Eng. Marinela BARBUR Ă4 Carbona ţi/ Carbonate (%) 11,7 23,1 5 Azot total/ Total nitrogen (%) 0,262...

Ing. Marinela BARBURĂ Teză de doctorat

30

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES AND VETERINARY MEDICINE

CLUJ-NAPOCA

DOCTORAL SCHOOL

FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE

Eng. Marinela BARBURĂ

RESEARCH ON PEDOGENETIC COVER AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE PRODUCTION CAPACITY OF FOREST RESORTS FROM

TRASCAULUI MOUNTAINS

SUMMARY OF PhD THESIS

Scientific Supervisor:

PhD.Prof. Ioan PĂCURAR

Cluj-Napoca 2011


31

CONTENTS OF THE PHD THESIS SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 32

CHAPTER I .................................................................................................................................. 33

THE PRESENT STAGE OF RESEARCH, THE RESEARCH AIM AND OBJECTIVES ........ 33

CHAPTER II ................................................................................................................................. 34

THE MATERIALS AND METHODS ......................................................................................... 34

CHAPTER III ................................................................................................................................ 34

NATURAL LANDSCAPE ........................................................................................................... 34

CHAPTER IV ............................................................................................................................... 36

THE LAYERS OF SOIL AS A REFLECTION ........................................................................... 36

OF ENVIRONMENT CONDITIONS .......................................................................................... 36

CHAPTER V ................................................................................................................................. 39

THE INFLUENCE ON THE PEDOGENETIC COATING PRODUCTION CAPACITY OF

FOREST RESORTS TRASCAU MOUNTAINS ......................................................................... 39

CHAPTER VII .............................................................................................................................. 53

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS........................................................................ 53

BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................................... 56


32

INTRODUCTION

A strong motivational impulse in choosing the theme of this research was the

importance of knowing the cover of soil, but also the relationship between the production

capacity of the forest station and the soil. This study is the result of three years of work

and it represents the first approach to the influence of soil on the forest stations in

Trascăului Mountains.

The starting point of the research was the necessity to know the area thoroughly in

order to understand what was essential, namely the way in which soils affected the

production capacity of the forest stations, their development over a certain territory and

the tendencies of future evolution.

The study is aimed at becoming aware of both the qualitative features of the soil

and the production potential of the forest stations for rural communities.

The thesis has 176 pages and it is structured in six chapters which contain 53

tables and 49 figures, while there are 173 bibliography titles.

The final result is meant to be a complex research paper, based on analysis and

synthesis, which should contribute – through its content, structure, methods and

procedures – to identifying the types of soil and forest stations to be found in this

geographical area and to bringing out a series of new elements.

The study relies heavily on research done on the spot but also on data from the

forest management units in the region and from other related institutions.

In order to finish this research I received great support from my scientific advisor,

PhD Professor Păcurar Ioan, whose very valuable guidance I want to acknowledge now. I

am really grateful for the generosity with which he coordinated the long years of

preparation and management of my work, for the willingness to share with me his own

scientific experience, for the methodological and emotional support he gave me during

difficult periods.

I also want to acknowledge here the support I received in my work from the

members of the Science of Soil Department at the Faculty of Agriculture.


33

Moreover, I would like to thank here all those people who, through their

competence, friendship, and generosity, have contributed, in one way or another, to the

materialization of this study. Last but not least, I would like to express my respect and

open attitude to all those people who might want to suggest improvements of its content.

CHAPTER I

THE PRESENT STAGE OF RESEARCH, THE RESEARCH AIM AND

OBJECTIVES

While writing this paper I considered that the objectives and the priorities in the

study of forests should focus on obtaining information concerning the influence of the

pedogenetic cover on the productivity of forest stations and on implementing the

economic management in the mountain area. Therefore, the following aspects proved

essential:

• mapping and thoroughly researching the cover of soils in the research area with

respect to: identifying the pedogenetical factors and their influence on some of the

soil characteristics; grouping the pedogenetical factors which are specific to the

Trascău Mountains;

• identifying and quantifying the pedogenetical processes which led to the spatial

differentiation of the soils in this region;

• pointing out and analysing the main types of forest stations in Trascăului Mountains;

• analysing the influence of the pedogenetical cover on the production capacity of

forest resort trough determining correlations between soil type, its thickness and

volume increasing from trees in the forest resort that had been analyzed;

• offering solutions concerning the management of natural resources by relating

environment factors to the biological and technological factor.


34

CHAPTER II

THE MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study of the station condition of soils and establishing the criteria for

whole-scale improvement can be carried out by using on the spot and laboratory methods

which should allow extending the research over the whole area under study.

On the spot research is done according to instructions issued by ICPA-Bucharest,

namely „The Methodology of Pedology Studies (first volume)” (1987), known as

„Pedology Data Collection and Systematisation” (1987), by studying some soil samples

spread over certain itineraries so that they would permit the observation of changes in the

soil cover in relationship with environment conditions.

Thus, due to the difficulty of large-scale mapping, one usually resorts to thorough

research of some standard perimeters in order to accomplish certain goals. Such work

should refer to and render, as faithfully as possible, the features of the climate, relief,

petrographical formations and the vegetation in Trascăului Mountains.

CHAPTER III

NATURAL LANDSCAPE

Trascăului Mountains are situated in the south-east part of the Apuseni Mountains,

overlooking the Mureş Valley, starting from its junction with the Arieş River upstream. It

stretches over a distance of about 75 km, from the region to the north of the Arieş to the

Ampoi Valley, along the line North-East –South-West, being almost perfectly parallel

with the Mureş Valley and the Mureş passage.

At the bottom of Trascăului Mountains there is a thick layer of crystalline schists

which were formed, in their turn, in the depth of a Hercynian geosyncline, where they

had undergone a process of metamorphism to different degrees. Thus one can notice a

gradual placement of those rocks which were metamorphosed more slowly westwards,

where more strongly metamorphosed rocks occur.

The great variety of rocks in Trascăului Mountains give the relief features which

differ from one area to the next, due to their different response to shaping agents.


35

On the crystalline schists to the north of the mountains the relief looks heavy, with

convex slopes which make a monotonous impression, while the valleys appear as gorges

(on the Arieş River, on the Ocolişel River, on the Iara River).

Ophiolites, in their turn, occur as compact and hard rocks, being characterized by a

rich residual microrelief and by the presence of some of the most typical gorges in the

massif (the gorge of the Arieş between Buru and Moldoveneşti, the gorge of the Hăşdate

Rivers, the gorge of the Tureni River, the gorge of the Pietroasa, the gorge of the Răchiş

River). Besides, on the whole, the morphology developed by these rocks is easily

noticeable in the landscape, where limestone prevails, with its remarkable shapes which

attract tourists.

Water streams which drain Trascăului Mountains are directly or indirectly

collected by the Mureş River. It is a first-degree hydrographic body as compared with the

direct collector, the Tisza River. Most streams flow transversely or have sectors of

transversal valleys, which allowed for numerous passes to be carved.

The longest mountain valley in Trascăului Mountains is along the Arieş River.

Being a mountainous region, the key to the interaction between the layer of

vegetation and the layers of soil is considered to be the relief as a factor of vertical

distribution of vegetation areas.

The vegetation areas vary according to altitude and they are represented by the

following units and sub-units: 1) the nemoral zone (of broadleaved tree forests), with its

common oak forests underlevel, beech forests underlevel, and mixed forests underlevel

(of beech trees and conifer trees); 2) the boreal zone (of spruce fir and other conifer

species), and 3) the alpine and subalpine zones, which include tree species only in

isolated parts.

The multi-annual average is higher only in the east extremity of the massif, namely in

the Turda Alba-Iulia region (8.5°C), followed by the multi-annual average temperature in

Câmpeni (8.2°C), which is slightly close to the previous one. The lowest multi-annual

average temperatures occur at the weather station in Băişoara (figure 1).


36

Multi-annual average rainfall amounts to 623 mm in Turda, 861 mm in Câmpeni and

948 mm in Băişoara for the analyzed period (figure 2).

CHAPTER IV

THE LAYERS OF SOIL AS A REFLECTION

OF ENVIRONMENT CONDITIONS

Soil distribution in Trascăului Mountains shows a greater amount of cambisols,

followed by cernisols, luvisols, protisoils, whereas the narrowest areas consist in alluvial

soils, andosols, hydrosoils, and histosols (figure 3).

Fig. 1. The monthly mean of the air temperature at the meteorological stations: Băişoara,Câmpeni and Turda

Fig. 2. The monthly mean of the atmospheric precipitations at the meteorological stations: Băişoara, Câmpeni şi Turda


37

The Class of Cernisols

The soils in this category are quite well-spread in Trascăului Mountains. They can be

found on the slopes along the Inzeu Valley, Bedeleu Valley, Poiana Valley, Geoagiu

Valley etc. Redzina has been mapped from this class.

The RZ Rendzins

Fig. 3. The class distribution of the soils in Trascău Mountain

Fig. 4. Calcarico-rendzic texture diagram

%


38

Tabel/Table 1 Analytical data of Calcaro-rendzic Leptosols (Bedeleu)

Orizontul/ Horizon Adâncimi/Deep (cm)

Am 0-15

A/R 15-36

1 Textura/Texture NL LL 2 Materie organică /Organic matter (%) 5,43 3,46 3 pH în apă/pH in water 5,87 6,84 4 Carbonaţi/Carbonate (%) 11,7 23,1 5 Azot total/Total nitrogen (%) 0,262 0,172 6 Fosfor mobil/Mobile phosphorus (ppm) 9 4 7 Potasiu mobil/Mobile potassium (ppm) 168 84

8 Baze de schimb/Exchangeable base (me/100g sol)

33,2 34,5

9 Hidrogen de schimb/Exchangeable hidrogen (me/100g sol)

- -

10 Capacitatea de schimb cationic/Cation-exchange capacity (me/100g sol)

38 37

11 Gradul de saturaţie în baze/Degree of base saturation (%)

87 93

The RZ Rendzins are formed on limestone. The content of organic matter is medium

on the whole soil profile, like that of total nitrogen of 0.172-0.262 %, mobile phosphorus

4-9 ppm, mobile potassium 84-168ppm. The capacity for cationic exchange (T) is almost

the same on 37-38 me/100g soil profile, whereas the base saturation (V) is high 87-93%;

the soil reaction vacillates around a slightly alkaline value (table 1).

The following situations will be presented with reference to the granulometric

composition of the analysed profile:

Unprocessed sand has high values of 43.5% in Am horizon, which then decreases to

35.2.0% in A/R transition horizon.

Dust has high values of 10.86% in Am horizon and it increases to 13.53% in A/R

transition horizon.

The content of clay is different, with a lower percentage of 25.3% in superior Am

horizon and higher in depth 29.65% (figure 4).


39

CHAPTER V

THE INFLUENCE ON THE PEDOGENETIC COATING PRODUCTION

CAPACITY OF FOREST RESORTS TRASCAU MOUNTAINS

Due to the technical difficulties involved in the process of quality assessment, the

classification of soils in Trascăului Mountains according to suitability has been done for

the representative perimeters, for a soil profile which was considered representative

(including the type or the subtype of soil it charactersises).

As apparent in the quality assessment observation sheets, the quality classes of soil

units vary from the second and fifth class, according to restrictive factors which affect the

quality assessment results in a negative way and according to the culture one makes

reference to.

Some of the main restrictive factors which require severe crop limitations or

reduce the number of possibilities of soil use are: slopes (10-50%), active and stabilized

landslides, reduced useful edaphic volume (10-50%) and small amounts of humus (10-90

t/ha).

Fig 5. Suitability of land for different crops


40

QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF FOREST AREAS

The station is a forest-related category whose main function is the production of

wood mass and it has been the first more thoroughly established ecological group. It has

been studied with reference to its detailed ecological benefits for the vegetation and its

friendly environment.

In order to make an analysis of forest stations I will present the ecological

observation sheets for the most important categories which can be found in Trascăului

Mountains. There are three fitoclimatic levels which the studied forest stations can be

associated with, according to the main physico-geographical factors, to the soil, and to

the existing vegetation:

• Mixed mountain type FM2

• Beech tree mountain and pre-mountain type FM1+FD4

• Common oak, beech and oak-beech hilly type FD3

At the mixed mountain level FM2

• Mixed mountain, Bm, middle edaphic districambosol, with Asperula-Dentaria;

At the beech tree mountain and pre-mountain level FM1+FD4

• Beech tree mountain and pre-mountain, Bm, middle edaphic districambosol,

with Asperula-Dentaria;

At the common oak, beech and oak-beech hilly level FD3

• Common oak, beech and oak-beech hilly, Bm, middle edaphic preluvosoil,

with graminoids and Luzula;


41

Tabel/Table 2

Fişa ecologică a tipului de staţiune pentru: Montan de amestecuri Bm districambosol edafic

mijlociu cu Asperula-Dentaria FM Bm T III-II H- III Ue3-2 The ecological card of the forest site type for: Composite mountain Bm medium edaphic with

Asperula-Dentaria FM Bm T III-II H- III Ue3-2

Factori Factors

Clase de mărimi ale factorilor ecologici/ Ecological factors of class magnitudes

Clase de favorabilitate ale factorilor ecologici/ Ecological factors of class class suitability

OF

A G

●

BR

AD

◌M

OLI

D

Sp

0-m I II III IV V E E N-m

FS S M R FR

Temperatura m.a./ temperature

+ ◌● O

M ◌●

○

Precipitaţiile a./ precipitations

(+) +

(+)

◌● O

Precipitaţiile de încărcare sol/ precipitations of soil loading

+ ◌● O

Precipitaţii estivale (iul.-aug.)/ estival precipitations (July-August)

+ ◌●○

Vânturile/ winds + ◌●○ Umiditatea atm. rel. in iul./ atmospheric relative moisture content in July

+ ◌●○

I

Substanţele nutritive (ind. Trof.)/ nutrient compunds

+ + ◌● O

Asigurarea cu azot/ nitrogen guarantee

+ + ◌● O

Bazele schimbabile/ exchangeable base

+ + ◌● O

<I

Aciditatea-alcalinitatea/ acidity-alkalinity

+ + O ◌●

Apa accesibilă estival/ estival accesible water

+ + ◌●○ ◌●○

Aerul-aeraţie/ air-aeration

+ + ◌● ◌●○

Consistenţa estivală/ estival soil consistency

+ + O ◌●

Fa

vora

bili

tate

/Fav

ora

bili

ty

Bon

itate

/Est

imat

ion

Temperatura – vernal şi estival/ temperature (vernal-estival)

+ ... + O ◌●

Salinitatea-alcalinitatea (Na)/ salinization and alkalinity (Na)

+ ◌●○

Volumul edafic/ Physiologically useful volume

+ + O ◌●

Lung.per. bioact/lenght of bioactivity period

+ O O O


42

Tabel/Table 3

Fişa ecologică a tipului de staţiune pentru: Montan premontan de făgete Bm districambosol

edafic mijlociu cu Asperula-Dentaria FM1+ FD4 Pm T III H III Ue2 The ecological card of the forest site type for: Mountain premontain of beech Bm districambosol

medium edaphic with Asperula-Dentaria FM1+ FD4 Pm T III H III Ue2

Factori Factors



OF

A G

Sp


FS S M R FR


+ O

M

O


(+) +

(+)

O


+ O


+ O

Vânturile/ winds + O Umiditatea atm. rel. in iul./ atmospheric relative moisture content in July

+ O

I


+ + O


+ + O


+ + O

<I


+ + O


+ + O


+ + O


+ + O

Fa

vora

bili

tate

/Fav

ora

bili

ty

Bon

itate

/Est

imat

ion


+ ... + O


+ O


+ + O


+ O


43

Tabel/Table 4

Fişa ecologică a tipului de staţiune pentru: Deluros de gorunete, Bm, preluvosol edafic mijlociu,

cu graminee mezoxerofite şi Luzula FD3 Go, Pm T II H II Ue2-1 The ecological card of the forest site type for: Hilly with evergreen, Bm preluvosoils medium

edaphic of mezoxerofites grasses and Luzula FD3 Go, Pm T II H II Ue2-1

Factori Factors



O

GO

RU

N

Sp


FS S M R FR


+ + O


+ O

M

O


+ O


+ O

Vânturile/ winds + O Umiditatea atm. rel. in iul./ atmospheric relative moisture content in

+ + O

I


+ + O


+ O


+ O


+ O

<I


+ O


+ O


+ + O

Fa

vora

bili

tate

/Fav

ora

bili

ty

Bon

itate

/Est

imat

ion


+ + O


+ O


+ O


+ O


44

The production capacity of trees is average and lower and it is determined by the

edaphic volume of the soil, the level of humidity, the soil trophicity and acidity. In most

analysed stations the volume is little or average, the level of humidity varies with great

shortage in the summer, reduced trophicity and a large percentage of bone (figure 6).

VOLUME INCREASES IN FOREST STATIONS IN TRASCAULUI MOUNTAINS

Volume increases were measured in the three years dedicated to experiments,

namely in 2008, 2009 and 2010 on various representative types of soil.

Annual increase in beech as a result of the growing amount of wood was

measured on several types and subtypes of soil, with different thickness levels for a

profile.

Volume growth values vary within the interval 2.3-7.4 (m3/an/ha) according to the

thickness of the soil profile, temperature, rainfall, the lowest recorded level being specific

to limestone with a width of only 27 cm of the soil profile (figure 7).

Variable growth is due to the nature of the relationships between the width of the

soil profile and its richness in bones, but also to other external factors such as

temperatures and rainfall during the period of vegetation growth, which affect the trees.

Fig. 6. The distribution of forest resorts depending of productivity


45

Tabel/Table 5

The influence of the districambosol on thickness of annual in volume Tipul de sol Type of soils

Grosimea profilului de sol (cm) Thickness of soils profile (cm)

Media creşterilor anuale Growth annual average

Diferenţa Difference

Semnificaţia diferenţelor Differences significance

(m3/an/ha)

(%)

Martor 9,1 100 0,00 Mt. Districambosol

tipic 135 10,1 110,9 1,00 ** tipic 104 8,7 95,6 -0,40 00

litic 86 7,4 81,3 -1,70 000

scheletic 58 6,9 75,8 -2,20 000

DL (p 5%) =0,39 DL (p 1%) =0,57 DL (p 0.1%) =0,85

The statistical analysis of results concerning the influence of soil width on annual

volume growth, in comparison with the average volume growth, points out that the

difference is very significant for 125cm districambosol, significant but in a negative way

for 66 cm and 58 cm districambosol and that there is no difference for 84 cm

districambosol (table 5).

The explanation of the differences in growth according to the type and width of

soil is presented in table 6.

Fig. 7. Variation of annual increases in volume at beech


46

Tabel/Table 6 The significance of differences in growth measured by Duncan test

Tipul de sol Type of soils

Media creşterilor anuale (m3/an/ha) Growth annual average (m3/an/ha)

Clasificarea Classification

a4 6,0 A a5 6,5 A a1 7,0 B a3 7,5 B a2 9,0 C

DS 5%=0,52-0,56

Annual increase in spruce fir volume as a result of the growing amount of wood

was measured on several types and subtypes of soil, with different thickness levels for a

profile.


thickness of the soil profile, its bone content, temperature, rainfall, the lowest recorded

level being specific to bone-rich litosol with a width of 32 cm of the soil profile (figure

8).




Fig. 8. Variation of annual increases in volume at spruce


47

Tabel/Table 7 The influence of the districambosol on thickness of annual in volume



Media creşterilor anuale Growth annual average



(m3/an/ha)

(%)

Martor 9,1 100 0,00 Mt. Districambosol

tipic 135 10,1 110,9 1,00 ** tipic 104 8,7 95,6 -0,40 00

litic 86 7,4 81,3 -1,70 000

scheletic 58 6,9 75,8 -2,20 000

DL (p 5%) =0,39 DL (p 1%) =0,57 DL (p 0.1%) =0,85

The statistical analysis of results concerning the influence of soil width on annual

volume growth, in comparison with the average volume growth specific to trees in the

third production class, points out that the difference is significant but in a negative way

for 125cm, 66 cm, and 58 cm districambosol, and significant for 84 cm districambosol

(table 7).

The significance of the differences in growth according to the type and width of






a5 6,9 A a4 6,4 A a3 8,7 B a1 9,1 C a2 10,1 D

DS 5%=0,39/0,42

Annual increase in common oak volume as a result of the growing amount of

wood was measured on different types of soil, with different thickness levels and the

findings are presented in table 37.


48


thickness of the soil profile, its bone content, temperature, rainfall, the lowest recorded level

being specific to limestone redzine with a width of 37 cm of the soil profile (figure 9).




Tabel/Table 9

The influence of eutricambosoils on thickness of annual in volume Tipul de sol Type of soils


Media creşterilor anuale/ Growth annual average



(m3/an/ha)

(%)

Martor 6,5 100 0,00 Mt.

Eutricambosol

tipic 94 5,3 80,3 -1,20 000

litic 76 4,2 63,6 -2,30 000

scheletic 68 3,6 55,6 -2,93 000

DL (p 5%) =0.43 DL (p 1%) =0.65 DL (p 0.1%) =1.04

Fig. 9. Variation of annual increases in volume at hills


49

The statistical analysis of results concerning the annual volume growth, in

comparison with the witness sample, which stands for the average volume growth, points

out that the difference is very significant but in a negative way for all analysed varieties

of eutricambosol (table 9).

The significance of the differences in growth according to the type and width of






a4 3,6 A a3 4,2 B a2 5,3 C a1 6,5 D

Ds 5%=0,43-0,45

5.8 CORRELATIONS BETWEEN AVERAGE ANNUAL GROWTH AND THE WIDTH OF THE SOIL

PROFILE

The data in figure 10 lead us to the conclusion that there is a direct and clearly

significant connection between the two features (annual growth and the width of the soil

profile) if we compare the value of the correlation coefficient R=0.950, obtained through

calculation, with the table values of r for the transgression probabilities of 5% and 1%,

for GL = 9 (R 1%=0.67, R 5%=0.80 – Ardelean – 2006. Analysing the regression

equation for the two features (y=0.066x+1.640), one can notice that when the width of

the soil profile becomes 20 cm larger, the volume growth increases by 1.706 m3/an/ha.


50

There is a direct and clearly significant connection (R = 0.976) between the width

of the soil profile and the annual growth for beech trees, subsequent to the analysis of the

value of the correlation coefficient R.

According to the regression equation between the two features (y=0.067x+0.124),

one can notice that when the width of the soil profile becomes 20 cm larger, the volume

growth increases by 0.19 m3/an/ha (figure 11).

Fig. 10. Correlations between growth annual average and thickness profile of soils



51

The regression analysis for the average annual growth for common oak trees

according to the width of the soil profile demonstrates a strong connection between the

average annual growth and the width of the soil profile which has the value R =0.970

(R2=0.831).

Analysing the regression equation between the two features (y=0.056x+0.331),

one can notice that when the width of the soil profile becomes 20 cm larger, the volume

growth increases by 0.89 m3/an/ha (figure 12).

The data in table 11 enable us to conclude that the most significant annual growth

for a 20 cm wider soil profile occurs for common oak, whereas the least significant

growth for the same situation occurs for the beech tree population.



52

Tabel/Table 11 Increase in volume (m3) to increase the thickness of 20 cm soils profile

Populaţia Population

Ecuaţia de regresie Regression ecuation

Valoarea creşterii anuale (m3/an/ha) la creşterea cu 20 cm a profilului de sol

Value of annual increased (m3/an/ha) increased by 20

cm of soils profile Molid Y=0,098X+0,792 1.706 Fag Y=0,084X+0,530 0,19

Gorun Y=0,058X+1,091 0.89

IMPROVEMENT AND MEASURES TO MAKE SOILS SUITABLE FOR

AGRICULTURE

The fact that the land in those regions in Trascăului Mountains where trees were

cut down is in bad condition should be considered, first and foremost, as a consequence

of irrational use, of neglect in what concerns both the crops and the way of using the land

(where it has been used).

Improvements in the use of such soils which settle and get stabilised must rely on

some principles:

• the necessity to remove the cause of land degradation through erosion and

landslides and to fight against the effects of such phenomena;

• the necessity to take into consideration the features which are specific to this

mountainous region, which is rich in forests, in order to avoid causing local

ecological problems;

• the necessity to contribute to an overall improvement concerning the

geomorphological relief units or the main hydrographical basins;

The work and measures which can be used to reach the above-stated goals can be

classified into three groups:

o organising the area;

o agricultural work intended for soil improvement;


53

o hydrotechnical work done in order to control surface waterflow, to prevent

floods and to stop in depth erosion.

CHAPTER VII

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The research for this PhD thesis concerning the soil and forest stations as well as

the agro-forest fund enables us to draw the following conclusions:

� The concept of the soil has evolved with the development of Pedology as a science, so

that we can conclude that the soil is a complex system which interacts with the other

systems; it plays an active part in phytomass production and it influences the

production capacity of ecosystems.

� The productivity of forest vegetation is influenced by the favourable character of the

soil conditions and namely by the extent to which trees can develop their system of

roots in depth and on the sides, by the nature of the complex ecological system of the

soil, and, consequently, by the way and the extent to which the two

previously-mentioned features allow for the right supply of water, nutrients, air, and

physiologically active substances for the roots.

� The pedological research of Trascăului Mountains confirms the existence of various

soils in the area and the variety was determined by the complex character of

pedogenetic factors. It also points out that the main types of soil are vertically

distributed. The classification of soils in this mountain region sets the following

proportion: cambisols – 39%, luvisols – 20%, protisoils – 10%, cernisols-25%,

andosols – 2%, hydrosoils – 2% and histosols – 1%.

� The potential for forest development as assessed through the ecological observation

sheets about different types of forest stations confirms the different favourable

character for forest species, while there has been identified an area distribution of

those species from the common oak tree level to the mixed level. In this way there are

12 representative stations: mixed mountain type, Pi, small edaphic limestone, mixed


54

mountain type, Pm, middle edaphic districambosol, with Asperula-Dentaria, beech

tree mountain and pre-mountain, Ps, large edaphic districambosol, with

Asperula-Dentaria, beech tree mountain and pre-mountain, Pm, middle edaphic

districambosol, with Asperula-Dentaria, beech tree mountain and pre-mountain, Pi,

small edaphic brown earth, with Asperula-Dentaria, beech tree mountain and

pre-mountain, Pi, middle edaphic limestone, beech tree mountain and pre-mountain,

Pi, limestone bedrock and excessive erosion, beech tree hilly, Pm, middle edaphic

brown earth with Asperula-Asarum, common oak tree hilly, Pm, middle edaphic

podzolic soil, with graminoids and Luzula, common oak tree hilly, Pm, middle weak

podzolic soil, eutric cambisol, middle edaphic, common oak tree hilly, Pi, strong

podzolic soil, small edaphic, with Luzula luzuloides, beech tree hilly, Pi, small

edaphic districambosol.

� As far as the soil suitability for forest species is concerned, the main restricting factors

are: the soil acid reaction, the edaphic volume, the pseudo-gleization processes,

erosion, landslides, the average annual temperature, the humus reserve, and water

shortage during periods of vegetation growth. Therefore, it is important to apply

measures for the prevention of soil degradation and for fertility preservation, like:

- applying the principles of functional distribution of forests on the regions, by

classifying forests in connection with the need to protect the soil;

- completing degraded forest areas;

- cultural exploitation of forests, which should be understood as the necessity to

avoid causing erosion on mountain sides due to deforestation and massive

cutting down of trees on large areas;

- using agro-technology for farming operations meant to prevent surface erosion

and to improve soil problems (autumn holes of 40/40cm, autumn holes with

simple terraces and terraces fenced at slope level);

- water drains at each level, along the highest slope line, at various distances,

depending on the slope.

� The volume growth of trees was measured on various types of representative soils

such as districambosol, eutric cambisol, limestone, lithosol, preluvosol.


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� The following findings resulted from a study of the influence of districambosol and of

its width on volume growth in comparison with average growth:

� For a spruce tree grown on typical districambosol of 135 cm, the growth is 12%

lower than average volume growth in third-class production class trees, for typical

districambosol of 104 cm, the growth is 7% higher, while for lithic districambosol

of 66 cm and 58 cm districambosol, the growth is 22% and, respectively, 27%

lower than the average.

� For a beech tree grown on typical districambosol of 135 cm, the growth is 29%

higher than average volume growth in third-class production class trees, for

typical districambosol of 104 cm, the growth is 7% higher, while for lithic

districambosol of 66 cm and 58 cm bone-rich districambosol, the growth is 14%

and, respectively, 8% lower than the average.

� Concerning the influence of eutric cambisol and of its width on volume growth in

comparison with average growth, research indicates that differences are negative

when set against the average, for both beech trees (Fagus sylvatica) and common oak

trees which grew on eutric cambisol.

� Concerning the influence of limestone and of its width on volume growth, the

differences are very significantly negative when set against the average for spruce

trees, beech trees, and common oak trees.

� Concerning the influence of lithosol and of its width on volume growth for spruce

trees in comparison with average growth, research indicates that differences are

negative when set against the average.

� The regression analysis for the average annual growth in case of spruce trees in

connection with the width of the soil profile demonstrates a strong correlation

between the average annual growth and the width of the soil profile with a value of

R=0.987 (R2=0.975).

� There is a direct and clearly significant connection between the width of the soil

profile and annual growth for beech trees, as shown by the analysis of the value of the

correlation coefficient R (R = 0.980).

� The regression analysis for the average annual growth in case of common oak trees in

connection with the width of the soil profile demonstrates a strong correlation


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between the average annual growth and the width of the soil profile with a value of

R=0.911 (R2=0.831).

� The pedological research to the conclusion that the soils in Trascăului Mountains

have different suitability levels and they can be used for forests, farming, and for

grazing and growing hay.

� The vegetation provides rich material potential for human communities inhabiting the

studied zone, forests being the dominant form of vegetation. Over the centuries

forests have been a well-structured system, whose existence and vigour have been

sustained by very favourable morpho and pedoclimatic conditions. They have been

crucial for the life of human communities, providing the native population with food,

shelter, and wood, but also with the peace and quiet one needs to survive, stimulating

the appearance and development of a whole range of human occupations.

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Eng. Marinela BARBUR Ă4 Carbona ţi/ Carbonate (%) 11,7 23,1 5 Azot total/ Total nitrogen (%) 0,262...

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