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Engineering matrerials
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Transcript of Engineering matrerials
Group MembersArshed Mehmood 08-ME-05
Usman Hafeez 08-ME-10Asad Munir 08-ME-14
Ali Adnan 08-ME-16
Engineering
Materials
Steel Classification
Classification of Steel
PRESENTATION TOPIC
Steel can be classified according to,
American’s Standard
% age of Carbon content
Classification Of Steel
According to
American Standards
The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) has established standards for specific analysis of steels. In the 10XX series, the first digit indicates a plain carbon steel. The second digit indicates a modification in the alloys. 10XX means that it is a plain carbon steel where the second digit (zero ) indicates that there is no modification in the alloys. The last two digits denote the carbon content in points. For example SAE 1040 is a carbon steel where 40 points represent 0.40 % Carbon content. Alloy steels are indicated by 2XXX, 3XXX, 4XXX, etc..
10XXExample
Plane Carbon Steel
Modification in the Alloys
Carbon Contents In the Points
Some More Example
SAE - AISI Number
Classification
1XXX Carbon steelsLow carbon steels: 0 to 0.25 % CMedium carbon steels: 0.25 to 0.55 % CHigh carbon steels: Above 0.55 % Carbon
2XXX Nickel steels5 % Nickel increases the tensile strength without reducing ductility.8 to 12 % Nickel increases the resistance to low temperature impact15 to 25 % Nickel (along with Al, Cu and Co) develop high magnetic properties. (Alnicometals)25 to 35 % Nickel create resistance to corrosion at elevated temperatures.
3XXX
NICKEL-CHROMIUM STEELS THESE STEELS ARE TOUGH AND DUCTILE AND EXHIBIT HIGH WEAR RESISTANCE, hardenability and high resistance to corrosion.
4XXX
MOLYBDENUM STEELS Molybdenum is a strong carbide former. It has a strong effect on hardenability and high temperature hardness. Molybdenum also increases the tensile strength of low carbon steels.
Usman Hafeez 08-ME-10
According To % age of Carbon Content
Generally, carbon is the most
important commercial steel alloy. Increasing carbon content increases hardness and strength and improves hardenability. But carbon also increases brittleness and reduces weldability because of its tendency to form martensite.
This means carbon content can be both a blessing and a curse when it comes to commercial steel.
Most commercial steels are classified into one of three groups:
Plain carbon steels
Low-alloy steels
High-alloy steels
These steels usually are iron with less than 1 percent carbon, plus small amounts of manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, and silicon.
The weldability and other characteristics of these steels are primarily a product of carbon content, although the alloying and residual elements do have a minor influence.
Plain carbon steels
Low
Medium
High
Very high
Plain carbon steels are further subdivided into four groups:
Ali Adnan 08-ME-16
Low
Low-carbon steels called mild steels, low-carbon steels have less than 0.30 percent carbon and are the most commonly used grades. They machine and weld nicely and are more ductile than higher-carbon steels.
Medium Medium-carbon steels have from 0.30 to
0.45 percent carbon. Increased carbon means increased hardness and tensile strength, decreased ductility, and more difficult machining.
High High Plane Carbon Steel With 0.45 to 0.75 percent carbon, these steels can be challenging to weld. Preheating, postheating (to control cooling rate), and sometimes even heating during welding become necessary to produce acceptable welds and to control the mechanical properties of the steel after welding.
Very High With up to 1.50 percent carbon content, very high-carbon steels are used for hard steel products such as metal cutting tools and truck springs. Like high-carbon steels, they require heat treating before, during, and after welding to maintain their mechanical properties.
Asad Munir 08-ME-14
When these steels are designed for welded applications, their carbon content is usually below 0.25 percent and often below 0.15 percent. Typical alloys include nickel, chromium, molybdenum, manganese, and silicon, which add strength at room temperatures and increase low-temperature notch toughness.
Low-alloy Steels
These alloys can, in the right combination, improve corrosion resistance and influence the steel's response to heat treatment. But the alloys added can also negatively influence crack susceptibility, so it's a good idea to use low-hydrogen welding processes with them. Preheating might also prove necessary. This can be determined by using the carbon equivalent formula, which we'll cover in a later issue.
For the most part, we're talking about stainless steel here, the most important commercial high-alloy steel. Stainless steels are at least 12 percent chromium and many have high nickel contents.
High-alloy Steels
Austenitic
Ferritic
Martensitic
The three basic types of stainless are:
Austenitic stainless steels offer excellent weldability, but austenite isn't stable at room temperature.
Consequently, specific alloys must be added to stabilize austenite. The most important austenite stabilizer is nickel, and others include carbon, manganese, and nitrogen.
Austenitic
Ferritic Ferritic stainless steels have 12 to
27 percent chromium with small amounts of austenite-forming alloys.
Martensitic Martensitic stainless steels make up the
cutlery grades. They have the least amount of chromium, offer high hardenability, and require both pre- and postheating when welding to prevent cracking in the heat-affected zone (HAZ).
The End Wish You Best Of Luck
Allah Hafiz
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