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E P L I S C N I O F R P E P L I S C N I O F R P P. VENUGOPALA RAO P. VENUGOPALA RAO Environmental Science Engineering Environmental Science Engineering & &

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EPLI SC N I OFR P EPLI SC N I OFR P

P. VENUGOPALA RAOP. VENUGOPALA RAO

Environmental Science

Engineering

Environmental Science

Engineering

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Sridevi Women’s Engineering CollegeHyderabad

New Delhi - 110092

2012

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Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, Rimjhim House, 111, PatparganjIndustrial Estate, Delhi-110092 and Printed by Mudrak, 30-A, Patparganj, Delhi-110091.

iii

Preface xi

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1.1 Constituents 3

Atmosphere 4Lithosphere 6Hydrosphere 7

1.2 Biogeochemical Cycles 8

Carbon Cycle 8Nitrogen Cycle 8Oxygen Cycle 10Phosphorous Cycle 10Sulphur Cycle 10

1.3 Human Activities 101.4 Sustainable Development 12

Summary 13Keywords 13Solved Questions 13Review Questions 15Objective Type Questions 15

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2.1 Introduction 162.2 Land Resources 18

Soil Formation 18Soil Erosion 19Land Degradation 19Prevention and Control 19Waste Land Reclamation 20

2.3 Mineral Resources 20

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2.4 Food Resources 22Livestock and Fisheries 23

2.5 Forest Resources 23

Demerits of Deforestation 25

2.6 Water Resources 25

Hydrological Cycle 25River Valley Projects 27Floods and Droughts 28Watershed Management Practices 29

2.7 Energy Resources 30

Fossil Fuels 31Hydel Power Plants 32Biogas 33Nuclear Energy 33Ocean Energy 34Solar Energy 35Fuel Cells 35Energy Conservation and Sustainability 35

Summary 36Keywords 37Solved Questions 37Review Questions 38Objective Type Questions 39

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3.1 Introduction 40

Characteristics of an Ecosystem 41

3.2 Structure of an Ecosystem 42

Biotic Components 42Abiotic Components 44

3.3 Functions of an Ecosystem 46

Energy 46Primary Production 46Secondary Production 47Food Chain 48Food Web 50Energy Flow 52Ecological Pyramids 54Biogeochemical Cycles 55

3.4 Ecological Succession 56

Kinds of Succession 56

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3.5 Types of Ecosystems 59

Aquatic Ecosystems 59Terrestrial Ecosystem 68Mountains and Caves 71

Summary 72Keywords 72Solved Questions 72Review Questions 74Objective Type Questions 74

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4.1 Introduction 75

4.2 Composition of Biodiversity 76

Genetic Diversity (Diversity within Species) 76Species Diversity 79Ecosystem Diversity 79

4.3 Factors Affecting Diversity 804.4 Value of Biodiversity 814.5 Biodiversity at Global Level 82

Biodiversity at National Level (India as a Megadiversity Nation) 83

4.6 Threats to Biodiversity 84

Natural Causes of Extinction 85Anthropogenic Threats to Biodiversity 85

4.7 Endemism and Biodiversity 90

Endemic Species of India 90Endangered Species of India 91Endangered Flora of India 92Endangered Fauna of India 92

4.8 Biogeographical Zones of India 934.9 Hot Spots of Biodiversity 964.10 Conservation of Biodiversity 97

In situ Conservation Strategies 98Ex situ Conservation Strategies 100Problems in Conservation 102Legal Coverage 102Indian Scenario 103Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) 103Recommendations 104Success Stories 104

Summary 105Keywords 105Solved Questions 105Review Questions 107Objective Type Questions 108

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5.1 Population Studies 109

Population Welfare 112Women and Child Welfare 113

5.2 Disease Transmission 113

Occupational Health 115

5.3 Environment and Health 1155.4 Environmental Sanitation Measures 1175.5 HIV and AIDS 117

Summary 118Keywords 118Solved Questions 119Review Questions 121Objective Type Questions 121

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6.1 Air Pollution 125

Sources and Characteristics 126Characteristics of Pollutants 128Harmful Effects of Air Pollution 131Air Quality Standards 131Pollution Sampling and Analysis 132Meteorology 134Removal of Particulate Matter 134Control of Gaseous Impurities 140Indoor Air Pollution 142Vehicular Pollution 142

6.2 Water Pollution 143

Water Supplies 143Domestic Sewage 145Waste Water from Industries 146Activities Concerned with Water Pollution 151Water Pollution 151Harmful Effects 152Waste Water Treatment 153Water Purification 162

6.3 Solid Wastes Disposal 168

Municipal Wastes 168Hazardous Waste 170

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6.4 Soil Pollution 170

Soil Remediation 171

6.5 Marine Pollution 1716.6 Thermal Pollution 1726.7 Noise Pollution 172

Summary 174Keywords 174Solved Questions 175Review Questions 176Objective Type Questions 177

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7.1 Urbanization 178

Problems Associated with Urbanization 179Carrying Capacity of a Region 179Remedies 180

7.2 Industrialization 181

Remedies 182

7.3 Agricultural Revolution 1827.4 Inversion 183

Photochemical Smog 184

7.5 Acid Rain 184

Adverse Impacts 184

7.6 Greenhouse Effect 1857.7 Ozone Layer Depletion 186

Causes of Depletion 187Harmful Effects 187Remedies 188

7.8 Global Warming 188

Harmful Effects 188

7.9 Hazardous Wastes 189

Nuclear Wastes 189

7.10 Disaster Management 191

Preventive Measures 191

Summary 192Keywords 192Solved Questions 192Review Questions 193Objective Type Questions 194

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8.1 Environmental Impact Assessment 195

Methodology 196

8.2 Waste as a Resource 2008.3 Environmental Laws 201

Requirements of a Contract 201Environmental Legislations 201Powers and Functions of Pollution Control Boards 207Case Studies 207

8.4 Environmental Management Plan 208

Environmental Audit 208

8.5 Policies for Quality Improvement 209

Problems 209Policy 210

Summary 212Keywords 212Solved Questions 212Review Questions 215Objective Type Questions 215

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9.1 Ethics 216

Laws of Nature 217Progress 217

9.2 Environmental Stress 2189.3 Sustainability 2199.4 Self-purification and Regeneration 2219.5 Action Plan 2229.6 Computerization and Information Technology 223

Summary 224Keywords 224Solved Questions 224Review Questions 225Objective Type Questions 226

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10.1 Introduction 229

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10.2 Chemical Cycles in Nature 233

Carbon Cycle 234Nitrogen Cycle 234Phosphate Cycle 234Sulphur Cycle 235

10.3 Chemical Reactions 23510.4 Toxic Chemicals 23710.5 Applications in the Treatment Processes 238

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11.1 Microorganisms 24111.2 Environmental Significance 24411.3 Biological Decomposition 24411.4 Bio-remediation 24511.5 Bio-energy from Wastes 24611.6 Other Methods 246

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12.1 Sampling 24812.2 General Methods of Analysis 249

Colour Comparison Method 249

12.3 Analysis of Water and Waste Water 250

Colour 250Turbidity 250Total Solids 250Acidity 251Alkalinity 251pH 251Chlorides 251Total Hardness 251Chlorine 252Dissolved Oxygen (DO) 252Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) 252Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 252Iron 253Sulphates 253Bacteriological Examination 253

12.4 Air Quality Analysis 253

Suspended Particulate Matter 254

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A.1 Interlinking of Indian Rivers 255

Himalayan Component 255Peninsular River Development 256

Principles Of Environmental Science AndEngineering

Publisher : PHI Learning ISBN : 9788120328938 Author : RAO, P.VENUGOPALA

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