Engineering-related Concepts and Associated Mathematics

8/11/2019 Engineering-related Concepts and Associated Mathematics

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31 >: !#/b+/;0:/?G 3;8 E/#9 >: :=,/83;0/ 31 4"D !#/b+/;0:/?B C>31 =/3;? 1>31 :1 03; A/ :;?/#1/8 :; 3

1#3;?=:??:"; 4:;/G #/?+41:;< :; 1>/ >: !#/b+/;0:/? A/:;< ,3??/8 3;8 4"D !#/b+/;0:/? A/:;< #/!4/01/8B
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_flux_densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_%28signal_processing%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_componenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-pass_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-pass_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band-pass_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band-stop_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-pass_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete-timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous-timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-linear_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_impulse_responsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_impulse_responsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-pass_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-pass_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-pass_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-pass_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactance_%28electronics%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LC_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stub_%28electronics%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RC_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-passhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-passhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-passhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band-passhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band-stophttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/1st_Order_Lowpass_Filter_RC.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band-stophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band-passhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-passhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-passhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RC_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stub_%28electronics%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LC_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactance_%28electronics%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-pass_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-pass_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-pass_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-pass_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_impulse_responsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_impulse_responsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-linear_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous-timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete-timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-pass_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band-stop_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band-pass_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-pass_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-pass_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_componenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_%28signal_processing%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_flux_densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_field


11/25

J:Q/D:?/G !"# 1>/ :44+?1#31/8 4"DHpass filter, the circuit can be connected to a transmission line,

1#3;?=:11:;< 4"D !#/b+/;0:/? 3;8 #/!4/01:;< >: !#/b+/;0:/?B O?:; 4:;Q?B C>/ "A./01? 3#/ 0344/8 E/#1:0/? 3;8

1>/ 4:;Q? 3#/ 0344/8 /8/ 8/:0> >3E/ 3; "88 8/


12/25

3B

F; :;8+01"# R"# #/301"# "# 0":4T :? 3,3??:E/1D"H1/#=:;34/4/01#:034 0"=,";/;1 +?/8 1" ?1"#//;/#3? :;8+013;0/ R?// l71#3:1 D:#/ 0";8+01"#l /b+31:"; A/4"DT 341>"+ 1>/

0";8+01"# :? 19,:03449 D"+;8 :; 4"",? 1" #/:;!"#0/ 1>/ =3:0> A9J/;NU? J3D ",,"?/? 1>/ 0>3;31 0#/31/8 :1B L;8+01"#?

3#/ ";/ "! 1>/ A3?:0 0"=,";/;1? +?/8 :; /4/01#";:0? D>/#/ 0+##/;1 3;8 E"4133; 1:=/G 8+/ 1"

1>/ 3A:4:19 "! :;8+01"#? 1" 8/439 3;8 #/?>3,/ 341/#;31:;< 0+##/;1?B L;8+01"#? 0344/80>"Q/? 3#/ +?/8 3?

,3#1? "! !:41/#? :; ,"D/# ?+,,4:/? "# 03; A/ +?/8 1" A4"0Q FV ?:/ /!!/01 "! 3; :;8+01"# :; 3 0:#0+:1 :? 1" ",,"?/ 0>3;#"+ :1 A9 8/E/4",:;< 3 E"4133;/ #/431:";?>:, A/1D//; 1>/ 1:=/HE3#9:;< E"413 :;8+013;0/ J 3;8 1>/

1:=/HE3#9:;< 0+##/;1 :R1T ,3??:;< 1>#"+ :1 :? 8/?0#:A/8 A9 1>/8:!!/#/;1:34 /b+31:";e

/B

!B

S>/; 1>/#/ :? 3?:;+?":834341/#;31:;< 0+##/;1 RFVT 1>#"+ 3; :;8+01"#G 3 ?:;+?":834 E"413/ 3=,4:1+8/ "! 1>/ E"413/ ,#"8+01 "! 1>/ 3=,4:1+8/ RL-T "! 1>/ 0+##/;1 3;8 1>/

!#/b+/;09 R!T "! 1>/ 0+##/;1BB

:B

.B

L; 1>:? ?:1+31:";G 1>/,>3?/ of the current lags that of the voltage by /2.

QB

L! 3; :;8+01"# :? 0";;/01/8 1" 3 8:#/01 0+##/;1 ?"+#0/ D:1> E34+/ L E:3 3 #/?:?13;0/ (G 3;8 1>/; 1>/ 0+##/;1

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D:44 8:?0>3# 3;/@,";/;1:34 8/039e

4BNXL

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?; 2++&%11

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L- 388#/??/? 3#/ 1>/ 388#/??:;< ?0>/=/ +?/8 31 439/# 6 "! A"1> 1>/ CV- ="8/4 3;8 ^7L M"8/4

AB

C>/ 5 =3."# E/#?:";? "! L- 3#/ L-EW 3;8 L-EY

0B

L-EW :? R31 1>/ 1:=/ "! 1>:? D#:1:;/ ="?1 D:8/?,#/38 E/#?:"; :! L-

:B

V43?? F

)B

*B*B*B*H )5ZB5XXB5XXB5XX::B

V43?? K

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:::B

V43?? V

)B

)\5B*B*B*H 556B5XXB5XXB5XX

P9LKirchhoffs Current Law

3B

This law is also called Kirchhoffs first law, Kirchhoffs point rule, Kirchhoffs junction rule (or nodal rule)

and Kirchhoffs first rule.

AB

C>/ ,#:;0:,4/ "! 0";?/#E31:"; "! /4/01#:0 0>3#31 1>/ 34


13/25

0B

(/0344:;< 1>31 0+##/;1 :? 3 ?:/ ,#:;0:,4/ "! 0";?/#E31:"; "! /;/#310B

C>/ 8:#/01/8 ?+= "! 1>/ /4/01#:034,"1/;1:34 8:!!/#/;0/? RE"413//=!? :; 3;9 04"?/8 4"", :? /b+:E34/;1 1" 1>/ ?+= "! 1>/ ,"1/;1:34 8#",? :;

1>31 4"",B

!B

"#

/ 34/ 0";8+01"#? 3;8 1>/ 0+##/;1? :; 1>/= :; 3

04"?/8 4"", :? /b+34 1" 1>/ 1"134/=! 3E3:43A4/ :; 1>31 4"",B

>B

7:=:43#49 1" _VJG :1 03; A/ ?131/8 3?e

:B

.B

I/#/G ; :? 1>/ 1"134 ;+=A/# "! E"41331 /;/#/# A/ 0#/31/8 ;"# A/ 8/?1#"9/8e :1 03; A/ 1#3;?!"#=/8

!#"= ";/ !"#= 1" 3;"1>/# "# 1#3;?!/##/8 !#"= ";/ ,430/ 1" 3;"1>/#B

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@)K .I /."1%&M)*$." .I 3.5%"*O5

3B

M3??) o E/4"0:19) i M3??5 o P/4"0:19 5

PSL

@%"^ @)K

3B

J/;NU? 43D :? 3 0"=="; D39 "! +;8/#?13;8:;< >"D /4/01#"=3:#8 43D and Energy. Lenzs law is named afterI/:;#:0> J/;NG3;8 :1 ?39?e

AB

F; :;8+0/8/4/01#"="1:E/ !"#0/ R/=!T 34D39? 1>/ =:;+? ?::0>

:;8:031/? 1>31 1>/ :;8+0/8 /=! R ) and the change in flux (B) have opposite signsB

PTL

@$"%)& /."#&O%"*$)( #%"%&)*.&

3B

F =/1>"8 !"#


14/25

3B

L;,>9?:0?G1>/J"#/;1N !"#0/ :? 1>/!"#0/ "; 3,":;1 0>3#/!"#0/R:;;/D1";?T

/B

!:? 1>//4/01#:0 !:/48R:;E"41?,/#=/1#/T

!B B:? 1>/=33#/ ,3#1:04/ R:;=/1#/?,/#?/0";8T

:B

p :? 1>/E/01"# 0#"?? ,#"8+01

.B

F44 1>/ b+3;1:1:/? D#:11/; :;V.(+I)/%3#/M%/*.&1B

QB

C>/ J"#/;1N !"#0/ 43D >3? 3 04"?/ #/431:";?>:, D:1>23#3839U? 43D "! :;8+01:";B

4B

F ,"?:1:E/49 0>3#/ ?3=/ 4:;/3# "#:/;131:"; 3? 1>/ % !:/48G A+1 D:44

0+#E/ ,/#,/;8:0+43#49 1" A"1> 1>/ :;?13;13;/"+? E/4"0:19 E/01"# E 3;8 1>/ K !:/48 300"#8:;< 1" 1>/#:1H

>3;8 #+4/ R:; 8/13:4G :! 1>/ 1>+=A "! 1>/ #:1 >3;8 ,":;1? 34";< E 3;8 1>/ :;8/@ !:;:4/ 1>/ 1/#= bE p K :? 0344/8 1>/ =3/ !"#=+43 !"# 1>/ =3/ /4/01#:0 !"#0/T /# R;";?13;83#8T ;3=/B C>:?

3#1:04/ D:44 ;"1 !"44"D 1>:? ;"=/;0431+#/e L; D>31 !"44"D?G 1>/ 1/#= lJ"#/;1N !"#0/l D:44 #/!/# ";49 1" 1>/

/@,#/??:"; !"# 1>/ 1"134 !"#0/B

PWL

3%%H.&*

3B

M/# >34!G 1>/; +?:;< 3 =/#/ M39/#&"#1"; 1>/"#/=G ?131/?

1>31 3;9 0"44/01:"; "!E"413 3 ?:;/"#/= 03; 34?" A/ 3,,4:/8 1" / &"#1";

/b+:E34/;1 :? +?/8 1" #/,#/?/;1 3;9 ;/1D"#Q "! 4:;/3# ?"+#0/? 3;8 :=,/83;0/?G 31 3 /

0:#0+:1 0";?:?1? "! 3; :8/34 0+##/;1 ?"+#0/ :; ,3#344/4 D:1> 3; :8/34 :=,/83;0/ R"# #/?:?1"# !"# ;";H#/301:E/

0:#0+:1?TB

Q9L

/ ^>=? J3D ?131/? 1>31 1>/ 0+##/;1 1>#"+ 3 0";8+01"# A/1D//; 1D" ,":;1? :? 8:#/0149 ,#","#1:";34

1" 1>/ ,"1/;1:34 8:!!/#/;0/ 30#"?? 1>/ 1D" ,":;1? 3;8 :;E/#?/49 1" 1>/ #/?:?13;0/ A/1D//; 1>/=B

AB

C>/ =31>/=31:034 /b+31:"; 1>31 8/?0#:A/? 1>:? #/431:";?>:, :?e

0B

QNL/; 1#3E/4:;< 30#"?? 3

;/1D"#Q

VL

^;:"; #"+1:;< "00+#? D>/; /30> #"+1/# :; 1>/ ;/1D"#Q :? 3; ";:"; #"+1/#B %30> #"+1/# >3? 3

,+A4:0`,#:E31/ Q/9 ,3:#B %30> #"+1/# ";49 Q;"D? 5 1>:;


15/25


16/25

VL

QTL

;&%/$1$." .I ?"I.&5)*$." 8%*&$%M)( HJ1*%5

)LQUL;OV($/ _%J -&J0*.#&)04J

3B

L; ,+A4:0 Q/9 0#9,1"9 /30> +?/# >3? 3 ,+A4:0 Q/9 1>31 :? ?>3#/8 3;8 3 ,#:E31/ Q/9B F +?/# D"+48

/;0#9,1 8313 D:1> >:?`>/# ,#:E31/ Q/9 3;8 ?/;8 :1 1" 3;"1>/# +?/#B C>/ #/0:,:/;1 D"+48 8/0#9,1 1>/ 8313

+?:;< 1>/ ?/;8/#? ,+A4:0 Q/9B

AB

F +?/# 03; 0"=A:;/ >is/her private key with the recipients public key (encrypting more than once) to

0#/31/ 3 ?/0#/1 ;" ";/ /4?/ 03; ?//B

0B

+L

QWL

0'" O"/*$."a+$.+%


17/25

3B

F ,; .+;01:"; :? !"#=/8 31 1>/ A"+;83#9 A/1D//; 3-H19,/ 3;8&H19,/?/=:0";8+01"# 0#/31/8 :; 3

?:; ";/ 19,/ "! 8",3;1 "; 1", "! 3 439/# "! 0#9?134 8",/8 D:1>

3;"1>/# 19,/ "! 8",3;1TB L! 1D" ?/,3#31/ ,:/0/? "! =31/#:34 D/#/ +?/8G 1>:? D"+48 :;1#"8+0/ 3"4/?Bq0:131:"; ;//8/8rB

AB

-& .+;01:";? 3#/ /4/=/;13#9 lA+:48:;< A4"0Q?l "! =3;9?/=:0";8+01"# /4/01#";:0 8/E:0/? ?+0> 3?

8:"8/?G1#3;?:?1"#?G?"43# 0/44?GJ%]?G3;8:;1//9 3#/ 1>/ 301:E/ ?:1/? D>/#/ 1>/

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-. ;&.0%&*$%1 .I 0'" `O"/*$."'

8B

C>/ ,; .+;01:"; ,"??/??/? ?"=/ :;1/#/?1:;< ,#",/#1:/? D>:0> >3E/ +?/!+4 3,,4:031:";? :; ="8/#;

/4/01#";:0?B F ,H8",/8 ?/=:0";8+01"# :? #/431:E/490";8+01:E/BC>/ ?3=/ :? 1#+/ "! 3; ;H8",/8

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"! !"#D3#8 A:3? 3;8 #/E/#?/ A:3?G D>/#/ 1>/ 1/#= A:3? #/!/#? 1" 3; 3,,4:031:"; "! /4/01#:0E"413/ .+;01:";B C>:? ,"1/;1:34 8:!!/#/;0/ :? 0344/8 A+:41H:; ,"1/;1:34

PA:B

/ ,; :;1/#!30/ 1/;8 1" 8:!!+?/ :;1" 1>/

, #//9 4/3E/ ,"?:1:E/49 0>3#"4/?

;/3# 1>/ ,; :;1/#!30/ A// ;H19,/ #// ,; :;1/#!30/? 4"?/ 1>/:# ;/+1#34:19 3;8 A/0"=/ 0>3#B

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4.(%1 /."/%"*&)*$." )&% &%0.&*%+ &%10%/*$M%(J K$*4 V(O% )"+ &%+ ($"%1L 7&)J &%#$."1 )&% /4)% "%O*&)(

@$#4* &%+ ^."% $1 0.1$*$M%(J /4)%+L @$#4* V(O% ^."% $

.B

QB

C>//4/01#:0 !:/48 0#/31/8 A9 1>/ ?,30/ 0>3#"4/?B C>/#/ 3#/ 1D" 0";0+##/;1 ,>/;"=/;3e 1>/ 8:!!+?:"; ,#"0/?? 1>31 1/;8? 1"


18/25

8:!!+?:";B C>/ 03##:/# 0";0/;1#31:"; ,#"!:4/ 31 /b+:4:A#:+= :? ?>"D; :;!: A4+/ 3;8 #/8 4:;/?B

F4?" ?>"D; 3#/ 1>/ 1D" 0"+;1/#A343;0:;< ,>/;"=/;3 1>31 /?13A4:?> /b+:4:A#:+=B

4B

5L

R$#O&% N R$#O&% BD 2 0" `O"/*$." $" *4%&5)( %]O$($V&$O5 K$*4 ^%&. V$)1 M.(*)#% )00($%+L G"+%& *4%

`O"/*$."b 0(.*1 I.& *4% /4)% +%"1$*Jb *4% %(%/*&$/ I$%(+ )"+ *4% M.(*)#% )&% &%0.&*%+L

;B

C>/?,30/ 0>3#3#31

>3E/ A//; 4/!1 +;0"E/#/8 A9=3."#:19 03##:/# 8:!!+?:";B S>/; /b+:4:A#:+= :? #/30>/8G 1>/ 0>3#/ #/3#/ /8/ ?,30/ 0>3#3#, R?//!:/ ?,30/ 0>3#3# ?:8/? "! 1>/ ,; :;1/#!30/?G 1>+? :1 /@1/;8? !3#1>/# "; 1>/ 4/?? 8",/8

?:8/ R1>/ ; ?:8/ :; !:/ 8:"8/ /b+31:"; / 0+##/;1 1>#"+ 3 8:"8/ 3? 3 !+;01:"; "! E"413/

L8/34 ]:"8/ J3DG /@,#/??/8 3?e

bB

#B

D>/#/e

L i 1>/ ;/1 0+##/;1 !4"D:;< 1>#"+ 1>/ 8:"8/d

L* i l83#Q ?31+#31:"; 0+##/;1lG 1>/ 8:"8/ 4/3Q3/ 3A?/;0/ "! 4:1d
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pn-junction-equilibrium.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_charge_regionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donor_%28semiconductors%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acceptor_%28semiconductors%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majority_carrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pn-junction-equilibrium-graphs.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pn-junction-equilibrium-graphs.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pn-junction-equilibrium-graphs.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majority_carrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acceptor_%28semiconductors%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donor_%28semiconductors%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_charge_regionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pn-junction-equilibrium.png


19/25

P i 3,,4:/8 E"413/ 8:"8/d

b i 3A?"4+1/ E34+/ "!/4/01#"; 0>3#/ #/0"=A:;31:"; :; 3 8/E:0/B F 8:"8/ D:1> 3 43#3E/ 3 43#


20/25

0B

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C" !:;8 1>/ "E/#344 #/?:?13;0/ "! 1>/ 0:#0+:1G 388 +, 1>/ :;8:E:8+34 #/?:?13;0/? "! 1>/ /30> "! 1>/ #/?:?1"#?:B/B 6':';


21/25

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2"# 1>/ 03?/ D>/#/ 1>/ ?"+#0/ :? 3; +;0>3;/

?/0";8 "#8/# 8:!!/#/;1:34 /b+31:";e

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C>:? 03; +?/!+449 A/ /@,#/??/8 :; 3 ="#/ :; +;:1? "!3;/ ;/,/# !#/b+/;09G "# 311/;+31:";G 3;8

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#/="E/8B &/,/# "00+#? :; 1>/ ;3=/ A/03+?/ 1>/ +;:1? 03; 34?" A/ 0";?:8/#/8 1" A/;/,/#? ,/# ?/0";8G

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SPL

H%M%" B&$+#%1 .I _c"$#1V%
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_sourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirchhoff%27s_voltage_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutive_equationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutive_equationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transient_responsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transient_responsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutive_equationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutive_equationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirchhoff%27s_voltage_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_source


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)L

VL -/",4/ D3;1/8 1" A/ 3A4/ 1" E:?:1 /30> 3#/3 "! 1>/ 0:19 3;8 0#"?? /30> A#:8 :? 3 ,31> :; 3 1>31 0#"??/? /30> /8/ A#:8:? 03?/T ";49 ";0/B

SQL

H0)""$"# >&%%

3B

F ?,3;;:;< 1#// C "! 3 0";;/01/8 +;8:#/01/8 ' :? 3 1#// D>:0> 0";13:;? 344 1>/ /8


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AB

= coefficient of viscosity

0B

#i#38:+? "! ?,>/#/

8B

EiE/4"0:19 "! ?,>/#/ 1>#"+ !4+:8

SWL

HJ55%*&$/ -&J0*.#&)04J

3B

79==/1#:0 0#9,1"9 +?/? 1>/ ?3=/ Q/9 1" /;0#9,1 3? 1" 8/0#9,1

AB

C" /;0#9,1 3 =/??3/ ?3=/ !+;01:";

SXL

>-; 3.+%(

3B

K/4"D :? 3 8:3/ ^7L ="8/4 "; 1>/ 4/!1

AB

S>/; 8313 :? ?/;1 :1 1#3E/4? 8"D; 1>/ ,#"1"0"4 ?130Q 1>/; D>/; A/:;< #/0/:E/8 1#3E/4? A30Q +,B

/L

T:L

>%50%&)*O&% A%0%"+%"/% .I &%1$1*$M$*J

3B

P T = P0 [1 + R>>*Tr

T9L

>4%&5$1*.&

3B

F 1>/#=:?1"# :? 3 19,/ "!#/?:?1"# D>"?/#/?:?13;0/ E3#:/? ?:1/=,/#31+#/G="#/ ?" 1>3; :;

?13;83#8 #/?:?1"#?B C>/ D"#8 :? 3,"#1=3;1/3+ "!1>/#=34 3;8#/?:?1"#BC>/#=:?1"#? 3#/ D:8/49 +?/8 3?:;#+?>0+##/;1 4:=:1/#?G 1/=,/#31+#/?/;?"#?G?/4!H#/?/11:;< "E/#0+##/;1 ,#"1/01"#?G 3;8 ?/4!H#//31:;< /4/=/;1?B

AB

C>/#=:?1"#? 8:!!/# !#"=#/?:?13;0/ 1/=,/#31+#/ 8/1/01"#? R(C]T :; 1>31 1>/ =31/#:34 +?/8 :; 3 1>/#=:?1"#

:? :4/ (C]? +?/ ,+#/ =/134?B C>/ 1/=,/#31+#/ #/?,";?/ :? 34?"

8:!!/#/;1d (C]? 3#/ +?/!+4 "E/# 43#/#=:?1"#? 19,:03449 30>:/E/ 3 >:/#

precision within a limited temperature range [usually 90uV 1" )6* uVrB

0B

F??+=:;:, A/1D//; #/?:?13;0/ 3;8 1/=,/#31+#/ :?

4:;/3#G1>/;e

8B

/B

S>/#/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_%28disambiguation%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heating_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistance_temperature_detectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistance_temperature_detectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heating_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_%28disambiguation%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistor


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!B

'i 0>3;3;B

?i !:#?1H"#8/# 1/=,/#31+#/ 0"/!!:0:/;1 "! #/?:?13;0/

:B

C>/#=:?1"#? 03; A/ 043??:!:/8 :;1" 1D" 19,/?G 8/,/;8:;< "; 1>/ ?:/ #/?:?13;0/

:;0#/3?/? D:1> :;0#/3?:;< 1/=,/#31+#/G 3;8 1>/ 8/E:0/ :? 0344/8 3,"?:1:E/ 1/=,/#31+#/ 0"/!!:0:/;1 R-CVT

1>/#=:?1"#G "# ,"?:?1"#B L! Q :? ;// #/?:?13;0/ 8/0#/3?/? D:1> :;0#/3?:;< 1/=,/#31+#/G 3;8 1>/

8/E:0/ :? 0344/8 3;//#=:?1"#?

3#/ 8/?:31 1>/:#

#/?:?13;0/ #/=3:;? ;/3#49 0";?13;1 "E/# 3 D:8/ 1/=,/#31+#/ #3;cE/;:;U? 1>/"#/= !"# 4:;/3#/4/01#:034 ;/1D"#Q? ?131/? 1>31 3;9 0"=A:;31:"; "!

E"413/"#/= ?131/? 1>31 3 0:#0+:1 "! E"413cE/;:;

/b+:E34/;1G D>:0> :? 3 ?:=,4:!:031:"; 1/0>;:b+/ +?/8 :; 0:#0+:1 3;349?:?B C>/ C>cE/;:; /b+:E34/;1 03; A/

+?/8 3? 3 1>/ #/?:?1"# #/,#/?/;1:;< 1>/:;1/#;34

:=,/83;0/ 3;8 1>/ ?"+#0/ #/,#/?/;1:;< 1>//4/01#"="1:E/ !"#0/TB C>/ 0:#0+:1 0";?:?1? "! 3; :8/34E"413&)"1I%& -."*&.( ;&.*./.(

3B

CV- #+;? 31 1>/ /8 1>/ CV- 3;8 ^7L ="8/4 R;"1 1" A/ 0";!+?/8

D:1> 1>/ CV- ="8/4G CV- :? 34?" ,3#1 "! 1>/ CV- ="8/4TB

AB

CV- /;?+#/? 3 4"/#/ :? 3 6 D39 >3;8?>3Q/ 1" :;:1:31/ 1>/ 0";;/01:";B F!1/# 1>31 1>/ ?/;8/# ?/;8? =/??3/ #/0/:E/# 30Q;"D4/8&%% [7&)04 >4%.&J\

)L F;9 0";;/01/8 30904:0 :? 3 1#//B
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature_coefficient#Positive_temperature_coefficient_of_resistancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature_coefficient#Negative_temperature_coefficienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermistor#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_sourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_sourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_impedancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_impedancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_impedancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromotive_forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_sourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_sourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistorhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Thermistor.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_sourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_sourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromotive_forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_impedancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_impedancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_impedancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_sourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_sourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermistor#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature_coefficient#Negative_temperature_coefficienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature_coefficient#Positive_temperature_coefficient_of_resistancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_number


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Engineering-related Concepts and Associated Mathematics

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