Eng 102BC Summer Day7

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English 102BC Student presentations – commas semicolons & colons Using evidence effectively Peer review synthesis essay Classical arguments Forming arguments Return and discuss annotated bibliographies

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Eng 102BC Summer Day7

Transcript of Eng 102BC Summer Day7

English 102BC

Student presentations – commas

semicolons & colons

Using evidence effectively

Peer review synthesis essay

Classical arguments

Forming arguments

Return and discuss annotated bibliographies

ENG 102

In writing, when should evidence be used?

What are the guidelines for effectively choosing and using

evidence?

Name three kinds of evidence.

How is a pseudo-argument created?

No possibility for listening, learning, growth, or

change by audience

Lack of shared assumptions or common ground

Bible interpretations

Personal opinions

Opera is boring

What factors do rational arguments

require?

1. reasonable participants who operate within the

conventions of reasonable behavior

2. potentially sharable assumptions that can serve

as a starting place or foundation for argument

If either factor is missing, the result is a pseudo

argument.

STAR Criteria: general Principles for using evidence persuasively

Sufficiency

Typicality

Accuracy

Relevance

STAR Criteria: general Principles for using evidence persuasively

Sufficiency

The more contested a claim or the more an audience

is skeptical, the more evidence is needed

Don’t make argument overly long and tedious with

too much evidence

Word your claim so that audience supports it

STAR Criteria: general Principles for using evidence persuasively

Typicality

Evidence should be typical and representative rather

than an extreme instance

STAR Criteria: general Principles for using evidence persuasively

Accuracy

Evidence can’t be used ethically unless it is accurate

and up-to-date

Evidence can’t be persuasive unless the audience

believes in the writer’s credibility (ethos)

STAR Criteria: general Principles for using evidence persuasively

Relevance

Argument: “I deserve an A because I worked

exceptionally hard.”

Provides evidence of how hard he worked, but not

why he deserves an A.

Kinds of Evidence

Data from

Personal experience

Insufficient (hasty generalization), not typical, not adequately scientific or verifiable

Observation/field research

Flaws in how observations were conducted, showing how data are insufficient, inaccurate, or nontypical

Interviews, questionnaires, surveys

Raise doubts about research methodology, questionnaire design, or typicality of interview subjects

Library or internet research

Raise doubts about sufficiency, typicality, or relevance

Kinds of Evidence

Testimony

Question credentials of source, show source’s bias, or quotes a countersource

Statistical data

Question methods, research design, interpretation of data

Hypothetical examples, cases, & scenarios

Show implausibility of scenario or offer an alternative scenario

Reasoned sequence of ideas

Point to different values or outline different consequences

Checklist for Brainstorming

Sources of Evidence What personal experiences have you had with this

issue? What details from your life or the lives of your friends, acquaintances, or relatives might serve as examples or other kinds of evidence?

What observational studies would be relevant to this issue?

What people could you interview to provide insights or expert knowledge on this issue?

What questions about your issue could be addressed in a survey or questionnaire?

What useful information on this issue might encyclopedias, specialized reference books, or the regular book collection in your university library provide?

Checklist for Brainstorming

Sources of Evidence

What evidence might you seek on this issue using

licensed database indexing sources for magazines,

newspapers, and scholarly journals?

How might an Internet search engine help you

research this issue?

What evidence might you find on this issue from

reliable statistical resources such as US Census

Bureau data, the Centers for Disease Control, or

Statistical Abstract of the US?

What are the four kinds of persuasive

appeals?

Logos

Ethos

Pathos

kairos

Define logos

Quality of message

Logic of argument

Guiding Questions:

How can I make the argument internally consistent

and logical?

How can I find the best reasons and support them

with the best evidence?

How can one create effective logos?

Provide personal experience

Expert support

Use appropriate writing style

Use 3rd person (except in personal account)

Use appropriate connotations

Define Ethos

Credibility of writer

Conveyed through writer’s investment in claim,

fairness to alternative views, author’s tone, style,

attention to grammar and mechanics

Guiding Questions:

How can I present myself effectively?

How can I enhance my credibility and

trustworthiness?

How can one create effective ethos?

Be knowledgeable about issue

Be fair

Build a bridge to the audience

Demonstrate professionalism

Define Pathos

Values and beliefs of intended audience

Often associated with emotional appeal

Imaginative sympathies

Guiding Questions:

How can I make the reader open to my message?

How can I best appeal to my reader’s values and

interests?

How can I engage my reader emotionally and

imaginatively?

How can effective pathos be created?

Use concrete language

Use specific examples & illustrations

Use narratives

Use words, metaphors, and analogies with

appropriate connotations

What is kairos?

Timing, appropriateness, and proportions of a

message

A letter to the editor of a newspaper only has a one

or two day window before a current event becomes

old news

In-class Activity Choose an ad in the back of the textbook.

1. As you analyze the argument from the perspective of kairos, answer the following questions:

a. What is the motivating occasion for this argument? That is, what causes this writer to put pen to paper or fingers to keyboard?

b. What conversations is the writer joining? Who are the other voices in this conversation? What are these voices saying that compels the writer to add his or her own voice? How was the stage set to create the kairotic moment for this argument?

c. Who is the writer’s intended audience and why?

d. What is the writer’s purpose? Toward what view or action is the writer trying to persuade his or her audience?

e. To what extent can various features of the argument be explained by your understanding of its kairotic moment?

2. Now analyze the same argument for its appeals to logos, ethos, and pathos. How successful is this argument in achieving its writer’s purpose?

Peer Review

Exchange synthesis essay with a classmate

Read essay

Answer guiding questions to offer valid feedback

about classmate’s essay

What is the classical structure of an

argument?

Introduction

Attention grabber

Memorable scene, illustrative story, startling statistic

Explanation of issue and needed background

Thesis

What is the classical structure of an

argument?

Presentation of writer’s position

Main body of essay

Presents & supports each reason in turn

Each reason is tied to a value/belief held by the

audience

What is the classical structure of an

argument?

Summary of opposing views

Response to opposing views

Refutes opposing views

Shows weaknesses in opposing views

Concedes to some strengths

What is the classical structure of an

argument?

Conclusion

Summarizes argument

Leaves strong last impression

Calls for action or relates topic to larger context

of issues

Epic Rap Battles of History

How is this clip an example of a classical

argument?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l3w2MTXBeb

g

Epic Rap Battles of History

How is this clip an example of a classical argument?

What is the introduction? How is background

information provided? What is the thesis?

What arguments are made by Shakespeare?

What does Seuss say to refute his opponent?

How does Shakespeare respond to the opposing

views?

What is the conclusion? What is the lasting impression?

What is the call for action or how is the topic related

to a larger context of issues?

Shakespeare Vs. Seuss Discussion

1. Which character had the best argument? Who do

you think won?

2. What were some of the arguments made by the

winner?

3. How did the winner refute his opponent’s

arguments?

4. What were some of the opponent’s key arguments?

For Thursday...

Due synthesis essay final copy

Watch the assigned video clips (on next slide)

Complete the worksheet

Think of two other characters who should battle.

Video Clip Assignments

Easter Bunny vs. Genghis Khan; Michael Jackson vs. Elvis Presley

Andi, Abbey, Vince, Jullian

Batman vs. Sherlock Holmes; Steve Jobs vs. Bill Gates

Ben, Megan, Kristin

Steven Hawking vs. Einstein; Mr. Rogers vs. Mr. T

Lauren, Halle, Jason

Moses vs. Santa; Mario Bros. vs. Wright Bros.

Evan, Harlin, Moe