ENFAEuropean Non-Food Agriculture

– WP 32 Energy and Greenhouse Gas Balances

Hannes Schwaiger, Gerfried JungmeierKick-Off Meeting

10th May 2005

Geomatikum, Hamburg, Germany

Overview

Modelling

WP Objectives

Examples

Next steps

Methodology: LCA energy, GHG emissions

WP 32 Objectives

To identify 3 bio-chains for which LCA models are created e.g. pellets, biodiesel, wood chips form SR systems

Produce a computer model for the selected chains

Conversion of the model into a web-based file (asp files)

Post the model on the internet as an user friendly interface

combustionheat,electricity

construction

operation

dismantling

fuel preparation

forestry

transport

harvesting

What is LCA?

Typical LCA-Emissions of Biomass Plant over Entire Lifetime

CO

2, C

O2-e

q. [

t]

CH

4, N

2O

[t]

0

2.000

4.000

6.000

8.000

10.000

12.000

14.000

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22Year

0

15

30

45

60

75

90

CO2

CH4

N2O

CO2-eq.

construction(0 - 1)

operation (1 – 21)

dismantling(21-22)

LCA-Methodology

Energy flowCarbon flow*Legend:

* Other GHG and auxiliary fossil energy inputs are excluded in this figure for reasons of simplicity

Conversion in heatand power plants

Biomass

Renewablebiotic

carbonstocks

Bioenergy system Fossil energy system

Decreasingfossil

carbonstocks

Conversion in heatand power plants

Heat /electricitydistribution

Heat Electricity

By-products

Useful energy:

By-products

Carbonoxidation

Heat /electricitydistribution

Carbonfixation

Fossil fuel

StorageTransport

Slow increasing atmospheric carbon Strong increasing atmospheric carbon

Transport

Production ProcessingHarvesting

Storage

Processing

Auxiliary fossilenergy emissions

Auxiliary fossilenergy emissions

IEF 98/026

Heat and/or electrictyAccording to

ISO 14 040 „Life Cycle Assessment“

Standard Methodology of IEA Bioenergy Task 38 „Greenhouse Gas Balances of Biomass and Bioenergy systems“

Recommendations of COST Action E9 „Life Cycle Assess- ment of Forestry and Forest Products“

LCA-Methodology

According to

ISO 14 040 „Life Cycle Assessment“

Standard Methodology of IEA Bioenergy Task 38 „Greenhouse Gas Balances of Biomass and Bioenergy systems“

Recommendations of COST Action E9 „Life Cycle Assess- ment of Forestry and Forest Products“

Transportation

oefpos02020

Biomass

Renewablebiotic

carbonstock

Bioenergy system Fossil energy system

Decreasingfossil

carbonstocks

Conversionin vehicles

By-products

Transportation Servicesfor persons and good

By-products

Carbonoxidation

Carbonfixation

Fossil fuel

StorageTransport

Slow increasing atmospheric carbon Strong increasing atmospheric carbon

Processing

Production ProcessingCultivation

Transport

Harvest

Auxiliary fossilenergy emissions

Auxiliary fossilenergy emissions

Energy flowCarbon flow*

Conversionin vehicles

Biofuel Fossil fuel

Auxiliaryfossil energy

Possible Reference Options are important in LCA

- no thinning- heterotrophic respiration- composting- landfill- material use

- afforestation / reforestation- fallow - pasture- extensive agricultural use- intensive agricultural use

What happens with the biomass, if no bioenergy is produced?

What happens on arable land, if no energy crops are produced?

Emissions to Airfor Environmental Effects

Greenhouse effect: GHGs in CO2-equivalents (CO2, CH4, N2O, CF4)

Equivalent factors: CO2 1 CH4 23

N2O 296

Primary energy demand: Energy input to generate 1KWh electricity, heat or km

Possible Bioenergy Systems in ENFA

Bioenergy systems

electricity

per 1 kWhelectricity

cogeneration electricity&heat

per 1 kWhelectricity & heat

heat

per 1 kWhheat

transportation

per 1 km

Details of ConsideredPossible Bioenergy Systems

Biomass-Processing

Biomass-Combustion

Biomass- Fuels

Biomass- Resource

Forestryforest residues

fuelwood

Agricultureshort rotation forestry

RCG, miscanthus

Industryindustrial residues

chipping, drying, storage, transportationgasification

Solid biofuels, liquid biofuels

heating plant

Heat Electricity (& Heat)

CHP/power plant vehicles

Transportation

Modelling of Bioenergy Systems

CombustionProduction and harvesting Transport Distribution

g CO2-eq./(ha*a) g CO2-eq./km g CO2-eq./kWhoutput g CO2-eq./kWhoutput

Modelling of Substituted Fossil Energy Systems

Extraction Transport Processing Transport Combustion Distribution

g CO2-eq./kWhoutput

g CO2-eq./kWhoutput

Data Requirements - Example

Kind of cropAnnual yield [t/ha*a]Water content of crop [%]Kind and amount of plant protective agent [kg/(ha*a)]Kind and amount of fertilizer [kg/(ha*a)]Irrgiation [kWhel/(ha*a)]Kind and usage of machine [lfuel/(ha*a)]Kind and amount of by-products [kg/(ha*a)]

Production and harvestingProduction and harvesting

Combination of default data and case specific data

Extraction

Transport

Power plant

Natural gas power plant

Distribution

Wood chips power plant

Example 1: LCA Electricity supply

Heterotrophicrespiration

Reference use of forest residues

Production

Harvesting

Power plant

Drying and storage

Transport

1 kWh electricity

Distribution

LCA Results: Electricity Supply

48

12

60

388

39

0.6

427

0.06

0 100 200 300 400 500

CO2

CH4

N2O

CO2-equivalent

Kin

d o

f g

reen

ho

use

gas

Greenhouse gas emissions [g CO2-eq/kWhelectricity]

wood chips power plant combined cycle

natural gas power plant combined cycle

Example 2: Biodiesel and Fossil Diesel

Raw oil extraction

Transport

Refinery

Distribution

Vehicle

Reference System Diesel

Set asideArea

Soya-Production

Fertilizer prod.Fertilizer

Animal feed

Glycerin-Production

Heat from oil

Raw material

Energy

Rape seed production

Transport

Esterification

Pressing

Distribution

Vehicle

Transportation Service

Biodiesel

Rape cake

Glycerin

LCA Results: Diesel and Biodiesel

110

194

5.6

3.7

203

46

62

2

0 50 100 150 200 250

CO2

CH4

N2O

CO2-equivalent

Typ

e o

f g

reen

ho

use

gas

Greenhouse gas emissions [g CO2-eq/km]

biodiesel rape seed

diesel

Example 3: Co-GenerationLCA Electricity and Heat

Biogas combustion engine

Collection

Combustion engine

Digestion

Transport

Distribution Distribution

Extraction

Transport

Combustion engine

Light oil combustion engine

Refinery

Transport

Storage

Reference useof manure

Undigestedmanure

Fertilizer

Digestedmanure

0.33 kWh electricity + 0.67kWh heat

LCA Results: Electricity and Heat Supply

-603

383

2.5

5.8

391

-28

31

-607

-800 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600

CO2

CH4

N2O

CO2-equivalent

Kin

d o

f g

ree

nh

ou

se

ga

s

Greenhouse gas emissions [g CO2-eq/(0.33 kWhelectricity+0.67 kWhheat)]

biogas combustion engine

light oil combustion engine

Next steps

Decission on the most important biomass chains [ENFA Team]

Identification of bioenergy /fossil fuel process steps [ENFA Team]

Identification of interfaces [JR/ENFA Team]

Data modelling, Integration into ENFA model [JR/ENFA Team]