Engineering Design Handbook - Vulnerability of Communication-Electronic and Electro-Optical Systems...

8/11/2019 Engineering Design Handbook - Vulnerability of Communication-Electronic and Electro-Optical Systems (Except Gui

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A M C P A M P H L E T

ENGINEERING DESIGN

HANDBOOK

VULNERABILITY OF COMMUNICATION-ELECTRONIC AND

ELECTRO-OPTICAL SYSTEMS EXCEPT GUIDED MISSILES)

TO ELECTRONIC WARFARE

A M C P 7 6411

PART OWE

INTROQUCTION

A N G E N E R A L

A P P R O A C l l

TO

E L E C T R O N I C W A R F A R E V U L N E R A B I L I T Y U ]

CL AS SI FI ED BY CG U S A ECO M

NA TIONAL SECURITY INFORMA TION

EXEMPT FROM G EN ER AL DECLASSIFICATION

Schedule o Executive Order 652

Unauthorized Disclosure Subject to Criminal Sanctions

EXEMP T IO N CAT E G O R Y 3

DECLASSIFY ON 3 December 989

H EA D QU A RT ER S U S A R M Y M A T E R IE L C O M M A W D

J A W U A R Y

1976


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MCP706411

Fig. No.

1 1

2 1

2 2

2 3

2 4

2 5

2 6

2 7

2 8

2 9

A 1

A 2

U) LIST

OF

ILLUSTRATIONS

Title b e

Functional Organization of Electronic Warfare

The Primary Factors of Vulnerability Analysis

Flow Diagram of EW Vulnerability Analysis

Flow Diagram of Technical EW Vulnerability

Diagram Illustrating Geometry of

ECM

Vulnerability Analysis

Postulated Mechanism

for

Control and

Coordinationof Soviet EW Operations

Diagram of a Typical Warsaw Pact Signal

Intercept/EM Capability

Photo Map of a Target Array Depicting a

Warsaw Pact Army Front

Array Input Flow Chart

Array Network Diagram

The

ALLEN

Model

Hughes Simulation Structure and Output

Analys.................................

1 7

2 4

2 8

2 9

2 10

2 11

2 12

2 15

2 16

2 17

A 5

A 7

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U)

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Fig. No.

Title Page

AMCP 706 412

3-

1

3- 2

3-3

3-4

3-5

3-6

3-7

3-8

3-9

3-10

3-1 1

3-12

3-1 3

3-1 4

3-15

3-16

3-17

3-18

3-19

3-20

3-21

3-22

3-23

A

Theoretical Susceptibility Curve for Purposes

of Illustration

Susceptibility Curves Showing the Effect of

Changing One Parameter

Relation Between A1 and Various Measures of

Speech Intelligibility

Bands of Equal Articulation Index

Relationship Between Percentage of Words Cor-

rectandSNR

Basic Communications System.

The Michigan Diamond Map No.

4

for Six-Town

Routes

Comparison of Map Test and Intelligibility Score

Test for an Audio Channel With Additive

Gaussian Noise.

Effect of Variations of Signal Jamming and

Receiver Parameters on J / S

Typical Teletypewriter Printouts

Character Error Probability as a Function of Bit

Error Probability for Two Teletype Codes

Ratio of Jamming-Signal Strength to Desired-

Signal Strength

OnQff Keying Receiver

Two-Filter FSK Receiver

Coherent PSK and Differentially Coherent PSK

Receivers

F M

Receiver Output Signal and Noise vs Input

F M Carrier-to-Noise Power Ratio the Noise

Power Taken in a Fixed 6.8-kHz Bandwidth

Receiver Output vs Input Signal-to-Noise Ratios

Input Noise Power Taken in a Fixed 6.8-kHz

Bandwidth

Receiver Output vs Input Signal-to-Noise Ratios

With Input Noise Power the Total Power Enter-

ing the Receiver and the Input Signal Power

Being the Peak Envelope Power

Probability of Bit Error for Coherent Nonco-

herent and Differentially Coherent Reception.

Error Probability for Orthogonal Signals k

=

Bit Error Probability for Orthogonal Signals

Pulsed Interference to a Narrowband

AM

Voice

Pulsed Interference to a Narrowband

AM

Voice

1,2

k = , 2 .

Receiver Example

1

Receiver Example 2

3-8

3 10

3-13

3-14

3-15

3-16

3-16

3-17

3-21

3-25

3-26

3-28

3-30

3-30

3-31

3-35

3-36

3-38

3-41

3-42

3-43

3-46

3-47

x
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AMCP

706412

U)

LIST OF ILLUSTRA TIONS

(Con t .)

Fig. No. Title

Page

3-24

3-25

3-26

3-27

3-28

3-29

3-30

3-31

3-32

3-33

3-34

3-35

3-36

3-37

3-38

3-39

3-40

3-41

3-42

3-43

3-44

3-45

3-46

Pulsed Interference to

a

Narrowband

FM

Voice

Receiver

Susceptibility Data for Single-ChannelF M

Voice

Susceptibility Data for Single-Channel SSBSC

Susceptibility Data for Single-Channel

AM

Voice

Susceptib ility Data fo r Single-Channel CW

Susceptibility Data for Single-Channel FSK

Results of Continuous

FM

by Noise Jamming

Against Single-Channel

F M

Voice, Receiver

Not Detuned

Results of Continuous F M by Noise Jamming

Against Single-Channel F M Voice, Receiver

Detuned

Results of Continuous

F M

by Wideband Noise

Jamming A gainst Single-ChannelF M Voice,

Receiver Detun ed.

Sum mary of Results of Timeshared FM by N ar-

rowba nd N oise, Receiver On-Tuned

Effect of Timesharing Rate on F M by Narrow-

band N oise Performance

Results of Timeshared

F M

by N arrowband Noise,

Receiver Detuned

Results of Timeshared F M by Wideband Noise

Susceptibility Data f or AN/GRC-103-TDD-660,

C ond i t ion1

Susceptibility Data for AN/GRC-103-TDD-660,

C ond i t ion2

Susceptibility Data fo r AN/GRC-103-TDD-660,

Condition 3

Susceptibility Data for AN/GRC-103-TDD-660,

C ond i t ion4

Susceptibility Data for AN/GRC-143, AN/TCC-

45, Conditon 1

Susceptibility Data for AN/GRC-143, AN/TCC-

45, Condition 2

Suscep tibility Data for A N/GR C-143, AN/TCC-

45, Condition

3

Susceptibility Data for AN /GRC-143, AN/TCC-

45, Condition 4

F M Characteristics for FDM/FM 12 -,2 4, 60 -,

and 120-Voice Channels With Preemphasis

Nomogram for Determination of Apparent Pow er

Gain

G

in dB ) of a Parabolic R eflecto r.

3-48

3-49

3-50

3-51

3-52

3-53

3-54

3-57

3-58

3-59

3-60

3-61

3-62

3-65

3-66

3-67

3-68

3-69

3-70

3-71

3-72

3-75

3-82
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AMCP 706412

Fig.

No.

3-47

3-48

3-49

3-50

3-51

3-52

3-53

(U) LIST

OF

ILLUSTRATIONS

(Con t.)

Title Page

Average Antenna Patterns Parabolic Dishes and

A Hypothetical Antenna Pattern for Use in a

Cumulative Sidelobe Distribution Function.

Example of Propagation

Loss

Results Obtained

from Computer Method Described

in

ESSA

Tech. Rept. ERL 79-ITS 67

Corner Reflectors.

3-81

omputer Program 3-85

3-86

3-88

ample Problem- Accessibility.

3-93

ploy men t 3-97

Example of EW Threat Model Equipment De-

ulnerability Evaluation Flow Chart 3-101
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MCP70641

1

U)

LIST OF T BLES

Table No. Title Page

1-1

B-2

B-3

EW Spectrum

1-5

Direction Finders and Target Acquisition Sets

Intercept Receivers and D irection Finders

B-1

COMINT Equipment

B-2

Com munications ESM)

B-3

Noncom munications ECM)

B 5

B-7

-4

ELINT ESM Equipment

B-5 Nonexpendable Soviet Ground-Based Jammers B-9

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MCP706-41

U)

LIST OF T BLES

Table

No

3-1

3-2

3-3

3-4

3-5

3-6

3-7

3-8

3-9

3-10

3-11

3-12

3-1 3

Title Page

Signal and Receiver Parameters

Articulation Score in a Bandlimited Audio Chan-

nel With Additive White Gaussian Noise for the

SameJ S p

= l o

dB That Results in a Map

Time

of 20

sec

Susceptibility of Singlechannel Voice Com-

munications

ECM Performance Against

FSK F l )

and DFSK

F6) 1OO-wpm Radio teletype

Timeshared FM by Narrowband Noise Compari-

s o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Timeshared FM by Wideband Noise Compari-

s o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Theoretical and Experimental Results of Jamming

Antenna Directivity Values

Power Gain G and Effective Area A of Several

Common Antennas

Summary of Propagation Equations

Hypothetical Signal Intercept Systems

Hypothetical ECM Equipment.

Some EW Simulations

TDM/PPM-AM

3-1

1

3-18

3-44

3-56

3-63

3-64

3-73

3-80

3-81

3-89

3-99

3-99

3-100
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AMCP

706 41

PREFACE

The Engineering Design Handbook Series of the

US

Army Materiel

Command is a coordinated series of handbooks containing basic informa-

tion and fundamental data. Th e hand boo ks are authoritative reference

books of practical information and quantitative facts helpful in the de-

sign and development of materiel that will meet the tactical needs of the

Armed Forces.

The objectives

of

this handb ook series are: 1) to collect diverse

sources of information unique t o the determination of the vulnerability

to electronic warfare

o

all types of communication-electronic and elec-

tro-optical equ ipment/system s, exclusive of guided missiles, in o rde r to

conserve time, materials, and money in the successful design of new

equip men t; 2) t o provide guidance in capsule form for new personnel,

Armed Forces co ntrac tors, or experienced design engineers in ot he r fields

who require information about vehicle electrical systems; 3) to supply

current fundamental inform ation; and 4) t o place the reader in a position

tion to use new information generated subsequ ent t o the publication of

this handbook. T o meet these objectives, the hand book has been written

to provide the necessary b ackgroun d regarding t he vulnerability

of

mili-

tary electromagnetic systems to electronic warfare EW).

This h and bo ok series includes chapters o n basic concep ts of vulnerabil-

ity and computational methods for determining the EW vulnerability of

tactical and satellite communications, surveillance and target acquisition

radars, avionics, and electro-optical system s. Th e series consists of six

separate handbooks, i.e.,

1. AM C P 70641 1 Chapter

1

and 2

2.

AMCP 706-412 Ch apte r 3

3. AMCP 7 06 41 3 Chapte r

4 AMCP 706-414 Chap ter 5

5 AM C P 7064

1

5 Chapter 6

6. AMCP 706-4 16 Ch apte r 7.

Th e various handbo oks are designed t o be ordered and used separately;

however, i t is recommended tha t AMCP 70 6 4 1 -which provides the in-

trod uct ion and general approach t o EW vulnerability-be ordered t o ac-

comp any the particular chapter s) of interest. An index of th e com ple te

series

s

contained in each hand book . An abbreviated Table of Con tents

of the other handbooks of the series is contained in each of the separate

handbooks.

This handbook was prepared by the Electronic Defense Laboratories of

GTE Sylvania, Mountain View, CA. under subco ntract t o th e R esearch

Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC, prime contractor to the

US Army M zteriel Com mand . Mr. Ro bert St on e, GTE Sylvania, served

xv


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AMCP 706 411

as Project Leader. Technical guidance and co ordin ation were provided by

a committee under the direction of Mr. Simon Cohen, Electronic Warfare

Laboratories, US Army Electronics Command, Ft. Monmouth, NJ.

Th e Engineering Design Ha ndb ook s fall into t w o basic categories-those

approved for release and sale, and those classified for security reasons.

Th e US Army Materiel Comman d policy is to release these E ngineering

Design Handb ooks in accordance w ith current DOD Directive 723 0.7,

dated 18 Sep tem ber 1973 . All unclassified Han dbo oks can be obtaine d

from the National Technical Informa tion Service NTIS). Procedures for

acquiring these Handbooks follow

a. All Depa rtme nt of Army activities having need fo r the H andbooks

must su bmit their request on an official requisition form DA Form 17,

dated Jan 70) directly to:

Commander

Let terkenny Army D epot

Chambersburg, PA 172 0

ATTN: AMXLE-ATD

Requ ests for classif ied docu men ts must be s ubm itted, with appropriate

Need t o Know justif ication, t o Letterkenny Army D epot.) DA activi-

ties will not requisition Handbooks for further free distribution.

b. All oth er requestors-DOD , Navy, Air Forc e, Marine Corps, non-

military Governm ent agencies, co ntrac tors, private ind ustry , individuals,

universities, and others-must purchase these Ha ndb ook s fro m:

National Technical Information Service

Department of Commerce

Springfield, VA 22 15 1

Classified documents may be released on a Need to Know basis veri-

fied by an official Department of Army representative and processed

from Defense Doc ume ntation Center DDC), ATTN: DDC-TSR,

Cameron Station, Alexandria, VA 2231 4.

Com men ts and suggestions on this Hand book are welcome and should

be addressed to:

Commander

U

Army Materiel Development nd

Readiness Com mand

Alexandria, VA 22 33 3

DA Forms 2028 , Recommended Changes t o Publications, which are

available through normal publications supply channels, may be used for

comments/suggestions.)

xvi


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AMCP 70641

1

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

HEADQUARTERS UNITED STATES ARMY MATERIEL COMMAND

500 1 Eisenhower Ave, Alexandria, V A 22333

AMC PAMPHLET

NO. 706-411

5 JANUARY 1976

ENGINEER ING DESIGN HANDBOOK

A ND ELECTRO-OPTICAL SYSTEMS (Except Guided

Missiles) TO ELECTRONIC WARFA RE SERIES

VULNERABI L l T Y

OF

COMMUNICATION-ELECTRONIC

PART ONE

INTRODUCTION AND GENERA L APPROACH TO

ELECTRONIC WARFA RE VULNERA BIL ITY

TAB LE O F CONTENTS

Paragraph Page

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

................

xi

LIST OF TABLES

.......................

x1n

PREFACE .............................

xv

...

C) CHAPTER

1.

INTRODUCTION U)

1-1

1-1.1

1-1.2

1-1.3

1-1.4

1-1.4.1

1-1.4.2

1-1.4.3

1-1.4.4

1-1.4.5

1-1.4.6

Background of the Vulnerability Handbook

. . . .

General

...............................

Purpose

...............................

Scope

.................................

Handbook Content ......................

Introduction to the Vulnerability Handbook

Chapter 1)

..........................

General Approach to Vulnerability of

Communication-Electronicand Electro-

Optical Systems to EW Chapter

2) . . . . . . . .

EW Vulnerability of Tactical Communications

Chapter

3) ..........................

EW Vulnerability of Ground-Based and

Airborne Surveillance and Target Acquisition

Equipment Chapter

4 ) .................

EW Vulnerability

of

Avionics Chapter

5

Optical/Electronic Warfare Vulnerability of

Electro-Optic Systems Chapter 6)

........

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-2

1-2

1-2

1-2

1-3

1-3

1-3

1-4

1
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MCP706411

TAB LE OF CONTENTS

(Con t.)

Paragraph

1-1.4.7

1-2

1-2.1

1-2.2

1-2.3

1-2.3.1

1-2.3.1.1

1-2.3.1.2

1-2.3.1.3

1-2.3.2

1-2.3.2.1

1-2.3.2.2

1-2.3.3

1-2.3.3.1

1-2.3.3.2

1-2.3.4

1-2.3.5

1-2.4

1-2.4.1

1-2.4.2

1-2.4.3

1-3

1-4

1-4.1

1-4.2

1-4.3

1-4.4

1-4.5

1-4.6

1-5

EW Vulnerability of Satellite Communications

(Chapter

7) ..........................

Electronic Warfare ........................

Definition

.............................

Brief History of Electronic Warfare

..........

Elements of Electronic Warfare

Electronic Warfare Support Measures ESM)

Target Intercept

Target Identification

...................

Target Location

.......................

Electronic Countermeasures (ECM)

. . . . . . . . .

Jamming

............................

Deception

Electronic CounterCountermeasures

(ECCM) .............................

Anti-ECM

...........................

Anti-ESM

Signal Intelligence (Sigint) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Signal.Security (Sigsec)

..................

Application of Electronic Warfare ...........

Employment

..........................

Deployment

...........................

Intelligence Coordination

..................

Most Pertinent Publications on Electronic

Warfare Guidance .......................

Communications-Electronics Electronic

Warfare (AR 105-87) ...................

Electronic Counter-Countermeasures(ECCM)

Electromagnetic Cover and Deception (EC D)

Electronic Warfare

FM 32-20)

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

Electronic Countermeasures Handbook

Adaptability

..........................

AR105-2)

(AR

105-5) ...........................

FM

32-20-1) .........................

Foreign Intelligence Office Handbook ........

Glossary of Terms Associated With Vulnerability

Assessment

Bibliography

............................

Page

1-4

1-4

1-4

1-5

1-6

1-6

1-7

1-7

1-7

1-7

1-8

1-8

1-8

1-8

1-8

1-9

1-9

1-9

1-9

1 10

1 11

1-11

1-12

1-12

1-12

1-12

1-12

1-12

1-12

1-12

1-22

S) CHAPTER

2.

GENERAL APPROACH TO VULNERABILITY

OPTICAL SYSTEMS TO ELECTRONIC WARFARE

OF COMMUNICATION-ELECTRONIC AND ELECTRO-

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2-1

LIST OF SYMBOLS

......................

2-2
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TABLE OF CONT ENTS (Con t.)

Paragraph

2-1

2-2

2-2.1

2-2.2

2-2.3

2-2.3.1

2-2.3.2

2-2.3.3

2-3

2-3.1

2-3.2

2-3.3

2-3.4

2-3.5

2-4

2-4.1

2-4.2

2-4.3

2-4.4

2-4.5

Introduction

............................

The Philosophy of Vulnerability to Electronic

Warfare ...............................

Perspective ............................

The Primary Factors of EW Vulnerability

Evaluation

...........................

Technical and Operational Vulnerability

Analysis .............................

General

..............................

Distinctions Between Technical EW

Vulnerability Analysis and Operational

EW Vulnerability Analysis

...............

Technical EW Vulnerability

...............

EW Threat Precepts

.......................

General ...............................

EW 'Ihreat

.............................

Tactical ECM

actical SIGINT/ESM

....................

Tactical Electro-Optical Warfare ............

Purposes ..............................

Application of Models in EW

...............

Models of the EW Environment for Analysis

General

...............................

Electromagnetic Target Arrays (Tarays) . . . . . .

Propagation Models

......................

TerrainModels

.........................

References .............................

A-1

A-1.1

A-1.2

A-1.3

A-1.4

A-2

A-2.1

A-2.2

A-2.3

A-3

A-3.1

A-3.2

APPENDIX A EW-RELATED SIMULATION PACKAGES

Page

2-3

2-3

2-3

2-3

2-6

2-6

2-7

2-7

2-9

2-9

2-10

2-10

2-11

2-11

2-13

2-13

2-13

2-14

2-16

2-19

2-19

EW System Analysis Models

................

A-1

ACCESS Systems ....................... A-1

USAEPG/EMETF Model ..................A-2

ALLEN Models ......................... A-3

Electro-Optical Models

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

A-4

Message-Routing Models

...................

A-6

The Hughes MALLARD Simulation . . . . . . . . .A-6

IBM ARTSS and MASS Simulations .........A-8

GTE Sylvania-SES-East AMCN Program

.....

A-8

OtherModels ........................... A-8

COMMEL Model

........................

A-8

CRESS ............................... A-9

APPENDIXB CURRENT THREAT

. . . . . . . . .

B-1

...

111
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OF

CONTENTS

(Con t.)

Paragraph Page

C) CHAPTER 3 ELECTRONIC WARFARE VULNERABILITY

OF TACTICAL COMMUNICATIONS U)

3-1

3-1.1

3-1.2

3-2

3-2.1

3-2.2

3-2.3

3-2.4

3-3

3-3.1

3-3.2

3-3.3

3 -4

3-4.1

3-4.2

3-4.3

Introduction

Scope

Outline of the Methodology

ECM Susceptibility Levels

Susceptibility

Susceptibility of Tactical Communication

Equipment

Susceptibility of Trunk Communication

Susceptibility Sample Problems

Discussion of Vulnerability

Equipment

Vulnerability

Accessibility and Interceptibility

Vulnerability of a Communication

Link

Programs

Introduction

EW Threat Models

Vulnerability Simulation Programs

References

EW Threat Models and Vulnerability Simulation

3-6

3-6

3-6

3-8

3-8

3-34

3-56

3-74

3-76

3-76

3-77

3-88

3-94

3-94

3-94

3-96

3-101

(S) CHAPTER 4 ELECTRONIC WARFARE VULNERABILITY

AND TARGET ACQUISITION RADARS U)

OF GROUND-BASED AND AIRBORNE SURVEILLANCE

4- 1

4-2

4-2.1

4-2.2

4-3

4-3.1

4-3.2

4-4

4-4.1

4-4.2

4-5

4-5.1

4-5.2

Introduction

Ground-Based Personnel and Vehicle-Detection

Radars

System Description

Vulnerability

Ground Mapping

Vulnerability

Weapon-Location Radars

System Description

Vulnerability

Meteorological Radars

System Description

Vulnerability

References

Airborne Radar for Vehicle Detection and

System Description

4-2

4-3

4-3

4-6

4-25

4-25

4-26

4-28

4-28

4-30

4-39

4-39

4-39

4-40

iv


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O

CON TENTS (Con t.)

Paragraph Page

(S) CHAPTER 5 ELECTRONIC WARFARE VULNERABILITY

O F AVIONICS (U)

5-1

5-1.1

5-1.2

5-2

5-2.1

5-2.2

5-2.3

5-3

5-3.1

5-3.2

5-4

5

-4.1

5-4.2

c 1

c-1.1

c-1.2

C- 1.3

C- 1.4

c -2

c-2.1

c-2.2

c 3

D- 1

D-2

D-3

D-4

D-5

D-6

Introduction

Scope

General Conten t

EW Threat

to

Avionics

Establishing th e Thre at

Threat Equipment General Capabilities-Present

a ndF u t u re

Thre at Doctrine and Tactics

EW Vulnerability of Avionic Equip men t

Vulnerability Investigations

Results

of

Typical Vulnerability Investigations

Missions

Development

of

Analysis Proced ure

Illustration of t he Vulnerability Analysis

Procedure

References

The Imp act of EW Vulnerability on A irmobile

APPENDIX C THEORETICAL SUSCEPTIBILITY O F

NAVIGATION EQUIPMENT (AN/ARN-92

LORAN-D RECE IVER)

Susceptibility During Search

Receiver Operation During Search

Nonco herent ECM-Search

Coherent ECM-Search

Conclusions Regarding Search Susceptibility

Susceptibility During Track

Noncoherent ECM-Track

Coherent ECM-Track

AN/ARN-92 LORAN Phase Tracking Loops

5-5

5 5

5-6

5-6

5-6

5-7

5-7

5-8

5-8

5-33

5-58

5-60

5-73

5-82

c

1

c 1

C-6

c-11

C-15

C-16

C-16

c-20

C-29

APPENDIX D

THEORETICAL SUSCEPTIBILITY O F A

MULTIFUNCTION SYSTEM (HELMS)

Target Powe r D-

1

Susceptibility Criteria D-4

Sensitivity Due t o Receiver Noise D-8

Susceptibility t o CW an d FMCW Jamm ing D-8

Susceptibility

to

Direct Noise Amplification

(DINA) Jamm ing D-9

Susceptibility to Repeater Jamming

D- 10

V


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Paragraph Page

APPENDIX E. SUSCEPTIBILITY OF VARIABLE PARAMETER

TERRAIN-AVOIDANCE RADAR (VPTAR)

E- 1

E-2

E-2.1

E-2.2

E-2.3

E-2.4

E-2.5

E-2.6

E-3

E-3.1

E-3.2

E-4

F

F-2

F 3

6 1

6-1.1

6- 1.2

6-2

6-2.1

6-2.2

6-2.3

6-2.4

6-2.5

6-2.6

6-3

Suscep tibility Criteria E- 1

Susceptibility E- 1

tion (DINA) Jamming E-2

Jamming Signals E-5

Sensitivity Limitation Due t o Receiver Noise E-1

Susceptibility D ue t o Direct Noise Am plifica-

Susceptibility t o Spot Continuous-Wave (CW)

Suscep tibility to Pulsed CW Jamm ing S ignals.

E-6

Continuous-W ave (AMCW) Jamm ing Signals E-6

Continuous-Wave (FMCW) Jamm ing Signals E-7

Variable Param eters E-8

Power Transm itted E-8

Transmitted Frequency E-8

Conclusions and Reco mm endation s E-8

Susceptibility

to

Amplitude-Modulated

Susceptibility to Frequency-M odulated

Sensitivity of VPTAR ECM Vu lnerability to t he

APPENDIX F. EQUIPMENT OPERATIONAL

CHARACTERISTICS

LORAN-D Airbo rne Receiver Charac teristics F-1

HELMS Characteristics F-3

VPTAR Characteristics F-5

(S)

CHAPTER 6.OPTICAL/ELECTRONIC WARFARE

SYSTEMS (U)

WL NER ABIL ITY OF ELECTRO-OPTIC

Introduction 6-5

Chapter Contents

6 6

Terminology 6-6

6-

9

System Definitions 6-

1

ulnerability of EO Systems

Criteria fo r Effective O peration of V ictim

6-

1

ystems

hre at Analysis 6-20

Susceptibility of EO Equip men ts 6-33

Interceptibility a nd Accessibility of E O

Systems 6-69

Feasibility of Optical-E lectronic Warfare 6-133

Optical/Electronic Counter-Countermeasures 6-154


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TA B LE OF CONTENTS (Con t.)

Paragraph

Page

6-3.1 Red uction of Multiple Optical Intern al

eflections 6- 15 4

6-3.2 Reduction of Potential Precursor Signals 6-155

Damage 6-159

6-3.4 Optical Aug mentation 6-161

6-3.5 Misce llaneous Design Approaches 6- 167

References 6- 167

6-3.3

Hardening of Certain IR Detectors Against

S )

CHAPTER 7 LECTRON IC WARFARE VULN ERABILITY

OF SATE LLITE COMMUNICATIONS (U)

7- 1

7-2

7-2.1

7-2.2

7-2.3

7-2.4

7-2.5

7-3

7-3.1

7-3.2

7-3.3

7-3.4

7-4

7-4.1

7-4.2

7-4.3

7-4.4

G- 1

G-2

G-2.1

G-2.2

G-3

G-3.1

G-3.2

G-4

G-4.1

Introduction

Satellite Comm unication System

Introduction

Space Subsystem

Satellite Transponder

Earth Term inal Subsystem

Secondary System Characteristics/

Considerations

Satellite Communication System V ulnerability

Introduction

Basic Tool Requirements

Design Aids

Vulnerability E xamples

Increased ERF

Receiving Antenna Directivity/Sidelobe

Reduction

Spread-Spectrum Techniques

Oth er ECM Strategies

References

Bibliography

Satellite Antijamming Techniques

APPENDIX G ATELLITES

7-7

7-7

7-7

7-11

7-23

7-28

7-40

7-57

7-57

7-61

7-62

7-109

7-110

7-1 10

7-1 14

7-1 14

7-115

7-1 16

7-1 17

General G-1

Initial Defense Communications Satellite

Program (1DCSP)-DCS Phase I G- 1

Space Subsystem. Gene ral G- 1

Satellite Transponder G- 1

DCSC Phase I1 Satellite

G-5

Space Subsystem. Gene ral G-5

Satellite Transponder G-6

TACSAT G-8

Space Subsy stem. Gene ral G-8


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TABLE

OF

CONTE NTS (Cont.)

Paragraph Page

G-4.2

G-5

G-5.1

G-5.2

G-6

G-6.1

G-6.2

G-7

G-7.1

G-7.2

H- 1

H-2

H-3

H-4

H-5

H-6

H-7

H-8

H-9

H-10

H-11

H-12

I-

1

1-2

1-3

1-4

1-5

1 6

1 7

J

1

5-2

5 2.1

5-2.2

5-2.3

TACSAT Transpo nder G-9

SKYNET G-11

General G-11

SKYNFT Satellite Transponder

G-17

NATO G-18

General G-18

NATO Transponder G-20

INTELSAT G-20

General G-20

INTELSAT IV Transponder G-20

APPENDIX H. EART H TERMINALS

General

AN/FSC-9

AN/MSC46

AN/MSC-54

AN/MSCdO, Heavy Transportable (HT)

AN/MSC-6 1, Medium Transportable (MT)

SCT-21

AN/TSC-80

AN/MSC-57

Diplomatic Telecomm unications Service (DTS)

Major Ship Satellite Terminal (MASST)

AN/TSC-86 (LT)

APPENDIX I. PHASE I

H- 1

H- 1

H- 1

H-6

H-10

H-12

H-12

H-15

H-15

H-16

H-19

H-19

Background and Co nce pt. I- 1

System Description 1-1

Mo dulation Characteristics 1-4

Spacecraft 1-6

Com puter-T oCo mp uter Comm unications 1-6

Link Configu ration 1-7

CS Interfa ce 1-7

APPENDIX J. PHASE I1

Program D escription J-1

Requirements fo r Stage 1a Ear th Terminals J-2

Requirements for Stage 1b Earth Terminals

J 5

Requirements for Stage 1c Ea rth Terminals J-5

Eq uip me nt Aspects 5-2

viii


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Paragraph Page

APPENDIX K. OTHER COMMUNICATION SATELLITE SYSTEMS

K-

K-1.1

K-1.2

K-2

K-3

ir

Force Satellite Communication System

AFSCS)

K-1

General Description

K-

Missions Served K-1

Mini Communications Satellite System

K-

12

Concealment LES 8/91

K- 3

APPENDIX L. SPACE GROUND LINK SYSTEM

INDEX IND-1

ixlx


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AMCP 706 412

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

HEADQUARTERS UNITED STATES ARMY MATERIEL COMMAND

5001

Eisenhower Ave, Alexandria, VA

333

AMCP PAMPHLET

NO. 706 412

6

January

1976

ENGINEERING DESIGN HANDBOOK

VU LNERABI I Y 0F COM MUNI ATION L ECT RONI

AND ELECTRO-OPTICALSYSTEMS EXCEPT GUIDED

MISSILES) TO ELECTRONIC WARFARE SERIES

PART TWO

ELECTRONIC WARFARE VULNERABILITY OF

TACTICAL COMMUNlCATl ONS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Paragraph

Page

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x

LIST OF TABLES.

.......................

xv

PREFACE

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

xvii

(C) CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION (U)

1-1

1-1.1

1-1.2

1-1.3

1-1.4

1-2

1-2.1

1-2.2

1-2.3

1-2.4

1-3

1-4

1-4.1

1-4.2

1-4.3

Background of the Vulnerability Handbook

. . . .

General

Purpose

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Scope

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Handbook C ontent.

Electronic Warfare

........................

Definition

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Brief History of Electronic Warfare

. . . . . . . . . .

Elements of Electronic Warfare . . . . . . . . . . . . .

App lication of Electronic W arfare

. . . . . . . . . . .

Intelligence Coordination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Most Pertinent Publications on Electronic

Warfare Guidance

Communication-Electronic Electronic Warfare

Electronic Counter-Countermeasures (ECCM)

Electromagnetic Cover and Deception (EC D)

(AR 105-87)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(AR 105-2)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(AR 105-5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-2

1-2

1-4

1-4

1-5

1-6

1-9

1-11

1-12

1-12

1-12

1-12

i


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T A B L E OF CONT ENTS (Con t.)

Paragraph

Page

1-4.4

1-4.5

1-4.6

1-5

Electronic W arfare (FM 32-20)

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

1

2

Electronic Countermeasures Handbook (FM

32-20-1)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1-12

Foreign Intelligence Office Handboo k . . . . . . . .

1

2

Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2

Glossary

of Terms A ssociated With V ulnerability

Bibliography

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 2

(S)

CHAPTER 2 GENERAL APPROACH TO VULNERABILITY OF

SYSTEMS TO ELECTRON IC WA RFARE (U)

COMMUNICATION-ELECTRONIC AND ELEC TRO OPTICA L

2- 1

2- 2

2-2.1

2-2.2

2-2.3

2-3

2-3.1

2-3.2

2-3.3

2-3.4

2-3.5

2-4

2-4.1

2-4.2

2-4.3

2-4.4

2-4.5

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The Philosophy of Vulnerability of Electronic

Warfare

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Perspective

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Th e Primary Facto rs of EW Vulnerability

Evaluation

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Technical and O perational Vulnerability

Evaluation

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

EW Threat Precepts

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

General

EW Threat

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tactical SIGINT/ESM

Tactical ECM

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tactical Electro-Optical Warfare . . . . . . . . . . .

Models of the EW E nvironm ent for Analysis

Purposes

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Application of Models in EW

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Electromagnetic Target Arrays

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

Propagation Models

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Terrain Models

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2-3

2-3

2-3

2-3

2-6

2-9

2-9

2-10

2-10

2-11

2-11

2-13

2-13

2-13

2-14

2-16

2-18

2-19

APPENDIX A

.

EW-RELATED SIMULATION PACKAGES

A- 1

A-1.1

A-1.2

A-1.3

A-1.4

A-2

A-2.1

A-2.2

A-2.3

EW Sys tem Analys is Models A-

ACCESS Systems

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

A- 1

USA EPG/EM ETF Model A-2

ALLEN Models

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

A-3

Electro-Optical Models A-4

Message-Routing Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-6

The Hughes MALLARD Simulation

. . . . . . . . .

A-6

IBM

ART SS and MASS Simulation

. . . . . . . . .

A-8

GTE Sylvania-SES-East AMCN Program

. . . . . .

A-8

11


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CONTENTS (Con t . )

Paragraph Page

A-3

Other

Models

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

A-8

A-3.1 COMM EL Model A-8

A-3.2 CRESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-9

APPENDIX

B

. C U R R E N T T H R E A T

. . . . . . . . . B-

C) CHAPTER 3

.

ELECTRONIC WARFARE VULNERABILITY

3- 1

3-1.1

3-1.2

3-2

3-2.1

3-2.1.1

3-2.1.2

3-2.1.2.1

3-2.1.2.2

3-2.1.2.3

3-2.1.2.4

3-2.1.2.5

3-2.1.2.6

3-2.1.3

3-2.1.3.1

3-2.1.3.2

3-2.1.3.3

3-2.1.3.4

3-2.1.4

3-2.1.4.1

3-2.1.4.2

3-2.1.5

3-2.1.5.1

3-2.1.5.2

3-2.1.5.3

3-2.1.5.4

3-2.1.6

3-2.2

O F

TACTICAL COMMUNICATIONS (U)

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

LIST

O F

SYMBOLS

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Introduction

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Scope

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Outline of the Methodology

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ECM Susceptibility Levels

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Susceptibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Conditions That Must Be Specified When Ex-

pressing Susceptibility

Receiver Performance and Selection of Sus-

ceptibility Threshold in Terms of Perfor-

mance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Bit Error Rate BER)

Intelligibility Testing

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

MapTest

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Character Error Rate

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Relative Message Delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Related Measures

Jamming-to-Signal Ratios

JS).

. . . . . . . . . . . .

Measures of

JS

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Variation of Required

JS

With Signal and

Equipment Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Processing Gain

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Environmental

Noise

and Interference . . . . .

Susceptibility Thresholds

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Discussion of Thresholds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Selection of Performance Thresholds . . . . . . .

Causes of Susceptibility

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Susceptibility in the Receiver Before De-

tec io n

Susceptibility in the Receiver During the

Susceptibility in Ancillary Equipment at the

Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Susceptibility of the User Operator)

. . . . . . .

Detection Process and Following

Susceptibility to Deception ECM

. . . . . . . . . . .

Susceptibility of Tactical Communication

Equipment

3-1

3-3

3-6

3-6

3-6

3-8

3-8

3-9

3-9

3-9

3-12

3-16

3-18

3-18

3-18

3-19

3-19

3-19

3-20

3-22

3-23

3-23

3-23

3-27

3-27

3-29

3-31

3-32

3-33

3-34

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aragraph

3-2.2.1

3-2.2.1.1

3-2.2.1.2

3-2.2.2

3-2.3

3-2.3.1

3-2.3.2

3-2.3.2.1

3-2.3.2.2

3-2.4

3-3

3-3.1

3-3.1.1

3-3.1.2

3-3.1.3

3-3.1.4

3-3.2

3-3.2.1

3-3.2.1.1

3-3.2.1.2

3-3.2.2

3-3.2.2.1

3-3.2.2.2

3-3.2.2.3

3-3.2.2.4

3-3.2.2.5

3-3.2.3

3-3.3

3-3.3.1

3-3.3.2

3-3.3.2.1

3-3.3.2.2

3-3.3.2.3

3-4

3-4.1

3-4.2

3-4.2.1

3-4.2.2

3-4.2.2.1

3-4.2.2.2

Theore ical Susceptibility

:

General Curves

and Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-34

Analog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-34

Digital

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-38

HF.SSB. and VHF-FM 3-42

ment

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-56

Susceptibility-Empirical Results . . . . . . . . . . . 3-56

Special Considerations for Trunk Equipment

3-56

Preemphasis/Deemphasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-56

Threshold Extension by

F M

Feedback

3-74

Susceptibility Sample Problems

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-74

Vulnerability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-76

Discussion of Vulnerability

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-76

Susceptibility .........................

3-76

Accessibility

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-77

Interceptibility

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-77

Feasibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-77

Accessibility and Interceptibility

. . . . . . . . . . . . 3-77

Calculation of Accessibility and Intercepti-

bility

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-77

Accessibility

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-77

Interceptibility

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-78

Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-78

Antenna Directivity and Gain

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-79

The Receiving Antenna and Effective

Aperture

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-80

Parabolic Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-81

Sidelobes

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-82

Sample Problems 3-83

Propagation Models

3-85

Vulnerability

of

a Communication Link

. . . . . . . 3-87

General

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-87

Sample Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-90

Susceptibility Calculations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-91

Accessibility Calculations

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-91

Susceptibility-Empirical Results for HF.AM.

Susceptibility of Trunk Communication Equ ip

Interceptibility Calculations

3-92

EW Threat Models and Vulnerability Simulation

Programs

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-94

Introduction

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-94

EW Threat Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-95

General

...............................

3-95

Establishing the Current Threat Projection

. . .

3-95

Foreign Science and Technology Center

. . . . 3-96

ACSI

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-96

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T A B L E OF CONT ENTS (Con t .)

Paragraph Page

3 4.2.2.3

Fore ign Intelligence Office (FIO )

. . . . . . . . .

3 96

3 4.2.3

Exam ples of D ata fro m Threat Models . . . . . . 3 96

3 4.2.3.1

Equipment

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 96

3 4.2.3.2

Deployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 96

3 4.3 Vulnerability S imula tion Programs . . . . . . . . . . 3 96

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 102

(S) CHAPTER 4 . ELECTRONIC WARFA RE VULNERABILITY O F

TARGET ACQUISITION RADARS (U)

GROUND-BASED AND AIRBORNE SURVEILLANCE AND

4 1

4 2

4 2.1

4 2.2

4 3

4 3.1

4 3.2

4 4

4 4.1

4 4.2

4 5

4 5.1

4 5.2

Int roduct ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ground-Based P ersonnel and Vehicle Dete ction

Radars

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

System Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Vulnerability

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

GroundMapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Sys tem Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Vulnerability

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Weapon-Location Radars

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

System Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Vulnerability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Meteorological Radars

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

System Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Vulnerability

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Airborne Radar fo r Vehicle D etect ion and

4 2

4 3

4 3

4 6

4 25

4 25

4 26

4 28

4 28

4 30

4 39

4 39

4 39

4 40

(S) CHAPTER 5 ELECTRONIC WARFA RE VULNERABILITY O F

AVIONICS (U)

5 1

5 1.1

5 1.2

5 2

5 2.1

5 2.2

5 2.3

5 3

5 3.1

5 3.2

5 4

5 4.1

5 4.2

Int roduct ion

Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

General Conten t

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

EW Threat to Avionics

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Establishing t he T hreat

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Th reat Equ ipm ent General Capabilities-Present

a n d F u t u r e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Threat Doctrine and Tactics

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

EW Vulnerability of Avionic Equipment

. . . . . . .

Vulnerability Investigations

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Results of Typical Vulnerability Investigations .

Missions

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Development

of

Analysis Procedure

. . . . . . . . .

Illustration of the Vulnerability Analysis Pro-

The Impact of EW Vulnerability o n Airmobile

5 5

5 5

5 6

5 6

5 6

5 7

5 7

5 8

5 8

5 33

5 58

5 60

cedure

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 73

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aragraph

5-4.2

c- 1

c 1.1

c-1.2

C-1.3

C-1.4

c - 2

c-2.1

c-2 .2

c 3

D- 1

D-2

D-3

D-4

D-5

D-6

E- 1

E-2

E-2.1

E-2.2

E-2.3

E-2.4

E-2.5

Illustration of the Vulnerability Analysis Pro-

cedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5-73

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5-82

(C) APPENDIX C. THEORETICAL SUSCEPTIBILITY

OF NAVIGATION EQUIPMENT

CEIVER)

(AN/ARN-92 LORAN-D RE-

Susceptibility During Search

. . . . . . . . . .

Receiver O peratio n During Search . . . . .

Noncoherent ECM-Search

.

.

.

. .

.

. .

Coh erent ECM-Search

. . . . . . .

Conclusions Regarding Search Susceptibility

. .

Susceptibility During Track . . . . . . .

Noncoherent ECM-Track . . . . . . . . .

Coh erent ECM-Track . . . . . . . . . . .

AN/ARN-92 LORAN Phase Tracking Loops

.

c- 1

c- 1

C-6

c -11

C-15

C-16

C-16

c - 2 0

C-29

(C) APPENDIX D. THEORETICAL SUSCEPTIBILITY

OF A MULTIFUNCTION SYSTEM

(HELMS)

Target Power . . . . . . . . . . . D-1

Susceptibility Criteria . . .

.

. . . . . . D-4

Sensitivity Due t o Receiver Noise . . . D-8

Susceptibility

to

CW and FMCW Jam mi ng.

. . . .

D-8

Susceptibility t o D irect Noise Amplification

(DINA) Jamming.

. . . . . . . . .

D-9

Susceptibility to Repeater Jamming.

. . .

D-1

0

(C) APPENDIX E.

SUSCEPTIBILITY

OF

VARIABLE

PARAMETER TERRAIN-AVOID-

ANCE RADAR (VPTAR)

Susceptibility Criteria

. . . . . . . . . .

E- 1

Susceptibility . . .

. .

. . . . E- 1

Sensitivity Lim itation Due to Receiver Noise . E-1

Susceptibility Due

to

Direct N oise Amplifica-

t ion (DINA) Jamming

. . . . . . . . . . . .

E-2

Susceptibility

to

Spot Continuous-Wave (CW)

Jam min g Signals . . . . . . . . .

E-5

Susceptibility to Pulsed CW Jamming Signals.

.

E-6

Susceptibility

to

Amplitude-Modulated Con-

tinuous-Wave (AMCW) Jam mi ng Signals . . E-6

vi


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T A B L E OF CONTENTS (Con t .)

Paragraph Page

E-2.6 Susceptibility t o Frequency-Modulated Con-

E-3

tinuous-Wave (FMCW ) Jam mi ng Signals

. . . . .

E-7

Variable Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-8

E-3.1 Power Tran smitted

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

E-8

E-3.2 Transm itted Frequency

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

E-8

Sensitivity of VPTAR ECM Vulnerability to t he

E-4 Conclusions and Recom mendations

. . . . . . . . . . .

E-8

(C) APPENDIX

F

EQUIPMENT OPERA TIONAL

CHARACTERISTICS

F-

1 LORAN-D Airb orne Receiver Characteristics

. . .

F- 1

F-2 HELMS Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-3

F-3 VPTAR Characteristics

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

F-5

S)

CHAPTER 6

.

OPTICAL/ELECTRONIC W ARFA RE

SYSTEMS (U)

VULNERA BILITY O F ELECTRO-OPTIC

6-1

6-1.1

6-1.2

6-2

6-2.1

6-2.2

6-2.3

6-2.4

6-2.5

6-2.6

6-3

6-3.1

6-3.2

6-3.3

6-3.4

6-3.5

Int roduct ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chapter Contents

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Terminology

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Vulnerability of E O Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

System Definitions

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Systems

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Thre at A nalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Criteria for Effective Operatio n of V ictim

Susceptibi li ty of E O Equip men ts

. . . . . . . . . . . .

Intercep tibility and A ccessibility of E O Sys-

tems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Feasibility of Optical-Electronic Warfare

Red uction of Multiple O ptical Intern al Re-

Op tical/Electro nic Counter-Countermeasures

. . .

f lect ions

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Re du ctio n of Po tential Precursor Signals . . . . . .

Damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Optical Augm entat ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Miscellaneous Design App roach es

. . . . . . . . . . .

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hardening of Certain IR Dete ctors Against

6-5

6-6

6-6

6-9

6-11

6-11

6-20

6-33

6-69

6-133

6-154

6-1

5 4

6-1

6-1

9

6-161

6-167

6-167

S) CHAPTER 7 . ELECTRONIC WARFARE VULNERABILITY

OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS (U)

7-

1

Int roduct ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-7

7-2 Satellite Com mu nication Sys tem . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-7

vii


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TABLE

OF

CONTENTS

(Con t)

Pagearagraph

7-2.1

7-2.2

7-2.3

7-2.4

7-2.5

7-3

7-3.1

7-3.2

7-3.3

7-3.4

7-4

7-4.1

7-4.2

7-4.3

7-4.4

G-

1

G-2

G-2.1

G-2.2

G-3

G-3.1

G-3.2

G-4

G-4.1

G-4.2

G-5

G-5.1

G-5.2

G-6

G-6.1

G-6.2

G-7

G-7.1

G-7.2

H-

Introduction

Space Subsystem

Satellite Transponder

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Earth Terminal Subsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Secon dary System Characteristics/Considera-

tions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Satellite Communication System Vulnerability .

Introduction

Basic Tool Requirements

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Vulnerability Examples

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Increased ERP

Receiving Antenn a Directivity/Sidelobe Re-

duction

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Oth er ECM Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

References

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Design Aids

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Satellite Antijamming Techniques

. . . . . . . . . . . .

Spread-Spectrum Techniques

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(U) APPENDIX G. SATELLITES

General

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Initial Defense Communications Satellite

Pro-

gram (1DCSP)-DCS Phase I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Space Subsystem. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Satellite Transponder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

DCSC Phase I1 Sate llite

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Space Sub system. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Satellite Transponder .....................

TACSAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Space Sub system. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

TACSAT Transponder

....................

SKYNET

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SKYNET Satellite Transponder . . . . . . . . . . . . .

NATO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

General

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

NATO Transponder

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

INTELSAT

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

General

INTELSAT IV T ransponder

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(U)

APPENDIX H EARTH TERMINALS

7-7

7-11

7-23

7-28

7-40

7-57

7-57

7-61

7-62

7-109

7-1 10

7-110

7-1 14

7-1 14

7-115

7-1 16

7-117

G-

1

G- 1

G- 1

G- 1

G-5

G-5

G-6

G-8

G-8

G-9

G-11

G-11

G-17

G-18

G-18

G-20

G-20

G-20

G-20

General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-1

...

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TABLE

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CONT ENTS (Con t.)

Paragraph

Page

H-2

H-3

H-4

H-5

H-6

H-7

H-8

H-9

H-10

H-11

H-12

I-

1

I- 2

1-3

1-4

1-5

1-6

1-7

J-

1

5-2

5-2.1

5-2.2

5-2.3

K-

1

K-1.1

K-1.2

K-2

K-3

AN/FSC-9

. . . . .

.

. . .

. .

.

AN/MSC-46

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

AN/MSC-54

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

AN/MSC-60, Heavy Transportable (H T)

. .

AN/MSC-61 Medium Transportable

MT)

. . .

SCT-21

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

AN/TSC-80

. . . . .

.

. . . .

.

AN/MSC-57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Diplomatic Telecommu nications Service (DTS)

. .

Major Ship Satellite Terminal (MASST).

. . . .

AN/TSC-86 (LT)

. . . . . . . . . .

(U) APPEN DIX I. PHASE I

H- 1

H-

1

H-6

H-10

H-12

H-12

H-15

H-15

H-16

H-19

H-19

Background an d Conc ept

System D escription

. . . . . . . . . . . .

Modulation Characteristics.

. . . . . . .

Computer-To-Computer Communications.

. .

DCS Interface

. . . . . . . . . .

Link Configuration

. . .

.

. .

. .

.

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

I- 1

I- 1

1-4

1-6

1-7

1-7

Spacecraft

. . . . . . . . . .

1-6

(U)

APPEN DIX J. PHASE I1

Program Description

. .

.

.

J- 1

Equipm ent Aspects

. .

.

.

J

Req uirem ents for Stage la Ear th Terminals

. .

5-2

Requirem ents for Stage 1

b

Earth Terminals

. .

J-5

Requirem ents for Stage l c Earth Terminals

. .

J-5

(S) APPENDIX K. OTH ER COMMUNICATION

SATELLITE SYSTEMS

Air Force Satelli te C omm unication System

K- 1

K-12

(AFSCS)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Missions Served

. . . . . . . . . .

General Description

. . . . . . .

K- 1

Mini Comm unications Satellite System

. . . . . .

Concealment (LES 8/9 )

. . . . . . .

K-12

K-13

S)

APPENDIX

L.

SPACE GROU ND LINK

SYSTEM

1nd-1

NDEX

ix /x
http://82050_indx.pdf/http://82050_indx.pdf/


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them from specific end items of equipment-

and consolidates the data into a single series

of classified documents, together with a dis-

cussion and interpretation of the data. Thus,

development personnel-concerned with the

EW vulnerability of their systems-will be

saved time and effort in attempting to locate

and apply appropriate information or con-

ducting EW vulnerability studies. To pro-

vide a continuing and up-todate data base,

some studies will still have to be conducted.

Sample calculations are used throughout the

text to illustrate the theory and ideas pre-

sented.

1-1.3 U) SCOPE

This

handbook covers investigations,

studies, and analyses concerned with the vul-

nerability to electronic warfare EW) of all

types of communicationelectronic CE) and

electro-optical EO) equipment/systems, ex-

clusive of guided missiles. It includes the

various EW threats, present and future,

which US communicationelectronic and

electro-optical systems may face in the field.

Elements comprising the handbook in-

clude:

1) Factors that determine system vul-

nerability to EW-i.e., susceptibility, acces-

sibility, interceptibility feasibility, and tac-

tics

2) Steps, theoretical and experimental,

that constitute a vulnerability investigation

3) Effects of ECM modulations on dif-

ferent classes of equipment; e.g., fm radio,

pulse Doppler radar, noncoherent moving

target indicator mti)

(4) Specific jamming-to-signal ratios

J/S,

and the effect of such J/S on the perfor-

mance capabilities of the equipment exposed.

1-1.4

U)

HANDBOOK CONTENT

This

handbook is presented in seven chap-

ters. Chapters 1 and 2 introduce the basic

concepts of vulnerability. Each of the re-

maining five chapters is designed

as

a com-

plete treatise

on

its respective CE and EO

subject matter. The overall content of each

chapter is described in the paragraphs that

follow.

1-1.4.1 U) Introduc t ion to the Vulnerabi l -

ity Handbook (Chapter 1)

Chapter 1 serves as an introduction to the

handbook and presents the general subject

of electronic warfare as

it

relates to vulner-

ability assessment. The chapter contains

four major paragraphs:

1) 1-1 Background of the Vulnerability

Handbook

2) 1-2 Electronic Warfare

3) 1-3 Intelligence Coordination

4)

1 4 Most Pertinent Publications on

Electronic Warfare Guidance.

The paragraphs on electronic warfare pro-

vide a laymans introduction to the con-

cept of EW, including identification of its

component parts, the need for intelligence

inputs, and the concepts of command and

control of EW. Par. 1-5 provides a glossary

of terms most frequently encountered in the

field of EW.

1-1.4.2 U) General Approach to Vulnera-

bi l i ty of Communication-Elec-

tro nic and Electro-Optical

Sys-

tems to EW (Chapter 2)

Chapter 2 is a working explanation

of

vulnerability to EW. The subject matter is

presented in four main paragraphs:

1) 2-1 Introduction

1-2


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2) 2-2

Philosophy of Vulnerability to

Electronic Warfare

3) 2-3 EW Threat Precepts

4)

2 4

Models of the EW Environment

for Analysis Purposes.

The elements of vulnerability are identi-

fied and their relationship is shown. The

Soviet threat capability is discussed, with

emphasis

on

tactical employment, and the

significance of threat modeling for vulnera-

bility assessment is identified.

The different types of models of EW en-

vironment are outlined, with an explanation

of the construction and utility of each type

of model. Two Appendices are provided

that list and define some of the existing

models used in EW vulnerability analyses,

and Soviet signal intercept systems.

1-1.4.3

U)

EW Vuln erabilit y of Tactical

Commu nications (Chapter 3 )

Chapter 3 deals with the vulnerability of

tactical communications and is presented in

four major paragraphs:

(1) 3-1 Introduction

2) 3-2

ECM Susceptibility Level

3) 3-3

EW Threat Models

4) 3 4 Vulnerability.

The susceptibility of both tactical and

trunk systems is discussed in terms of ECM

modulations and their effects on equipment

performance. The level of jamming required

is analyzed. Current threat data are sum-

marized with direction on how to obtain up-

dating through intelligence channels. Vulner-

ability is examined with respect to its ele-

ments, simulations, and critical parameters.

A sample problem solution is given for the

assessment of the vulnerability of a commu-

nication network.

1-1.4.4

U)

EW Vulnerability

o f

Ground-

Based

and Airborne Surveillance

and Target Acquisition Radars

(Chapter 4)

Chapter 4 covers the vulnerability assess-

ment technique for surveillance and target

acquisition radars. The chapter is presented

in

five major paragraphs:

1) 4-1 Introduction

2) 4-2 Ground-Based and Personnel and

Field Detection Radars

3) 4-3

Airborne Vehicle Detection and

Ground Mapping Radars

4) 4 4 Weapon Location Radars

5) 4-5

Meteorological Radars.

Each paragraph is complete within itself

and identifies the radar system tactical role

and employment concepts. Pertinent char-

acteristics of the radar class are discussed,

and the means of assessing the system vulner-

ability are identified.

1-1.4.5 U) EW Vulnerability o f Avionics

(Chapter 5 )

Chapter 5 discusses the assessment of the

vulnerability of avionic systems. It is pre-

sented in four major paragraphs:

1 )

5-1

Introduction

2) 5-2

EW Threat to Avionics

3)

5-3 EW Vulnerability of Avionic

Equipment

4)

5 4

The Impact of EW Vulnerability

on the Selection of Avionic Configurations.

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The avionic systems are identified by class

such as Communication, IFF, Terrain Avoid-

ance Radar, and Navigation Systems. The

general threat to these systems is discussed,

and the system vulnerability criteria are iden-

tified. Steps to be taken in analysis are de-

scribed, and methods for data reduction and

presentation are explained. A discussion on

mutual interference problems and mission

profile as it affects vulnerability and the ef-

fects of EW vulnerability on air mobility

missions completes the chapter.

1-1.4.6 U) Optic aVElectron ic Warfare Vu l-

nerabi l i ty of Electro-Optic

Sys-

tems (Chapter 6)

Chapter 6 covers the vulnerability assess-

ment of electro-optical systems. It is divided

into three major paragraphs:

1)

6-1 Introduction

2) 6-2 Vulnerability of Electro-Optic

Systems

3) 6-3 Optical/Electronic Counter-Mea-

sures.

This chapter describes the electro-optic

equipments employed, their tactical employ-

ment and deployment requirements, the vul-

nerability aspects of the different classes of

systems, the potential threats to these sys-

tems, and concepts for electro-optic counter-

countermeasures. Specific approaches to de-

termining the degree of susceptibility, inter-

ceptibility, and accessibility of the electro-

optic systems are discussed.

1-1.4.7 U) EW Vulnerab i l i ty of Satel l i te

Comm unications (Chapter

7 )

EW vulnerability of satellite communica-

tions is addressed in four major paragraphs:

1) 7-1 Introduction

2) 7-2 Satellite Communication Systems

3) 7-3 Satellite Communication System

Vulnerability

4) 7-4 Satellite Antijamming Techniques.

A brief history of satellite systems is pre-

sented, continuing with discussions on active/

passive systems and orbit considerations.

Satellite transponder subsystems and ground

terminals for communication links are de-

scribed for both uhf and shf systems. A

presentation of vulnerability assessment tech-

niques leads to a description of the suscep-

tibility of several existing systems, and vul-

nerability assessment examples are provided

for user assistance. Electronic counter-

countermeasure ECCM) approaches are

treated briefly. Six appendixes are included

detailing Satellites, Earth Terminals, Phase I,

and Phase

11,

other Communication Satellite

Systems, and Space Ground Link Subsys-

tems.

1-2

U)

ELECTRO NIC W A RFARE

1-2.1 U) DEFIN IT IO N

AR 105-87 provides the following defini-

tion of electronic warfare

:

Electronic warfare EW) is military action

involving the use of electromagnetic energy

to determine, exploit, reduce or prevent hos-

tile use of the electromagnetic spectrum and

action which retains friendly use of the elec-

tromagnetic spectrum. There are three divi-

sions within EW:

1)

Electronic warfare support measures

ESM)

2) Electronic countermeasures ECM)

3) Electronic countercountermeasures

ECCM).

Fundamentals of EW

USAFA, includes

the following defining characteristics of elec-

tronic warfare:

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1

Although not included in official US

Army definitions, we should note that EW

is really dependent on the radiation of elec-

tromagnetic radiation and not on electron-

ics

per se.

Hence, EW includes systems using

all forms of electromagnetic energy e.g.,

radio, radar, infrared IR), optical systems,

lasers, etc.).

For the purposes of this handbook, EW

has been broadened to mean electromagnetic

warfare. Table 1-1 shows the electromag-

netic divisions for EW.

1-2.2

(U) BRIEF HISTORY OF ELEC-

TRONIC WARFARE

The use of electronic warfare is not new.

It had its modest beginnings early in World

War I when the Germans used deceptive

messages to exploit Russian communication

intelligence comint) operations during 1914.

Electronic warfare support measures ESM)

had its beginning during the Battle of Jut-

land in 1918, when the British tracked the

German fleet radio transmissions, allowing

intercept of the fleet with tactical advantage

and subsequent victory by the British.

Recognition of the value of ESM led the

Germans to the use of ECM. British radio

stations along the Mediterranean were jammed

to support the escape of the German fleet

from the Black Sea.

TABLE 1 1 U).

World War I1 placed the development of

EW on its exponential increase. The dra-

matic expansion in electronic technology and

changes in tactical warfare doctrine during

this period brought about the development of

the CE complex and the EW equipments and

concepts to exploit and counteract the use of

electronic systems. Early in the war, the

Germans deployed a navigation system to

direct bombing raids on Britain. The British

responded with deception signals to disorient

the Luftwaffe. The game of oneupmanship

began with two successive iterations of the

German navigation systems countered suc-

cessfully by the British.

Denial jamming came of age following the

emplacement of radardirected coastal guns

by the Germans along the French coast. The

British employed jammers to protect their

coastal shipping lanes. The Germans also

proved adept at deceptive jamming by

initiating short-term jamming against British

radars and gradually increasing the jamming

period over several days span, making the

interference appear as atmospheric in origin.

Finally, they established a jamming period of

sufficient duration to cover the escape of

three cruisers from the harbor at Brest

through the English Channel to their home

ports.

During the Libyan campaign of 1942, the

EW SPECTRUM

U )

Nomenclature

Radio

Infrared

Visible Light

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