

~ i t h

the

circular rack and pivot

hous

mg,

for the p1vot on th e lower part of

the

slide.

In

the lateral training mechanism, the helicoidal

wh?el cast

in

one piece with

the

grooved pulley on

which the chain turns, is

set in

motion

by an

endless screw fixed to a shaft on which are keyed

the

two

working cranks.

The

elevating mechanism

consists of a toothed sector fitted to

the mortar

'

nd an endless screw ; on

the end

of the shaft

w ~ i c h carries the l ~ t t is keyed a square pinion

drtven by another pinion on

the

shaft of which is

keyed the working crank.

30-C

en

timctre (11.811-In.)

Muzz

le-L

oa

ding Rifl

ed

M?rta

1,

1883

Patt

e?-n

,

on Co;tst-Defence

Mo

un

ti

ng

(Fig.

701)

.- Mountmgs of thiS

pattern

were built

by MessrP. Schneider

and

Co.

in

1889.

They

are

arranged

so

as to allow an elevation of from - 5 to

+

70

deg., and

lat

eral training throucrh 200 deg. The

m o u n t i n is built up of steel plates

0

and angles ; on

the top m front are

the

trunnion supports, while

and in the rear

on a circular segment with

the in t

er

position of coned ro1lers. The bolst

er

rollers and

the rear

segment

are

of cast iron,

and

r

est on

oak

beams imbedded in

the

foundation.

The gun is elevated from the

front

of the mount

ing

by

means of a transverEe shaft, which works a

toothed sector keyed on

the

left-hand trunnion of

the mortar. I t is

trained

from the rear of

the

slide;

a transverse shaft works

the

pinion which

engages the rack of th e circular sector,

through

conical and cylindrical toothed wheels. On the

slide is fitted a crane for serving

the mortar

with

ammunition.

Quick-F

i1i

ng Coast

-

D

efence Gu

t s

A certain

number

of points selected for coast defence, and

especially armour-piercing coast

batterie

s

,"

have

to b e armed with guns of high power

and

fiat tra

jectories,

permitting

a rapid concentration of fire

against a target. I t is

important in

many cases

that

coast-defence batteries should

be in

a position

to

compete thoroughly, under conditions approxi

~ a t e l y equal, wi th quick-firing naval guns, while

it

1s necessary to

take into

consideration the ease

with which tnodern fleets can perform their evolu

t i ~ n s . A s p e c i a ~ class of Schneider-Canet quick

firmg guns contams a complete series of calibres

from 37 millimetres (1.456

in.)

to 24

c e n t i m e t r e ~

(9.449 in.), for carrying out this programme to

the

best advantage.

This

class of mctJte?-iel

has

been

adopted for regular service

by

various Govern

ments, especially Russia

and Japan,

the two latter

countries having acquired

the right

to

repr

oduce

th

e

typ

es

in

their own arsenals.

As

a rule

these

guns are similar those used on board si1ip, as

regards constructwn

and

breech-closing device,

but they

are

frequently of loncrer bore in

order

to

obt_ain

hig

her

muzzle

v e l o c i t i e ~

and

flatter trajec

tories. The mountings

are

also similar to naval

mountings, but as coast-defence guns have to fire

under great

angles,

both

positive

and

necrative

the

mounting is either placed

upon

a concrete b a ~ e or

upon a

cot;te built up

of

plate and

angles. As

the

guns of

thts

class are similar, except in dimensions,

145

to

the

naval guns already described, we shall select

f

or

t

he

follow ing descriptions a few only of

the

most in teresting types

that

embody particular de

vices,

and

a

re

placed

up

on special mountings.

12-

Oentirnet1

e (

4.

724-I n.) 26-Calibre

Qu

ick-

Fi1

ing

Coast -Defence

G t

t' t

(Fi

g. 702, page 147).

T

his has

been adopted for regular service

in Japanese

coast

defences. The programme that had to

be

fulfilled

according to the

Japanese

Artillery s t i p u l a t i o n E ~ ,

s

tated

that the

gun

should

be

of medium

power

(muzzle velocity 600 metres only = 1968 ft.),

quickly

trained and

fired

by

a limited

number

of

men.

In

connection

with this

order,

the Japa

nese Government established competitive trials, in

which

the

Schneider-Canet ordnance obtained the

first rank, and was definitely adopted . The follow

ing are some leading data :

W eight of gun . . 1620 kilogs. (3570 lb.)

Length of gun ... . .. 3.120 m. (10ft. 21- in.)

Weight of mounting ... 2780 kilogs. (6127 lb.)

, base .. . . .. 1800 , (3967 , , }

, shield . .. ... 1500 , (3306 ,, )

Maximum

angl

es of eleva-

t on

. . . . . .

Training .. . ... . .

Weight of projectile ...

- 7 deg.

+

20 deg.

through 140 deg.

18 kilogs. (

40

lb.)

Weight of powder charge,

French

smokeless powder 2.8 , (6 , )

Mu

zzle velocity . .

..

560 m. (1837

H.)

The

mounting is fitted with a shield which

pro

tects

the

w

orking parts and the

gunners.

The

mounting consists of fo

ur

main parts, namely :

The

built-up base, in the shape of a

truncated

cone

stayed

in

side

and

bolted to

the

firing platform

t h ~

loading platform being

in

the rear ; the b o l ~ t e r

fitted to

the ba

se

and

provided with roller balls,

t h ~

central pivot of

the

bolster being joined

by

ribs

to

the circular

ring

; the slide which rests on the

bolster on the balls

and

consists of two cheeks made

practically v ~ r t i c a l , the latter being provided

with

under trunnwn plates

strengthened

in

the

middle

by

stays,

the

cheeks joined together

by

a stiff

plate

the

gun

carriage, which cons

ists

of a cast-steei

jacke

t,

in one piece with which is cast the lower

part

of

the

hydraulic recoil cylinder ; the

trunnions

are

in

the f ~ o n t part of

the jacket

; while. inside,

gun-metal rings

at

both

ends serve to cruide the

g u ~

during

recoil. i t ~ lower

p ~ r t ,

o.:'er a part

of Its length, the

carnage

lB made w1th a crap form

ing

two slide

paths

to guide

the butt e;d

which

draws the recoil piston-rod with it. A t r ~ n v e r s e

bar with buffer is placed

in

front to check the

travel

of

the

gun

when

it

runs out

again.

The recoil cylinder is on the Schneider-Canet

system, with

central

counter rod.

I t

acts as follows :

~ r ~ g the

gun dr

aws along with it

the

re

coil p1ston, Its

rear

surface presses on the glycerine

in the

cylinder,

a ~ d

forces it to flow

through

the

annular

vent cut

round

the

central

rod and

through the lateral vents cut

round

the piston. The

glycerine flows to the

front part,

the valve which

establishes a communicat

ion

between the t wo ends

of the

c y l ~ n d e r

being

r ~ i s e d . The

inside capacity

of

the cyhnder

dec

re

as

mg

a quantity equal

to

the volume of the

rod

wh10h penetrates it the

corresponding excess of liquid moves the b ~ t t o m

of the cylinder which acts as a plunger,

this

moves

the. t r a n s v ~ r s e bar and presses down the recupe

rati.ng sprmgs. . W h ~ n the recoil is

spent, the

springs In relaxing dn ve back the

transverse

bar

and

the cylinder bottom,

thus

forcing the glycerine

to resume

its

former position ;

but

as

the

valve is

closed, it

can

only flow

through

the

narrow

vent in

the v a ~ v e seat,

the gun returning therefore

slowly

and .w1thout s h o ~ k s . The

training

gear both for

vertical

and honzontal

angles is of the

ordinary

type, and so

need

not

be

described.

12-Centimet1e (4. 724-- n.) 40:

Calib

1e Quick-Fi1ving

Coa

st-D

efertce Gtt.n.-This gun

ISon the same

sy

s

tem

as the preceding one, but is of a much

greater

power.

Weight of gun ... . .

, mounting ...

, base . . . .

, shield . .. ..

Elevation . .

..

. ..

Training

.. . . . ..

Weight of projectile .. .

Mu zzle velocity ... .. .

2650 k i l o g ~ . (5840 lb.)

4130 ,, 9102 , )

1850 , 4077 , )

1650 3636 )

-

10

deg. +

15

deg.

through

360

deg.

21 kilogs. ( 6 lb.)

650 m. (2132 ft.)

with

a

platform

and

he mounting is provided

consists of five

main parts

:

(a)

Th

e base, plates

and

.angles, is invariably

bolted

on

the firing platfor m ;

It

contains the

roller

path

and

supports

the firing

platform

. At its lower

p ~ ~ t

are

ei.ght r.ecesses.containing

rounds

of ammu

nitw

n for

1 n ~ u r i n g rapid

firing.

b)

The

Circular bolster with pivot.

7/23/2019 Engineering Vol 69 1900-02-02

4/31

E N G I N E E R I N G.

[FEB

2 1900.

SCHNEIDER-CANET MORTARS

AND

COAST-DEFENCE MOUNTINGS

.

.

.

.

F IG. 701. 30-CENTIMETRE M uz zLE-LOADING M o RTAR AND CoAST-

DE F

ENCE Mo uN TING-.

c) The slide

which rests on

the bols ter on balls

it

consists

of two cheeks

s

tayed

together and fitted

with

the

trunnion

plates.

d)

The

loading

platform

on

the rear

of

the

s

lide

; i t bears on the

ba

se

with

the in terposition of

rollers.

e)

The c a r r i a g e ~ w h i c h carries

t

he

g

un;

thi

s is

made with two trunnions

t

hat

r

es

t in the slide

and

is

on

the

sa

me

type as the one

for

the p r e c ~ d i n g

gu

n, as also

are

t

he

hydraulic recoil cylinder and

the

recup

era

tor.

6- In . 50-Cali

re r

ick-Firing Coast-Defence Gwns

Fig.

703) .

G u

ns

of this

ty pe

have been

s

upplied

to

t

he

Russian Government.

Weight

of gun

. .. ... 6,230 k i l o g 13,731lb

.)

,

mounting

.. . 10,400 , 22.921 , )

, base .. . .. . 3,180 , 7,008 , )

, shield .. . .. . 1,720 , 3,791 , )

Elevation ...

..

. .. . 10 deg.

+ 30 deg

.

Training

.. . .. . ... . th ro.ugh

360

deg.

Weight

of proje

ctile . 43 k l o g

(95

lb.)

Muzzle velocity ...

..

.

720

m.

2362

ft.)

Th

e

mounting

consists

of

the

following

main

part

s :

a)

The base , built

up of plate

s

and

angles,

in

the shape of

a cone, s

tr

e

ngthened by

g uss

et

plates

;

i t

is bolted

on

the firing platfor m, by me

ans

of a

circular

sol

ep

late.

(b) The

bol

ster whi

ch

re sts on the cone and

is

provided with

rolle

rs to

facilitate

rotation. The

bolster

is fitt

ed

also

with the pivot and the circular

rack for lateral trainin

g.

c)

The slide con3is

t s of two

cheeks with trunni

on

plates

for the

a r r i t r u n n i o n

; they are

ened

in fr ont

by

a r1b

and

a

re

JO

ned at their

lower

part by

a

plate of

suitable

shape in

which fits

the

bo

lster pivo

t.

d)

The gun carria

ge

consi

sts

of a fixed pa

r t

and

of

a

movabl

e

one which

follows t

he

recoil. T h ~

fixed

part

con

ta ins t

wo l

ateral string

b eams, a

fr

ont

and a rea.r colla

r,

and a

hydrauli

c recoil pisto

n.

The

string beams

contain

the trunn

ions.

and

are

bolted

at their two

e

nd

s

on

t he collars.

The

front

co

llar

is

provided with

a

plastic rin

g,

which

fo

rms

a

buff

er

for

the mounting jacket wh

en

th

e

gun run ::;

o

ut

again.

Th e

r e ~ r

.collar .is

lined

. inside with

gun

metal bus

h

es

; 1t IS

continued at

Its

lo

wer

part,

a

nd

form

s a butt

to

whi

ch

is

joined

the r ecoil piston.

The m o v a b l ~ part co

ntains

a

jacket

whi

ch remains

joined

t o the gun in fr ont

r

tongues aD;d grooves,

and in the

re

ar

by

t wo ha

lf

-

rm g

s

placed

m a groove

w 700. 27

E ~ T L M

l\lo a 1

Art AND C oA-ST-

DEFE

NCE CA R

RI

AG

E.

of the gun

; a recoil

cylinder

cast

in

one piece with

metre

guns, except th

at the

recoil pis ton-rod is

it

; two

la

te ral slid e shoes, forming clamps

which jo

in ted in the r ear,

and

does not follow the recoil.

hold on

t

he

str ing

beams and support the gun In the

case of

the pre

sent mo

un

ti

ng

t

he

cylinder

during

r ecoil. . . is

drawn by

the gu

n,

the pi

ston

rem

aining fixed .

The arrangement

s of the reco

il cyhnd

er

and re

- Moreover,

the set of

recuperator springs is divided

cuperator

ar

e the s una s those for

the 12-

cen t i-

1

into

two

parts, t\

Dd

consi

sts

of Belleville rings.

7/23/2019 Engineering Vol 69 1900-02-02

5/31

FEB.

2 I

900 J

E N G I N E E R I N G.

SCHNEIDER CANET

QUICK FIRING

GUNS FOR COAST

DEFENCE.

,

.

.

F m D cription ~ e e Paye 145.)

.

;

..

.

IG. 7

02

. 12 CENTIMETRE 26 CALIBRE QmcK IRING GuN AND Co AST DE FE NCE M

oUNTING

.

-

I

-

-

.

. -

.

F

IG

. 70 3 .

6

IN.

50 CAL

IBRE Q ui CK-FI RING G u N

ANl> N T I N G

,

147

7/23/2019 Engineering Vol 69 1900-02-02

6/31

The slide

is ~ o n t i n u e d

in

the

rear by a

loading plat

form.

A shield of

suitable

shape and

dimensions

protects

the whole mechanism.

THE

INSTITUTION OF MECHANICAL

ENGINEERS.

THE fifty-third annual general meeting of th is

Insti.tution was held on Friday

evening

of last week,

January 26, at the Institution's

House,

Storey's

Gate, St. Ja

roes's

Park.

In the absence of

the

President, Sir

William H.

White,

who

was

pre

vented from attending,

the

chair

was

taken by Sir

Edward H. Carbutt.

After the minutes

of

the

last

meeting had been

brought

forward,

the secretary

proceeded

to read

THE NNU L R EPORT OF THE

CoUNCIL

Frvm this

it appeared

that

the

number

of names

in

all

classes on the roll of the

Institution

w

as

, at

the end

of

1899, 2922, as compared with 2684 at

the end

of

the

previous year, showing

a net gain of

238.

The

losses

of

membership during

the

past

year were

slightly

in

excess of the averaae.

On

the other

hand, 57 more new members w e r ~ added

to the Institution than during the

previou

s year,

and

112

more than

in

th e year 1897. Attention is

called

to the fact that early in the year the council

took st e

ps

to put

before

engineer officers

of

th e

R

oya

l Navy

the adv

a

ntages

attaching to

member

ship of the In stit

ution. I t

is sa

tisfactory

to know

that

t

his

action has re

s

ulted

in

many of these

officers becoming members,

and

it

is

anticipated

1nore will join. Amongst members

who

have died

during the past year may be mentioned

Sir

Douglas

Galton, who had

served

on the Council

since

1888,

and had been a Vice-President for

eight

years;

Mr.

Jeremiah Head,

who

had been a member

of

Council for

25

year

s, during which t

ime

he was a

Vice-President for four years and Pres

ident in

1885-6 ; Mr. Willia.m ~ i r d

who

had

been a member

of Council

for 12

years;

and

Mr. Peter Ro t

hwell

Jacks

o

n,

who was an original member

of

the Insti

tution.

Turning to

th

e accounts, we find that

the re

venue

for

the year 1889 was 8777l. 4s.

5d.,

while

the expenditure was 9230l. 16s

., leaving an

excess

of expenditure over reve

nu

e of 453l. 11s. 7d.

The

total

investments

and other

assets amount to

69,0S4l. Ss. 10d. If

from

this

is

deducted 25,000l.

of debentures,

a

nd the

total remaining

liabilitie

s,

3588l. 19s.

11d.,

the capital

of

the Institution

amounts to 40,495l. Ss .

1ld.

The past

year, it

is

pointed out, was the first in

which the

Institution

occupied

its own house,

and

an increase

in

the

expenditure

was inevitable. Certain expenses of

a

special

character had also to be incurred in con

nect ion with the opening of t he new

house

. Under

th ese e

xceptional circumstances

the financial resu

lt

for the year is

considered satisfactory.

The

work of the

Research Committee

is next

referred to. Th e report of

the

Alloys

Committee,

presented by Sir

William

C.

Roberts-Austen, is

mentioned.

Th i

s report, and

the

discussion which

follow ed

it

s reading, have been fully dealt with

in our

columns

in conne

ct

ion

with

the

February

meeting of the Institution. Sir

William

R

obe

rt s

Aust en is

now

at work on the effect of

annealing

and tempering on

the

propertieS'of steel, a subject

which

will

form

the

principal

part

of

the

next

re

port. P rofessor Burstall

hope

s to pr e

sent the

Report of the Gas

Engine

Research

Committee,

which

is

under the chairmanship of Dr. Kennedy,

early in the

present

year. Professor Beare

is

also

proceeding with the

investigation

of the

value

of

the steam jacket;

while

Professor

Cappe

r promises

his first re port on the comp

ou

nd st

eam-jacketed

co

ndensing en gine at

King's College,

London

,

as

soon

as

the investi

ga tions he

is makin

g

are

suffi

ciently advanced, which will

be

shortly.

Refer

ence

is

next made to the Summer M

ee t

ing

held

in

Plymouth last

year,

and to the formal open-

ing of the new house. . . .

Sir Edward Carbutt, In moving the adoptiOn

of

the report, remarked that he might

be

permitted to

say

how

hard

the

Council

worked,

for,

as

a Pa.s

t

President

he

w

as

n

ot

called

upon

for

suc

h act1ve

exertions 'a

s

othe

r

members of

t he Council.

The

Research Committees were carrying out most valu

able

work

wh ich could not fail to make its mark

on

n g i n ~ r i

science.

He

attached

imp

ortance

to students j

oini

ng t he In st itution , and

he

h oped

younO'

men would

come

forward

to take adrantage

of t h ~

chance

s offered to them of

increas in

g their

technical

knowledge,

and fitting themselves fo r

up1olding the of this grea.t engineering

E N G I N E E R I N G

country amongst the

nations

of

the

world. Mr.

E . P.

Martin

secon

7/23/2019 Engineering Vol 69 1900-02-02

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FEB

2

I 900

J

the average was 69 people

per

house,

whilst

in

London the average was 6

or

7

people ~ e r

house,

and in the provinces only 6.

He

believed the

Kcnnedy meter had

ad a n t a . ~ e s o v e ~

a_ny

positive meter, but Mr. Schonheyder s mvent10n

was distinctly a new departure,

and

must

be

con

sidered in that light.

lfe

wished to congratulate

him on the practical ingenuity

he

had shown. He

bad found the Deacon waste de tector

meter

a verJ:'

valuable device in localising waste ; the Ven un

meter had great advantages

in

giving a.ccuratel_y

the

flow

in large mains. He c?uld s:peak to

th

1s

point as he bad one

on

a 48-m. roam,

and had

tested it by actually cubing the

water

before it

passed through.

Its

disadvantage was that when

th

e clockwork stopped

the

registration

stopped

but

the water went on ; that was a s tate of

things

that

did not suit his company.

Mr. T. Kennedy, the

inventor

of the Kennedy

water meter was n

ext

called

on

by

the

chairman.

He

said that he had

sup

plied a

written

communi

cation to the secretary,

and

he

thought that

mem

bers had better wait

until that

was

published in the

Transactions.

Mr.

J.

Smith, of Nottingham,

sa

id that a model

and wall diaaram of his meter had been supplied.

He

thought the subject was a li ttle d i f f i c ~ l t

to

deal

with in a speech, but he would

send

a wntten com

munication

giv

ing details of

the

mechanism.

His

father the late Mr. Sydney

Smith, had brought

out a

~ a t e r

m

eter

on

the

gas-meter principle. His

own eystem

was

one of spiral

pa

ssages or channels.

These had a graduated

taper

from

inlet to outlet,

the method of estimating

the

quantity of wa.

ter

being by mathematical calculat ion, the

formula

for

which was a little complicated. He

had

made expe

riments upon this principle, and had found

it

satis

factory,

but

great perfection was

needed

in

the

wheel

work to

get

accuracy, frict ion

and

loose

ne

ss

of

t

he

wheels being the points

that

had

to be surmounted.

Mr. E. B. Ellington said

it

was a curious fact

that though

the Parkinson

meter was said

to be

suitable only for low

pre

ssures,

it

was

the

one used

most extensively for recording the amount of

water

supplied to machines working

on

the high-press

ure

hydraulic system. In that case, however, they had

recourse to measuring the exhaust water; but as the

water passed first through

the

motors a difficulty was

experienced owing

to

pieces of packing

and other

material being carriedawayand

blockingupthe meter

drum. Another drawback was

th

e large size

of

the

meter, and this led

to it

being used really as

an

in

ferential measurer, becau

se they

passed only a part

of the exhaust through it

and

estimated the whole

amount in this way. In connection with power sup

plie

s,

difficulty often arose when using an

open

tank,

and sometimes

they

had to

have a closed one,

in

which

case the Kent meter was adopted

with

satis

factory results. They had, however,

to

watch the

working, as

it

would

not

always measure

with

accu

racy small

flows

unless

the parts

were

often

renewed.

In

spite of all

they

could do, however, a good deal

of water passed away unrecorded in dribbles.

One

of the points requiring consideration in the selec

tion of water meters was the relative cost of

different types,

and he thought the author s inven

tion might

not

appear

to

advantage

in this respect

under certain circumstances, besides w:hich the

size was considerable.

Mr. Oochrane said

that in

Manchester

K e ~ t t s

high-pressure meter was used

and

was found to

register with a margin of 2 per cent., which was

very good. As much could not

be

claimed in

London, but the Manchester experience

pointed to

what can be done. An advan

taae

was that the

0

flow would not be stopped

in

the case

of

break-

down,_

result which

must

necessarily follow with

a pos

thve

meter. He considered

it

better

that

some water should

be

lo

st

rather than the supply

should be stopped, a circumstance that would

be

of

very serious consequence in the case of docks rail

ways, c. ;

it

was better that a litt

le water

s

i1

ould

not be recorded

rather

than that

the

work s

hould

be suspended.

Mr. 1,. A. Wheatley, as the maker of the Schon

~ e : y d mete.r, c o n ~ i d e r e d he was

debarred

from criti

ctsmg

ot

h

er 111

ventwns. Theyh

ad

been told for

many

years

that

anyone producing an accurate positive

~ e t e r would find an enormous

demand

for such

an

mst rument,

but he

would

submit that it

would

be

better if

it

were determined

whether

it were wise

to. ~ s ~ .such a meter

rather

than devote

time

to

o ~ t t l c t s m g

the

~ r i t s

of different inventions. Objec

twn had been ratsed

to

the price of the inst rument

but when the work done by

it

was considered

e r ~

E N G I N E E R l N G.

149

m

was a

pro

s

pect

of economy even

at

the price

paid

for price of 4d. per 1000

a l l o n s ; even at this

rate

it

was

it.

He

would ask customers to think of the saving worth using a good

1nstrument

.

In regard

to

the

that was made. The way they put

the

case was comparative

ly high

pri?e w h ~ the _meter was

sup-

that

they had

a device which would produce divi- plied

to

small o u ~ e s With few

Inhabitants,

there

dends. A matter in which users were

often to

blame 110 reason why a stngle meter

should J Ot

be

used 1n

was the small attention given to water

meters.

common for three or four houses.

This

had already

They were put away underground and no troub

le been

done with cottage o p ~ r t y . and had worked

was spent

in

keeping them

in

working order. well. l ie thoug

ht M ~ . 1 \ l o r r ~ s

did not know what

Mr. Morris, of

the Kent Water

Works,

had tried the

losses were

by

us

mg

a

Stamens m e ~ e r . If

Mr. Schonheyder s

meter, and had

found it one of w

ere to put on

a positive

meter, he

m1ght find a

the

best.

He

hoped

it

would

prove to

be, with

e r a b sa

ving. .

further exper

ien ce,

the best that had been

pro- Th e meettng th

en terminated.

duced, and

he

would then

be

able to

sa

y

whether

i t was

worth

wbile to pay for

it

the larger sum de-

manded. His company

did

not give domestic supply THE PARIS INTERNATIONAL

by measurement, but they had put

meters on

for EXHIBITION.

some purposes, such as the watering of gardens for THE PowER

STATIONS.

which large quantities of

water

were taken at cer- IN previous articles we have de

scribed

the posi

tain seasons. Householders were too careless, t hey tions

and

general

arrangements of the power

would

let

a

stream

of

water

run

day

a

nd

night

on stat

ions

that

will be

installed on the Champ de

the

g

ra

ss.

The system

his company followed was

Mars

to

furnish power to exhibitors

and

others

to

supply

a meter

and

charge a

certain sum

for

its

who

require

to show

machinery

in motion,

or

who

use,

they

would also charge a given rate for the

need

energy for some other purpose.

Th

e

arrange

wat.er and the excess beyond that would

be

paid ment

adopted

will differ from that

at the Paris

for at a rate decided upon .

They

u

sed

t

he

Siemens

Exhibiti

on

of

1889 ;

on

that occasion,

it

will be

meter, which was satisfactory. He

had inv

es ti-

remembered,

the

exhibited machinery

in

motion

gate

d the

syste

m

adopted

in Berlin where meter was driven by a general system

of transmission,

supp

ly

was in use, and had found the Siemens the steam required for the purpose having been

meter

working

sat

isfactori

ly there. The

houses

had

furnished

by

a

number

of exhibitors, whose

instal

no

cisterns but

were supplied direct from

the

mains, lations were

entirely independent. As it

is in

so

the

water passed

at

considerable

speed

. Many

tended this year that

processes

of manufacture

of

the

houses

had

70

to

100

inhabitants,

and the shall

be

displayed side by side

with exhibits of

custom was for the

landlord to pay

the

water

r

ates

, raw material-

an interesting, though apparently

so t

hat the

consumer was charged a fixed s

um

in his a

not

very

practical

sc

heme-m

uch

machinery

will

rent. The police regulations

required

that a land- be distributed

throughout

the

Champ

de Ma rs,

lord

should

have

in all t hese big houses a repre- and the transmission

of

energy will be electrical.

sentative on the premises, and

this

man looked About 6000 horse-power will be needed for this

after the water

supplied so

that tenants

could

not

purpose, besides 16,000 horse-power for lighting,

take

too much wit

hout it

being known. The

re

s

ult

making a

tota

l

of

20,000 horse-power. The

quantity

was that

about

12 gallons per

head

was the rate of of

steam required

will

be three

times that con

consumption. The whole loss was only

about

s

umed

in 1889 ; and

it therefore

became neces-

16 per

cent.,

that being the difference

between

the

sary to

centralise

the power

stations,

instea

d

of

quantity of

water pumped

and that

paid

for.

making

them

numerous

and

independent.

Follow-

Mr. J. Macfarlane Gray wished

to add

a word in ing this

plan,

the steam-producing plant will be

commendation of the great

ingenuity

of the Schon- collected in two buildings placed parallel to the

heyder meter. I t had been a real pleasure to

him to

old

Machinery

Hall, and near each end

of

the

trace

its mechanism, and he had tried to think out E lectricity Building. One of the boiler-houses

the geometry

of

the parts. He

would recommend is

situated near the Bourdonnais entrance to

all young engineers

to

do

the same

as a

most

useful

the

Champ

de Mars on the

Avenue de la

Bour-

mathematical exercise. donnai s ; th is will be occupied

to the

boilers of

Sir

Edward Carbutt,

summing

up

the discussion, French mak ers.

The

second, on

the Avenue

de

referred to

the

National Physical Laboratory on

the Suffren side, will be given up to foreign co

ntri-

Council

of

which

he

was a

representative of

the

butors.

Of course, in each case

the generators

Institution. The

Government

had

agreed

to allow supplying

steam

will

constitute

exhibits. The

12,OOOl. and would spend 4000l. a year for working electrical

units,

consisting each

of

an

engine

and

expenses.

He

thought that

it

would be an excellent direct-coupled dynamo, will be placed as near as

feature of

the

work

undertaken

by

the laborat

o

ry

possible

to the

boiler-houses in a gallery

parallel

if a

rrangem

ents were mad e for

the

efficient

testin

g

to them,

which

has been

built

adjoining the

of

water met

ers.

He

had himself

required such

Electricity

Building with the

old

ironwork of

tests,

and had

found g

reat

difficulty in

getting them

the 30-metre gallery

of

1889.

This

is the

same

carried o

ut

satisfactorily. st

ructure

that came partly to grief last year

during

Mr.

Schonheyder,

in

replying to the discussion,

the

attempt to

shift

them in

imitation of American

referred to the remarks

of

Professor Unwin

in re- pract ice. Be tween

the boiler

-houses and

the

gard

to the

Venturi

meter,

and accepted

the

correc- building to

contain

the engines and dynamos, and

tion. His

idea

of this meter was that

it

would find which is in a

very

backward state, a passage 6

a useful position in being placed between the mains metres wide has been mad e. On account

of

t.he

of two companies

interchanging water

.

If the

flow

arrangem

-

ents that

we

have just referred to, it has

were

very

slow, however,

the

returns would

not

be been necessary

to

combine

the machinery and

accurate .

He thought the minimum

flow

might

be electricity

groups

for

the

foreign ex

hibitors, and

taken

a t

ft.

per

second

in the main

.where large

the

classes of

steam

engines,

and

the

production

quantities

of

water

were in question.

He

ha.d

tried

and mechanical

utilisation of

e

lectricity,

in

the

lignum vitre for bearings;

this

would work well so French section.

Each of

the boiler-houses,

placed

long as

plenty

of

water

was

present,

but

if the

in a court 117 metres long by

40 metre

s wid e

meter became dry

the

wo od would

be

likely to

split.

(384ft. by 131 ft. ), comprises a

building

106 metres

Mr. Ph,ilip Bright

had

referred to the Tylor

meter,

by 28 metres (344ft. by 92ft.). The total height is

illustrations

of

which accompanied the paper, and 14.40 metres (47 ft. 3

in.),

including

1.20

metre

he

(Mr.

Schonheyder) wished to apologise

if

these ( 4 ft.) for the lantern ; the

framework

is chiefly

of

showed

an

older

type than that

now used, but

if Mr.

N

trusses

6. 70

metres

(18 ft. 8

in.)

dEep,

and with

Bright

would

send

a drawing

the matter

would be

set

vertical

bars

spaced 3.46

metre

s (11 ft. 4

in.)

right in

t

he l\

ans

ac t

ions.

In regard to small

flows, he

apart; these are

placed

at intervals

of 9

metres

stated

that i

an

inferential

meter

would

not reg

ister

(29 ft. 6

in.), at

which

distances they

a

re carried

down

to

two gallons per

hour

the difference

might

on

iron

colmnns;

the detail

s offer

no partiouhr

be

enormous.

He

had

tested

a meter

of

the disc in te

rest.

There will be neither walls

nor

parti-

kind

against one of his own for two years, and had tions, but a covered

verandah

about 6 ft. wide will

found the difference to

be

18 per

cent.

In

regard to

run round

the buildings

;

the roof

covering will be

what

had been sa

id about sm all holes for ball of

corrugated

iron . Naturally these buildings are

valves, it was

to

be

remembered

that

the water was

made

as cheaply as possible, for though they will

flowing continu ously,

whilst

a meter had n

ot

to

be accessible

to

the public, they will be completely

register

all the

ti

me.

He

thought

that

if

a

meter screened between the

o

ld Machinery

Hall

and

the

cost 2l.,

and the

loss was 18 per

cent., it

would

be engine

and

dyn

amo gallery, which

in its turn ,vill

very

dear at

t

he

price as compared

to hi

s

meter

; be practically

hidden by the Electricity Building.

one example of which,

exhibited on

the table, cost The bo

ilers

will be

ranged

in two rows

back

to

3l 7s. 6d. In

furth

er

reference

to

the subject

of cost

back with

a passage

betw

een

them,

and another

of JDeasuring water

he

said there were a good

many pa

ssage on each

side betwe

en

the fronts

of the

of his

type registering

a flow of

water supplied

at the

I

oilers and the sides of the

buildings ;

the central

7/23/2019 Engineering Vol 69 1900-02-02

8/31

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a

7/23/2019 Engineering Vol 69 1900-02-02

9/31

FEB. 2, 1900.]

E N G I N E E R I N G.

,

FOUR-CRANK

TRIPLE-EXPANSION ENGINES FOR

HIGH-SPEED

LAUNCH.

CON TRUCTED BY lVIE. 1 R.. 1 I1\1P ON, TRICKLAND, AND 0 0., LI1IITED, D A R T O U T H

\

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... .-...

THE LAUNCH ST EAMING AT

A

S PEED OF 17 MIL ES PER

H ou

R.

'

to whether the expectation

on

this subject will be of natural draught and the lofty structures required

fully rea lised, for, some ornamentation apart, there for the purpose, might have been adopted with

is nothing very remarkable or attractive about the se advantage. As these chimneys will

be

conspicuous

chimneys, which resemble pl

en t

y of other indus- f ea tu res on the Champ de

Mar

s,

and

as they are

trial shafts in France and elsewhere.

We

should exhibits, it may be of interest t o give a somewhat

have thought, indeed,

that

other means

than that

detailed description of

on

e of them-that on the side

'

. '

. '

,

. . .

0 0

'

.

' .

. .

I

'

J

I o o

i .

.

.

'

.

of the Avenue de la Suffren. The contract price was

203,000 francs,

and

it

has been built

by

t

he

well

known contractors, MM. Nicou and Demarigny.

t

is wholly of brick, is 80 m

et

res 262 ft. 5 in.) above

the

ground, a

nd is

enriched with polychromatic

decor

at

ion at the

top and near

the base.

Its

in

ternal diameter at the

bottom

is 5. 20 metres 17 ft. ),

and at the top 4 50 metres 14ft. 9 in.) ; the thick

ness of the brickwork varies from 2. 90 metres

9

ft.

6 in. ) at the base to .23 metre 9 in.) at

the

summit ;

on the

inside are eight

sets

back,

to

pro

vide for

the

reduced thicknesses of the walls.

The

shaft is strengthened at eight points by iron bands,

and very efficient lightning

conductor

s are

provided

to insure the safety of t he lofty strua t ure.

A close approximation of the value of the ground

for t

he

foundation was possible from

the

experience

of

the

foundat ions of the adjaining Machinery

Hall,

which have not

shown

any

sign

of failing

during the twelve

years

they

have

been constructed;

the

load

on

each of

the

pil es of

these

is 12,000

kilogrammes .

The

total calculated weight of the

chimney is 5, 733,000 kilogrammes,

and

the resist

ance of each pile is 20,000 kilogrammes, giving a

tota l of 2,760,000 ki logrammes ;

the

load

on

the

ground

is

equal

to 1.17 kilogrammes per square

centimetre, while for the

Machinery

Hall the corre

sponding load is 1.32 kilogrammes, so that the

ma rgin of safety was obviously ample.

On

account

of the large

din1

ensions of the horizontal flues

le

ad

in

g to the bo

ttom

of the chimney, the

shaft had

to

be taken to

a

depth

of 8

metr

es 26 ft. 3

in.)

below

the ground, which is of

somewhat

plastic

clay

overlying gravelly sand at a depth of 16 metres

52 ft. 6 in.) ; the piles on which the foundations

are suppo

rted are

driven into this sand. Altogether

138 piles were

dr i

ve

n,

9.50 metres 30

ft.)

long,

and

.43 m

etre

16.9 in.)

in

diameter ; the tops of

these piles projected about 33

in.

above

the

floor of

t he

ex

cavation, which was

then

filled

in to

a

depth

of 5 ft ., the diameter of the

foundation

being

18 met res 59 ft . 6 in.). Upon this the brickwork

of the

shaft

was commenced. As has been ex

plained, the flues

enter the shaft

opposite each

other,

and

a pa

rtition

wall across the shaft, carried

to a

height

of 1

metre

above the

ground

level,

7/23/2019 Engineering Vol 69 1900-02-02

10/31

separates thetn

from each other. The decorative

work on

the

ch

imn

e

y, whi

ch

appear

s

to ha

ve given

gr

ea

t satis

faction to

th e

Admi

nistrati

on, is

el

abo

rated in coloured br ick, th e

predominant

colour

being white, forming a. ground for th A red -a

nd

black br icks

t hat

ar

e ve

ry fr

ee

ly used. There

i

s,

in additi

o

n, some applied ceramic decoration,

t

he

in

ve

nt ion of a

M. St

iever, and which is

said

to

be

very du rab le, in

expensi

ve, and easy of ap plication.

is ma d

e

from

silicious

clay

mode

ll

ed

to

the de

sired shape

on a foundat

ion

of

wid

e mes

hed

iron

lattic

e or expn,nded me

tal, and kiln

ed at a tempera

ture

of

about

1200

de

g.

Aft

er

this the

s

ur f

ace

is

painted and

ename

lled

and

then baked

. Th e illu

s

tration

on

p

age 150

gives a good

idea

of t

he

d

esign

and decoration of t he chimney. As to its

actua

l

condition, the sha

ft

is finished and a part of the

applied

deco

ration

s

are in place. Th

e e

rect

ion , so

f

ar as the pedestal

w

as

co

nc

erned, was carried on

from a fixed scaffolding ; the shaft was built

by

means

of an internal movable staging fixed by

cramps

and

r ai

se

d

as

the

work advanced;

acce

ss

to

the

stag

ing w

as obtain

ed by an in te

rnal

ladder

that was

car

ri ed

up

with t he work . Th ere is also

tn ex ternal ladder fo

rmed

of foot irons built in to

ah e

br ickwork

at

in terva

ls of

about

12

in.

A hole

1s ma de in the centre of each of t hese irons to serve

in the future

as

a m

ea

ns of attaching the connec-

tions

for a flyin g stage.

Durin

g erection all the

materi

al was h ois

ted to the working

plat f

or

m

by a

winch

place

d on the

grou

nd

in

s

id

e the s

haf

t.

Th

e

secon

d c

himn

ey hns a height of

88

metres

(288 ft. 8

in .

), of which 8

metres

(26 f

t.

3

in .)

are

bel

ow th e gr

ound

level.

Th

e nature

of

t he fo

und

a

tion is

ve

ry

s

imilar to

that already desc

rib

ed ;

piles

and a bed of conc rete

carry

t he chimney ; above

the concrete are laid tapering

stone

footings,

wi t

h

an

exte

ri

or diameter

of 1

6.50

metres (65

ft .

) at the

base,

and 1

2.90 metres

(32 ft . 3 in. ) at the

top,

and internal

diameter

s of 4.36 and 6.90 m

etres

(14ft.

3

in. and 22

ft . 7

in .

).

Th i

s enclo

se

d

space

is lin

ed

with brick

so

as

to

le

ave a finished

di

a

meter of 3.

20 metres

(10 ft. 6 in. at t he base

and

6.20 metres (20 ft . 4 in.) at the ground level. As

in

the oth

er chimney,

t he flues

are

l

ed into

the

uptake at opposite

points

and

are separat ed

fr

om

each other

by

a. par t

it i

on wall. Th e thickness of

the shaft varies from 2 .90

metres

(

9ft.

6

in

.)

at

the

pedestal

to

.35 metre

(

14 in.)

at the cap. Th e

illustration, Fig.

10

, shows the gen

er a

l sch eme

of decoration of

this

c

himn

ey,

which

is l

arge

ly

wo

rk

ed o

ut in coloured br i

cks ;

the

eff

ect

is

ve

ry

sa t

isfac

to ry,

t ho

ugh more

s

imple

than

that

of the

other

shaft. This

w

ork

was compl

eted

by MM.

To

isoul and

Fr

adet , a.nd the mode of erect ion calls

for

no particular comment. So far as

t

he chimneys

are concerned

it

is

cl

ea

r t

ha

t the

motive

power of

the

Exhibiti

on will not be retard ed,

and

it is to be

hoped that the ex

hibitors

of s

team e ~ a t o r s

on

w

hich

t

he

s

upply

of

power

will dep&nd,

w1

ll not

be

behind wi t

h their part of t

he work.

HAND

AND

MACHINE

LABOUR.

C

onti

nu

ed

jrO f{/,

page

l l f>.)

THE work of

perforatin

g bank ues

~ n d

ruling paper m

ay

be

referred

to as

tnterestln

g

examples

of a.

small

indu

st

ry developed

by o ~ r -

saving

machinery. In

1866 one man was occup1ed

760 ho

ur

s

at

a

high

r

ate

of wages (2 dols. a day)

to

perforate

160,000 ba

nk

cheques (or their eq uivalen t)

T ABLE IV Production. of Perfora ting 150,000 Bank

Cheques.

Mode of Production.

ate

. . . . .

Number of different opera

tions in

vo

lved . . .. .

Number of

wo

rkmen em-

pl

oyed ... .. . ...

Number of hours

wo rk

ed

Cost of labour . .. .

Avera.ge rate of wages per

day . . . .

Hand.

1856

1

1

750

150 d

ole.

2

dola.

Machine.

1896

5

6

9 b. 18 m.

.

971

d o

l.

3.90

d

ola.

T ABLE

V P

roduction of 100

Rea

rns of

Ru led P aper.

Mode

of

Pr

oduction. Hand. M a c b i n ~

Date

... ... ... .

.

1819 1895

Number ofdifferent opera

3

tions involved . . . . 1

Number of workmen em

2

pla

ye

d ... .. . .

1

Number of hours worked 4800 2 h. 45

m.

Cost of labour .. . . . 400 dols. .

85

do

l.

*

Average rate of wages per

1

dol.

3

.

50

dola.

da y

. . .. .

.

* Not including

cos

t of furnishing power.

t lt

labt>ur

cost

of loO dols,

In

1896

six

pe1sons,

E N G I N E E R I N

G.

representin

g 9 hours 18

minute

s of labour, were

occupied at a w

ages cost

of . 971 do

l.

(see

Table IV .)

Entirely of histo

rical

interest

are data

given

in Table V . Here the orig

in

al

metho

d of l

ini

ng

paper in

1819

by quill

a

nd ruler is compared with

t hat in

vogue

in 1895. At the fo

rm

er

da

te

the

time re

quired

to

rule

1

00

reams of

pape

r 14 in.

by

17 in . was 4800 h ours; at prasent

this

is

redu

ced

to

two

ho

ur

s

and 30 minutes

; a

rati

o of 1920

to 1.

One

person was occ

upi ed

on this dr

eary

work

du ring

400 days at a do

llar

a day

in

1819 ; while

two

per

sons were engaged d

ur i

ng

2

ho

ur

s, one

at

4 d ols .

the

ot

her at 3 dols.

per day in

1895.

The lab

o

ur

cost

was

respectiv

e

ly

400 dols . and .85 dol.

Be

tween t hat r em

ote date and

1895

many

improve

ments had

been

made t o alleviate the lot of

th

e

unf

o

rtuna

te q

uill ru l

er , the

handruling

mac

hin

e

havin

g made the

work muc

h eas

ier

and

more

rapid, but

this

b

ecame

obso

lete

since 1

860

.

BooTs

AND

SHoEs.

Al though

boot-makin

g

ma

chinery is

la rgely

used

in

t his co

un

try , t

he

full developmen t of t he

indu

s

t

ry has

tak

en place

in

the

U

ni ted

States.

Among

a

numb

er of different cl

asses

we h

ave

sel

ected

two,

s

umm arise

d

in

t

he

T

ab

les VI.

and

V

II. Th

e

T ABLE V 1.- Prod uct1on of

100

Pa,irs of M ens Boots,

Cheap Grade.

Mode

of

Production. Hand.

Date

.. ... ... .. . 1859

Numberof differe

nt

opera-

tions invohed ... . .

83

Number of workmen

em-

\1achine.

1895

122

ployed . ... . .

2 113

N

um

ber of hours worked

Cost of labour . . .

Average rate of wages per

1436 h. 40

m.

154 h . 4.9

m.

408.5 dols. 35.4 dols.

hou r .. . . .. . .30 do

l.

.30 do

l.

T ABLE V I I P roduction of

100

Pa irs Wo-nun s

Shoes, H

ig

h Grade.

Mode of P roduction. Hand. MA.Chine.

Date... .. . . . .. .

1875 1896

Number of

d1ff

er

ent

opera-

tions .. . . 102 140

Number of workmen e

m-

ployed ... . .

..

.

1 140

Number of hou rs worked

1996

h.

40

m.

1

73 b.

29.5

m.

Cost of labo

ur

... ... 499.166 do a. 54.653

dol

s.

Average rate of wages per

hour .. . .. . .. . .25 do

l.

.30 do

l.

da

tes

of c

om

p

ari

son

in

T

ab

le

VI.

are

1859 a

nd

1895

; and in

T

able VII.

they

ar

e 1876

and

1896.

As regards

the

fo

rm

er ,

whi

ch deals wi

th the

pr

o

duction of 1

00

pairs of

men,s

cheap-grade

pegged

boots w i ~ h half-doub

le soles, the 100

pairs were

made

by two persons by