Engineering Formulae
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Transcript of Engineering Formulae
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Inputs Units
Absorber flowrate 6.5 MMSCFD
Inlet water content 100.0 pounds/ MMSCFOutlet water content 7.0 pounds/ MMSCF
Atmospheric pressure 12.8 PSIA
Absorber pressure 700.0 PSIG
# of days operated 31.0 days
Gas lost = 16.8 MSCF
Gas lost due to gas absorption into TEG:
Inputs Units
Absorber flowrate 22.0 MMSCFD
# of days operated 31.0 days
Gas lost = 47.7 MSCF
Harvey Stockman
Gas lost due to water removal:
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Local Elevation = 5,280 feet
Local Atmospheric Pressure 12.1565 psia
Atmospheric Pressure
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ESTIMATED TIME TO BLOW DOWN A PIPELINE
= INPUT CELLS
Pipe outside diameter (actual) 8.625 inches
Pipe wall thickness 0.188 inches
Pipe Length 41280 feet
Beginning Pressure 600 psig 1500 psi maximum
Ending Pressure 0 psig
1st blowoff diameter (nominal) 4 inches
2nd blowoff diameter (nominal) 0 inches Put 0 if only 1 blowoff
Blowoff factor - .63 or .80 0.63 .63 for plug valves, .80 for ball valves
Beginning Volume 711.4 mcf
Ending Volume 14.6 mcf
Estimated minutes to blow down 39
Kim Kuhl
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Maximum Operating Pressure = 800 psig
Yield Strength of the Plate Steel = 24,000 psi
Pipe Diameter = 6.625 inches
Minimum Required Plate Thickness = 0.4361 inches
Pipe Size OD Pipe Size OD2 = 2.375 12 = 12.75
2 1/2 = 2.875 14 = 14
3 = 3.500 16 = 163 1/2 = 4.000 18 = 184 = 4.500 20 = 205 = 5.563 24 = 246 = 6.625 30 = 308 = 8.625 36 = 3610 = 10.750 42 = 42
Kim Kuhl
SKILLET THICKNESSused between two flanges
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Volume of Concrete Required
Flat SurfaceWidth of Concrete in feet and inches. = 3 feet 0 inches
Length of Concrete in feet and inches. = 70 feet 1 1/2 inches
Thickness of Concrete in feet and inches. = 0 feet 3.5 inches
Volume needed in Cubic Yards = 2.27
Round Form or HoleDiameter of round form or hole in inches = 24
Depth in feet and inches. = 8 feet 6 inches
Volume needed in Cubic Yards = 0.99
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Number of Wet Blows = 4
Number of Dry Blows = 2
Gallons of Liquid Removed = 30
Total Gas Loss = 14.75 MCF
Kim Kuhl
Drip Blowing -- Gas Loss
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Torque (Lb. - ft.) = (Horsepower x 5250)/RPM
Horsepower = 100
RPM = 100
Torque = 5,250 Lb. Ft.
Horsepower = (Torque lb ft * RPM)/5250
Torque lb ft = 100
RPM = 100
Horsepower = 2
Horsepower & Torque Relationship
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BTU to Therm BTU = 100,000.00 Therm = 1.00
BTU to Decatherm BTU = 1,000,000.00 Decatherm = 1.00
BTU to Cubic Feet BTU = 1,000.00 Cubic Feet = 1.00
BTU to MCF BTU = 1,000,000.00 MCF = 1.00
Therm to BTU Therm = 1.00 BTU = 100,000.00
Therm to MCF Therm = 10,000.00 MCF = 1,000.00
Therm to MMCF Therm = 8,000.00 MMCF = 0.80
Therm to BCF Therm = 80,000.00 BCF = 0.01
Therm to Decatherm Therm = 10.00 Decatherm = 1.00
Decatherm to Therm Decatherm = 1.00 Therm = 10.00
Decatherm to MMBTU Decatherm = 1.00 MMBTU = 1.00
Cubic Feet to MCF Cubic Feet = 1,000.00 MCF = 1.00
Cubic Feet to MMCF Cubic Feet = 1,000,000.00 MMCF = 1.00
MCF to MMCF MCF = 1,000.00 MMCF = 1.00
MCF to BCF MCF = 1,000,000.00 BCF = 1.00
MMCF to BCF MMCF = 1,000.00 BCF = 1.00
MMBTU to Decatherm MMBTU = 1.00 Decatherm = 1.00
Conversions
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Assumption
1 Cubic Foot = 1,000 BTU
Mega = a million times
Kilo = a thousand times
Hecto = a hundred times
Deca = ten times
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Line Size = 24 inches
Welding Electrode Required per Weld = 3 pounds
Total number of welds = 24
Total Amount of Welding Electrode Required = 72 pounds
Welding Electrode
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Pipe OD inches = 4.5
Check with you Nitrogen Supplier for
Wall Thickness inches = 0.154 information on your bottles. There ar
different bottle sizes and working pre
Pipe Length in feet = 200
Test Pressure psig = 1,500
Volume in scf = 1,961
Volume of the Nitrogen bottle cu ft. = 410
Pressure in the Nitrogen bottle in psig = 2,640
Estimated Number of Nitrogen bottles required = 10.5
Cost per bottle of Nitrogen = $14.40
Total Cost for Nitrogen = $151.53
Estimate of the Number of Nitrogen Bottles required to test a short section of pipe
( DO NOT USE LIQUID NITROGEN, use gas only )
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olume
many
sures.
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Hot Taps or Welding
P = 2*S*t*F/D SMYS of the pipe = 60,000 If SMYS is unknown 24,000 psi must be used
Pipe Thickness in inches = 0.600 inches
O D of the pipe in inches = 36.000 inches
less than 0.150 = 20%
.150 to .188 = 30% Pipe Wall Thickness Factor = 0.6 %
.189 to .210 = 40%
.211 to .281 = 45%
.282 to .322 = 50% Maximum Pressure = 1,200 PSIG
.323 to .406 = 55%
over .407 = 60%
Pipe Size OD Pipe Size OD
2 = 2.375 12 = 12.75
2 1/2 = 2.875 14 = 14
3 = 3.500 16 = 16
3 1/2 = 4.000 18 = 18
4 = 4.500 20 = 20
5 = 5.563 24 = 246 = 6.625 30 = 30
8 = 8.625 36 = 36
10 = 10.750 42 = 42
Value of F
Pipe Wall Thickness Factor
MAXIMUM PRESSURE FOR HOT TAPING
OR WELDING ON A PRESSURIZED LINE
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Working Pressure - Pounds Per Square Inch, Non-Shock
Temperature Series 15 Series 30 Series 40 Series 60 Series 90
Degrees or or or or or Fahr. ASA 150 ASA 300 ASA 400 ASA 600 ASA 900 ASA 1500 ASA 2500
100 275 720 960 1440 2160 3600 6000150 255 710 945 1420 2130 3550 5915200 240 700 930 1400 2100 3500 5830250 225 690 920 1380 2070 3450 5750
300 210 680 910 1365 2050 3415 5690350 195 675 900 1350 2025 3375 5625400 180 665 890 1330 2000 3330 5550450 165 650 870 1305 1955 3255 5430
500 150 625 835 1250 1875 3125 5210550 140 590 790 1180 1775 2955 4925600 130 555 740 1110 1660 2770 4620650 120 515 690 1030 1550 2580 4300
700 110 470 635 940 1410 2350 3920750 100 425 575 850 1275 2125 3550800 92 365 490 730 1100 1830 3050850 82 300 400 600 900 1500 2500
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Tanks
TANK VOLUME
THIS PROGRAM WILL GIVE YOU THE VOLUME IN GALS OF A FLAT END TANK, MOUN
HORIZONTALLY FORMULA IS (1/4 * Pi DIAMETER squared * LENGTH)*(HEIGHT OF LIQUI
Diameter of Tank in inches = 78
Length of Tank in inches = 114
Height of Liquid in inches = 55
Volume in Tank = 1,662.80 gallons
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Tanks
ED
D/DIAMETER)
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Round Hole Pipe
Data
Diameter of hole = 1.95 inches OD of Pipe = 2.35 Length in inches = 2
Average Pressure = 990 psig Wall Thickness = 0.154 Width in inches = 1.5
Specific Gravity = 0.618 Equivalent Diameter 1.95
Atmos. Pressure = 12.85 For a Rip or Gouge, figure the Equivalent Diameter and
place this value in the "Diameter of hole"
Gas Temperature F = 60
Leak Time = 0 Hours 1 Minutes
Gas Loss in CF = 59,198 64,650
Gas Loss in MCF = 59 65
Gas Cost per MCF = $2.00 $2.00
Cost of Gas Loss = $118.40 $129.30
Rip or Gouge
GAS LOSS THROUGH A PIPELINE RUPTURE OR HOLE
Use the column with the smallest numbers
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Inlet Pressure in psig = 600
Outlet Pressure in psig = 200
Temperature Drop = 27.2 degrees
Temperature Drop across a Regulator or Control Valve.
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Flow Rate = 2,000.0 MCFD
Time flowed = 7 HOURS 0 Minutes
Volume Flowed = 583.3 MCFD
Flow Rate = 4,000.0 MCFD
Volume to Flow = 520.0 MCFD
Time Required to Flow = 3.12 HOURS
GAS FLOW RATES AND FLOW TIME
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Odorant in Part Per Million (PPM)= 3 Equals = 0.73 Pounds/MMCFD
Odorant in pounds/MMCFD = 0.73 Equals = 2.993 Parts Per Million "PPM"
Odorant in Parts Per Million "PPM" = 3 Equals = 0.0003 Percent
Odorant level in Percent = 0.05 Equals = 500 Parts Per Million "PPM"
Gallons of Odorant = 1 Equals = 6.73 Pounds
Pounds of Odorant = 5 Equals = 0.74 Gallons
KNI at .50 pounds/mmcfd
Odorant Levels
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Gas Vol
Volume of Gas
Starting Pressure in psig = 15 Total Volume in MCF = 77.7
Ending Pressure in psig = 0
Pipe OD in inches = 20 $155
Pipe Wall Thickness inches = 0.312
Length in Feet = 37,000
Price per MCF = $2.00
Pipe Size OD Pipe Size OD
2 = 2.375 12 = 12.75
2 1/2 = 2.875 14 = 14
3 = 3.5 16 = 16
3 1/2 = 4 18 = 18
4 = 4.5 20 = 205 = 5.563 24 = 24
6 = 6.625 30 = 30
8 = 8.625 36 = 36
10 = 10.75 42 = 42
Gas Value =
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Tape Coat
Nominal Pipe Diameter, inches = 4.5
Length in Feet = 40
Surface Area in Square Feet = 47.1
Feet of coating per roll = 100
Width of coating in inches = 4
% of overlap = 25.0%
Rolls of coating required = 1.88
Amount of tape coating required to coat a pipe.
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% of SMYS
SMYS of Pipe, psi = 24,000
Pipe Wall Thickness, inches = 0.188
Nominal Pipe Diameter, inches = 8.625
Operating Pressure = 100
Yield Pressure, psig = 1,046
% of SMYS at Operating Pressure = 9.56%
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PL Design
SMYS of Pipe, psi = 24,000 If SMYS is unknown24,000 psi must be used
Pipe Wall Thickness, inches = 0.188
Actual Outside Diameter, inches = 6.625 Operating pressure = 535
Seam Factor 0.8
Class of Operation Factor = 0.6 % of SMYS = 39.28%
Class 1 = 0.72 Class 2 = 0.60 Class 3 = 0.50 MAOP, psig = 654
Class 4 = 0.40 SMYS = 1.0
Pressure at 100% SMYS = 1,362 (for temp.
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Air BlendingStarting Gas Starting Ending Required Air Total BTU Balance
Volume BTU/scf to BTU/scf Volume Blended Check
scf scf Volume scf 77,000,000,000
70,000,000 1,100 1,020 5,490,196 75,490,196 77,000,000,000
Gas BlendingStarting Gas Starting Ending Blending Gas Volume of BTU Balance
Volume BTU/scf BTU/scf BTU/scf Blending Gas Check
scf Required scf
220 1,050 1,054 1,140 10 231,000
11,665
242,665
Total Gas Volume = 230 scf 242,665
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Tank Truck
TANK TRUCK NATURAL GAS VOLUME
Fill Pressure of Tank in psig = 250
Minimum Usable Pressure in Tank psig = 20
Tank Size in Pounds of Water = 92,000 Size A Volume = 24,881 Cu/Ft.OR
Tank Size in Gallons = 8,000 Size B Volume = 18,023 Cu/Ft.
How long you can hold a Town or Project
Meter Volume CFMinute = 20
Meter Pressure, psig = 56 Time A = 4.06 Hours
CORRECTED Volume CFH = 6,123 Time B = 2.94 Hours
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Tank Truck
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Tensile
Tensile Strength of Weld Test Coupon
Width ThicknessInches Inches
Widest Reading 1.1290 Thickest Reading 0.2810
Next Reading 1.1245 Next Reading 0.2750
Average Width 1.1268 Average Thickness 0.2780
Area sq/in = 0.3132 Test Gage Pressurepsig = 12,000.0
Multiplier = 2.0000 Tensile Strengthin PSI = 76,619.4
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Gas Volume in MCFD = 198,000
Nominal Pipe Diameter in inches = 24
Pipe Wall thickness in inches = 0.312
Pressure in psig = 780
Barometric Pressure = 14.7
Gas Temperature Deg. F = 45
Gas Velocity = 13.8 ft/sec.
Gas Velocity = 9.4 miles/hr
GAS VELOCITY
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Pig Speed
Volume of gas = 500 MMCFD
Average Pressure = 950 Starting pressure + End pressure / 2
Barometric Pressure = 13 PSIA
Outside dia. of pipe = 36 Inches
Pipe wall thickness = 0.558 Inches Distance/miles = 100
Speed = 7.04 MPH Time/hours = 14.20
Speed = 10.33 Ft./Sec.
PIG SPEED
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Flow for Taping
Nominal Pipe Diameter, inches = 8.625
Pipe Wall Thickness, inches = 0.188
Pressure, psig = 50
Minimum Gas Flow required, MCFD = 179
Minimum Gas Flow for Welding on Pressurized line.
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Flow for Taping
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Buoyancy of Pipe in Fresh Water
O. D. of the Pipe in inches = 10.75
Wall thickness of the Pipe in Inches = 0.5
Weight of the pipe per foot is = 55
Buoyancy in lbs./ft. = -15.2
If the Buoyancy is a negative number, weights will not be required.
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Weight
Weight of Steel Pipe
Nominal Pipe Diameter, inches = 8.625
Pipe Wall Thickness, inches = 0.187
Length in Feet = 1.0
Weight of Steel Pipe, lbs. = 16.81
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Weight
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OD of Pipe inches = 2.35
Wall thickness inches = 0.125
Starting Pressure Psig = 100
Ending Pressure Psig = 60
Atmos. Pressure = 14.1
Length in Miles = 4
Volume in MCFD = 201
Size of Gas Lines +/- 10%
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Water Volume
Nominal Pipe Diameter, inches = 4.000
Pipe Wall Thickness, inches = 0.000
Length in Feet = 1,000.0 Gallons = 653.0orLength in Miles = 1.0 Gallons = 3,448
WATER VOLUME
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MM to Inches
MM = 60 Inches = 2.36 Feet = 0.20
Inches = 2.00 MM = 50.8
Feet = 3.00 MM = 914.4
Meters = 62.50 Feet = 205.06
Feet = 3.28 Meters = 1.00
Meters = 1.00 Yards = 1.09
Yards = 1.09 Meters = 1.00
Meters = 1,609.00 Miles = 1.00
Miles = 1.00 Meters = 1,609.30
Meters to Miles
Conversion Tables
MM to Inches/Feet
Meters to Feet
Meters to Yards
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Drying
Drying of Pipeline after Hydrostatic Test
Diameter of Pipe, inches = 24
Length in Miles = 10
Methanol Required
Volume in gallons = 1,008
Volume in Barrels = 24
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Drying
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Bolts
Stud Bolt requirements for
Raised Face FlangesFlange Size 150# 300# 600# 900#
1" std. 4 - 1/2" x 2 1/2" 4 - 5/8" x 3" 4 - 5/8" x 3 1/2" 4 - 7/8" x 4 3/4"
1 1/4 std. 4 - 1/2" x 2 1/2" 4 - 5/8" x 3" 4 - 5/8" x 4" 4 - 7/8" x 4 3/4"
Insulated 4 - 1/2" x 3" 4 - 5/8" x 3 1/2" 4 - 5/8" x 4"
2" std. 4 - 5/8" x 3" 8 - 5/8" x 3 1/2" 8 - 5/8" x 4" 8 - 7/8" x 5 1/2"
Insulated 4 - 5/8" x 3 1/2" 8 - 5/8" x 3 1/2" 8 - 5/8" x 4 1/2"
3" std. 4 - 5/8" x 3 1/2" 8 - 3/4" x 4" 8 - 3/4" x 5" 8 - 7/8" x 5 1/2"
Insulated 4 - 5/8" x 4" 8 - 3/4" x 4 1/2" 8 - 3/4" x 5"
4" std. 8 - 5/8" x 3 1/2" 8 - 3/4" x 4 1/2" 8 - 7/8" x 5 1/2" 8 - 1 1/8" x 6 1/2"
Insulated 8 - 5/8" x 4" 8 - 3/4" x 5" 8 - 7/8" x 6"
6" std. 8 - 3/4" x 4" 12 - 3/4" x 5" 12 - 1" x 6 1/2" 12 - 1 1/8" x 7 1/2"
Insulated 8 - 3/4" x 4" 12 - 3/4" x 5" 12 - 1" x 7"
8" std. 8 - 3/4" x 4" 12 - 7/8" x 5 1/2" 12 - 1 1/8" x 7 1/2" 12 - 1 3/8" x 8 1/2"Insulated 8 - 3/4" x 4 1/2" 12 - 7/8" x 5 1/2" 12 - 1 1/8" x 8"
10" std. 12 - 7/8" x 4 1/2" 16 - 1" x 6" 16 - 1 1/4" x 8 1/2" 16 - 1 3/8" x 9"
Insulated 12 - 7/8" x 5" 16 - 1" x 6 1/2" 16 - 1 1/4" x 8 1/2"
12" std. 12 - 7/8" x 4 1/2" 16 - 1 1/8" x 6 1/2" 20 - 1 1/4" x 8 1/2" 20 - 1 3/8" x 10"
Insulated 12 - 7/8" x 5" 16 - 1 1/8" x 7" 20 - 1 1/4" x 9"
14" std. 12 - 1" x 5" 20 - 1 1/8" x 7" 20 - 1 3/8" x 9" 20 - 1 1/2" x 10 1/2"
Insulated 12 - 1" x 5 1/2" 20 - 1 1/8" x 7" 20 - 1 3/8" x 9 1/2"
16" std. 16 - 1" x 5 1/2" 20 - 1 1/4" x 7 1/2" 20 - 1 1/2" x 10" 20 - 1 5/8" x 11"
Insulated 16 - 1" x 5 1/2" 20 - 1 1/4" x 7 1/2" 20 - 1 1/2" x 10"
18" std. 16 - 1 1/8" x 5 1/2" 24 - 1 1/4" x 7 1/2" 20 - 1 5/8" x 10 1/2" 20 - 1 7/8" x 13"
Insulated 16 - 1 1/8" x 5 1/2" 24 - 1 1/4" x 8" 20 - 1 5/8" x 11"
20" std. 20 - 1 1/8" x 6" 24 - 1 1/4" x 8" 24 - 1 5/8" x 11 1/2" 20 - 2" x 13 1/2"
Insulated 20 - 1 1/8" x 6 1/2" 24 - 1 1/4" x 8 1/2" 24 - 1 5/8" x 11 1/2"
24" std. 20 - 1 1/4" x 7" 24 - 1 1/2" x 9" 24 - 1 7/8" x 13" 20 - 2 1/2" x 17"
Insulated 20 - 1 1/4" x 7" 24 - 1 1/2" x 9 1/2" 24 - 1 7/8" x 13"
26" std. 24 - 1 1/4" x 7" 28 - 1 5/8" x 10" 28 - 1 7/8" x 13 1/2" 20 - 2 3/4" x 17 1/2"
28" std. 28 - 1 1/4" x 7" 28 - 1 5/8" x 10 1/2" 28 - 2" x 14" 20 - 3" x 18 1/2"
30" std. 28 - 1 1/4" x 7 1/2" 28 - 1 3/4" x 11 1/2" 28 - 2" x 14" 20 - 3" x 19"
32" std. 28 - 1 1/2" x 8" 28 - 1 7/8" x 12" 28 - 2 1/4" x 15" 20 - 3 1/4" x 20"
34" std. 32 - 1 1/2" x 8" 28 - 1 7/8" x 12 1/2" 28 - 2 1/4" x 15" 20 - 3 1/2" x 21"
36" std. 32 - 1 1/2" x 8 1/2" 32 - 2" x 13" 28 - 2 1/2" x 16" 20 - 3 1/2" x 21 1/2"
42" std. 36 - 1 1/2" x 9"
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Bolts
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Natural Gas verses Diesel Engines
Operating Cost
Cost Cost
per per
Engine Horsepower = 1000 Hour Day
Cost of Diesel fuel per gallon = $1.20 Operating Cost for Diesel Engine = $63.96 $1,535.04
Cost of Natural Gas per MCF = $3.50 Operating Cost for Gas Engine = $28.00 $672.00
Cost of Electric Power per KWhr = $0.035 Operating Cost for Electric Motors = $29.00 $695.99
Electric Motor Efficiency = 90.0%
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Cost per
Month
24 hours
$46,051.20
$20,160.00
$20,879.60
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Parts per Million = 16 Grains = 1.01
Grains = 2.45 Parts Per Million = 38.96
Hydrogen Sulfide Conversions
Parts per Million to Grains
Grains to Parts per Million
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Volume per Stroke = 4.00 cubic centimeters 0.0011 gallons/stroke
Weight of the Odorant = 6.73 pounds/gallon 1 gal = 3,785 cc
Volume of Odorant to be injected = 0.50 Pounds/MMCFD
Volume = 0.0743 Gallons/MMCFD
Strokes = 70 Strokes/MMCFD
Gas Volume to be treated = 0.200 MMCFD
Total Strokes required = 14 Strokes/day 0.0149 gallons/day
Strokes per minute at a steady flow = 0.01 Strokes/minute 0.1 pounds/day
Time between Strokes = 6145.01 Seconds
Y- Z Odorizer Calibration
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Temperature in Deg. F = 212.0
Temperature in Deg. C = 100.0
Temperature in Deg. C = 100.0
Temperature in Deg. F = 212.0
Temperature Conversions
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MCF to MMBTU
MMBTU to MCF
MCF = 1.00 MMBTU = 1.00
BTU = 900 BTU = 1,000
MMBTU = 0.90 MCF = 1.00
MCF to MMBTU
MCF to MMBTU or MMBTU to MCF