Engendering Human Rights: Women and Poverty - a Human Rights Approach Sandra Fredman Oxford...
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Transcript of Engendering Human Rights: Women and Poverty - a Human Rights Approach Sandra Fredman Oxford...
![Page 1: Engendering Human Rights: Women and Poverty - a Human Rights Approach Sandra Fredman Oxford University.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649d8e5503460f94a765fe/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Engendering Human Rights: Women and Poverty - a Human
Rights Approach
Sandra Fredman Oxford University
![Page 2: Engendering Human Rights: Women and Poverty - a Human Rights Approach Sandra Fredman Oxford University.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649d8e5503460f94a765fe/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Engendering human rights
• ‘For too long, it was assumed that development was a process that lifts all boats... and that it was gender neutral in its impact.’
• ‘Human development if not engendered, is endangered.’...Step beyond
• Human rights will continue to exclude women unless expressly engendered
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Engendering Human Rights• "In its majestic equality, the law forbids rich
and poor alike to sleep under bridges, beg in the streets, and steal loaves of bread.”(Anatole France)
• Take account of power relations in which rights are exercised and interlocking sources of disadvantage.
• Expand feasible options available to women• Recognise and value care, responsibility, solidarity• Not just women: gendered relationships. Women’s
equal participation in workforce = men’s equal participation in home.
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Gendered poverty• Primary responsibility for child-care and unpaid work • Imbalance of Power within family: lack of agency• Violence• Health-care: Maternal mortality; reproductive
complications• Education• Precarious work in formal sector; predominance in
informal sector and agricultural work
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Role of law in constructing gendered poverty
• Absence of property rights: women precipitated into poverty on widowhood or divorce
• Absence of protection against violence: interferes with health, education, paid work, entrepreneurship
• Lack of mobility interferes with poverty alleviation
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Interlocking factorsEarly
marriage and
teenage pregnancy Lack of
education
Violence
Lack of property
rights, customary
law, access to capital
Lack of agency;
secondary poverty
Health; maternal mortality
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Engendering the Right to Education
Teenage pregnancy and early marriage
Violence en route and at school
Sanitation at schoolSyllabus
Opportunities for paid
work
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Engendering the right to
work
Hours of work
Equal rights for
precarious and
informal workers
Job segregatio
n and women’s
work
Equal pay for work of equal value
Education and
training
Parental rights and child-care
Violence and sexual
harassment at work
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Formal Equality before the law
• Equal property rights: customary law and statutory law
• Rule of Law: protection against violence• Minimum age of marriage• Freedom of movement• Equal right to vote
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From formal to substantive equality
Formal equality
• Same treatment: antecedent disadvantage not relevant
• Male norm• Relative: equally poor?• Abstracted from social
context
Substantive equality
• Different treatment may be necessary to redress disadvantage (quotas)
• Structural obstacles• Improve conditions for all• Power/cultural norms
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Substantive equality• Break the cycle of disadvantage associated
with status groups (allows quotas etc)• Promote dignity and worth, redressing
stereotyping, stigma, humiliation and violence• Transformational: Aim to achieve structural
change• Participative: Facilitate full participation in
decision-making
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Interaction between dimensions
• ‘Redressing disadvantage’ can cause stigma: welfare recipients
• Focus on stigma alone can leave disadvantage untouched
• Redressing disadvantage may not be sustainable without structural change
• Women’s voice must genuinely redress disadvantage: elite v poor women?
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Poor Women: agents of change or bearing burden of development?
• Conditional Cash Transfer: • Redressing disadvantage: cash
transfer, but less agency; time;• Addressing stereotyping: women
primarily as mothers; fathers ignored • Structural change: Poor quality
services• Participation: Often missing• Alternatives: Universal good quality
services; unconditional cash transfers
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Microfinancing
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Substantive Equality and microfinancing
• Redressing disadvantage: Small unprofitable businesses; empowerment unproved
• Addressing stereotyping: Women as efficient users of resources but cultural obstacles unchanged, violence
• Transformation: Structures unchanged: diverts State responsibility for rights to market
• Participation: From group solidarity to individual consumers.
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Challenges ahead
• Engendered human rights: rights in context of complex social structures
• Substantive equality for women and men• Positive duties on State and all with power: • Universal high quality services