Eng 102BC Summer Day7
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Transcript of Eng 102BC Summer Day7
English 102BC
Student presentations – commas
semicolons & colons
Using evidence effectively
Peer review synthesis essay
Classical arguments
Forming arguments
Return and discuss annotated bibliographies
ENG 102
In writing, when should evidence be used?
What are the guidelines for effectively choosing and using
evidence?
Name three kinds of evidence.
How is a pseudo-argument created?
No possibility for listening, learning, growth, or
change by audience
Lack of shared assumptions or common ground
Bible interpretations
Personal opinions
Opera is boring
What factors do rational arguments
require?
1. reasonable participants who operate within the
conventions of reasonable behavior
2. potentially sharable assumptions that can serve
as a starting place or foundation for argument
If either factor is missing, the result is a pseudo
argument.
STAR Criteria: general Principles for using evidence persuasively
Sufficiency
Typicality
Accuracy
Relevance
STAR Criteria: general Principles for using evidence persuasively
Sufficiency
The more contested a claim or the more an audience
is skeptical, the more evidence is needed
Don’t make argument overly long and tedious with
too much evidence
Word your claim so that audience supports it
STAR Criteria: general Principles for using evidence persuasively
Typicality
Evidence should be typical and representative rather
than an extreme instance
STAR Criteria: general Principles for using evidence persuasively
Accuracy
Evidence can’t be used ethically unless it is accurate
and up-to-date
Evidence can’t be persuasive unless the audience
believes in the writer’s credibility (ethos)
STAR Criteria: general Principles for using evidence persuasively
Relevance
Argument: “I deserve an A because I worked
exceptionally hard.”
Provides evidence of how hard he worked, but not
why he deserves an A.
Kinds of Evidence
Data from
Personal experience
Insufficient (hasty generalization), not typical, not adequately scientific or verifiable
Observation/field research
Flaws in how observations were conducted, showing how data are insufficient, inaccurate, or nontypical
Interviews, questionnaires, surveys
Raise doubts about research methodology, questionnaire design, or typicality of interview subjects
Library or internet research
Raise doubts about sufficiency, typicality, or relevance
Kinds of Evidence
Testimony
Question credentials of source, show source’s bias, or quotes a countersource
Statistical data
Question methods, research design, interpretation of data
Hypothetical examples, cases, & scenarios
Show implausibility of scenario or offer an alternative scenario
Reasoned sequence of ideas
Point to different values or outline different consequences
Checklist for Brainstorming
Sources of Evidence What personal experiences have you had with this
issue? What details from your life or the lives of your friends, acquaintances, or relatives might serve as examples or other kinds of evidence?
What observational studies would be relevant to this issue?
What people could you interview to provide insights or expert knowledge on this issue?
What questions about your issue could be addressed in a survey or questionnaire?
What useful information on this issue might encyclopedias, specialized reference books, or the regular book collection in your university library provide?
Checklist for Brainstorming
Sources of Evidence
What evidence might you seek on this issue using
licensed database indexing sources for magazines,
newspapers, and scholarly journals?
How might an Internet search engine help you
research this issue?
What evidence might you find on this issue from
reliable statistical resources such as US Census
Bureau data, the Centers for Disease Control, or
Statistical Abstract of the US?
Define logos
Quality of message
Logic of argument
Guiding Questions:
How can I make the argument internally consistent
and logical?
How can I find the best reasons and support them
with the best evidence?
How can one create effective logos?
Provide personal experience
Expert support
Use appropriate writing style
Use 3rd person (except in personal account)
Use appropriate connotations
Define Ethos
Credibility of writer
Conveyed through writer’s investment in claim,
fairness to alternative views, author’s tone, style,
attention to grammar and mechanics
Guiding Questions:
How can I present myself effectively?
How can I enhance my credibility and
trustworthiness?
How can one create effective ethos?
Be knowledgeable about issue
Be fair
Build a bridge to the audience
Demonstrate professionalism
Define Pathos
Values and beliefs of intended audience
Often associated with emotional appeal
Imaginative sympathies
Guiding Questions:
How can I make the reader open to my message?
How can I best appeal to my reader’s values and
interests?
How can I engage my reader emotionally and
imaginatively?
How can effective pathos be created?
Use concrete language
Use specific examples & illustrations
Use narratives
Use words, metaphors, and analogies with
appropriate connotations
What is kairos?
Timing, appropriateness, and proportions of a
message
A letter to the editor of a newspaper only has a one
or two day window before a current event becomes
old news
In-class Activity Choose an ad in the back of the textbook.
1. As you analyze the argument from the perspective of kairos, answer the following questions:
a. What is the motivating occasion for this argument? That is, what causes this writer to put pen to paper or fingers to keyboard?
b. What conversations is the writer joining? Who are the other voices in this conversation? What are these voices saying that compels the writer to add his or her own voice? How was the stage set to create the kairotic moment for this argument?
c. Who is the writer’s intended audience and why?
d. What is the writer’s purpose? Toward what view or action is the writer trying to persuade his or her audience?
e. To what extent can various features of the argument be explained by your understanding of its kairotic moment?
2. Now analyze the same argument for its appeals to logos, ethos, and pathos. How successful is this argument in achieving its writer’s purpose?
Peer Review
Exchange synthesis essay with a classmate
Read essay
Answer guiding questions to offer valid feedback
about classmate’s essay
What is the classical structure of an
argument?
Introduction
Attention grabber
Memorable scene, illustrative story, startling statistic
Explanation of issue and needed background
Thesis
What is the classical structure of an
argument?
Presentation of writer’s position
Main body of essay
Presents & supports each reason in turn
Each reason is tied to a value/belief held by the
audience
What is the classical structure of an
argument?
Summary of opposing views
Response to opposing views
Refutes opposing views
Shows weaknesses in opposing views
Concedes to some strengths
What is the classical structure of an
argument?
Conclusion
Summarizes argument
Leaves strong last impression
Calls for action or relates topic to larger context
of issues
Epic Rap Battles of History
How is this clip an example of a classical
argument?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l3w2MTXBeb
g
Epic Rap Battles of History
How is this clip an example of a classical argument?
What is the introduction? How is background
information provided? What is the thesis?
What arguments are made by Shakespeare?
What does Seuss say to refute his opponent?
How does Shakespeare respond to the opposing
views?
What is the conclusion? What is the lasting impression?
What is the call for action or how is the topic related
to a larger context of issues?
Shakespeare Vs. Seuss Discussion
1. Which character had the best argument? Who do
you think won?
2. What were some of the arguments made by the
winner?
3. How did the winner refute his opponent’s
arguments?
4. What were some of the opponent’s key arguments?
For Thursday...
Due synthesis essay final copy
Watch the assigned video clips (on next slide)
Complete the worksheet
Think of two other characters who should battle.
Video Clip Assignments
Easter Bunny vs. Genghis Khan; Michael Jackson vs. Elvis Presley
Andi, Abbey, Vince, Jullian
Batman vs. Sherlock Holmes; Steve Jobs vs. Bill Gates
Ben, Megan, Kristin
Steven Hawking vs. Einstein; Mr. Rogers vs. Mr. T
Lauren, Halle, Jason
Moses vs. Santa; Mario Bros. vs. Wright Bros.
Evan, Harlin, Moe