Energy Update! Will in 1 By · 2014. 2. 19. · Thorium‐fuelled reactors produce less waste, and...

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2/19/2014 Energy Update! Turn in Activity 1 Review Last Lecture Work Today’s Material: Thermal Energy Fossil Fuels Homework #2 http://www.davidsuzuki.org/blogs/sciencematters/2014/02/willthoriumsaveusfromclimatechange/ Will thorium save us from climate change? By David Suzuki with contributions from Ian Hanington, Senior Editor But many argue that, despite Fukushima and other disasters, nuclear is the best option to reduce carbon emissions fast enough to avoid catastrophic climate change. Because of problems with radioactive waste, meltdown risks and weapons proliferation, some say we must develop safer nuclear technologies. smaller modular reactors, reactors that shut down automatically after an accident Molten Salt Reactors (MSRs) are nuclear reactors that use a fluid fuel in the form of very hot fluoride or chloride salt instead of the solid fuel used in most reactors. One idea is to use Thorium instead of uranium for reactor fuel. Thorium is more abundant than uranium. Thoriumfuelled reactors produce less waste, and while some trace elements in spent uranium fuels remain radioactive for many thousands of years, levels in spent thorium fuels drop off much faster. http://www.whatisnuclear.com/reactors/msr.html http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/thelasersfuellinghopesofunlimitedcleannuclearenergy9124237.html The lasers fuelling hopes of unlimited, clean nuclear energy Scientists in California said on Wednesday night that they have for the first time managed to release more energy from their nuclear fusion experiment than they put into it, which marks a critical threshold in eventually achieving the goal of a selfsustaining nuclearfusion reaction. Nuclear fusion uses a fuel source derived from water and produces none of the more dangerous and longlasting isotopes, such as enriched uranium and plutonium, that result from conventional nuclear power plants, which rely on the fission or splitting of atoms rather than their fusion. http://www.daviddarling.info/images/binding_energy.jpg http://obelkobusnel.wordpress.com/category/physicsgrade12ib/ http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Nuclear_Chemistry/Fission_and_Fusion Fission Fission is the splitting of a nucleus that releases free neutrons and lighter nuclei. The fission of heavy elements is highly exothermic which releases about 200 million eV compared to burning coal which only gives a few eV. Fusion Nuclear fusion is the joining of two nuclei to form a heavier nuclei. The reaction is followed either by a release or absorption of energy. Fusion of nuclei with lower mass than iron releases energy while fusion of nuclei heavier than iron generally absorbs energy.

Transcript of Energy Update! Will in 1 By · 2014. 2. 19. · Thorium‐fuelled reactors produce less waste, and...

Page 1: Energy Update! Will in 1 By · 2014. 2. 19. · Thorium‐fuelled reactors produce less waste, and while some trace elements in spent uranium fuels remain radioactive for many thousands

2/19/2014

• Energy Update!• Turn in Activity 1• Review Last Lecture

• Work• Today’s Material:

• Thermal Energy• Fossil Fuels• Homework #2

http://www.davidsuzuki.org/blogs/science‐matters/2014/02/will‐thorium‐save‐us‐from‐climate‐change/

Will thorium save us from climate change?By David Suzuki with contributions from Ian Hanington, Senior Editor

• But many argue that, despite Fukushima and other disasters, nuclear is the best option to reduce carbon emissions fast enough to avoid catastrophic climate change.

• Because of problems with radioactive waste, meltdown risks and weapons proliferation, some say we must develop safer nuclear technologies.

• smaller modular reactors, reactors that shut down automatically after an accident• Molten Salt Reactors (MSRs) are nuclear reactors that use a fluid fuel in the form of 

very hot fluoride or chloride salt instead of the solid fuel used in most reactors. • One idea is to use Thorium instead of uranium for reactor fuel. Thorium is more 

abundant than uranium. Thorium‐fuelled reactors produce less waste, and while some trace elements in spent uranium fuels remain radioactive for many thousands of years, levels in spent thorium fuels drop off much faster. 

http://www.whatisnuclear.com/reactors/msr.html

http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/the‐lasers‐fuelling‐hopes‐of‐unlimited‐clean‐nuclear‐energy‐9124237.html

The lasers fuelling hopes of unlimited, clean nuclear energy

Scientists in California said on Wednesday night that they have for the first time managed to release more energy from their nuclear fusion experiment than they put into it, which marks a critical threshold in eventually achieving the goal of a self‐sustaining nuclear‐fusion reaction.

Nuclear fusion uses a fuel source derived from water and produces none of the more dangerous and long‐lasting isotopes, such as enriched uranium and plutonium, that result from conventional nuclear power plants, which rely on the fission or splitting of atoms rather than their fusion.

http://www.daviddarling.info/images/binding_energy.jpg

http://obelkobusnel.wordpress.com/category/physics‐grade‐12‐ib/

http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Nuclear_Chemistry/Fission_and_Fusion

FissionFission is the splitting of a nucleusthat releases free neutrons andlighter nuclei. The fission of heavyelements is highly exothermicwhich releases about 200 millioneV compared to burning coal whichonly gives a few eV.

FusionNuclear fusion is the joining of two nuclei to form a heavier nuclei. The reaction is followed either by a release or absorption of energy. Fusion of nuclei with lower mass than iron releases energy while fusion of nuclei heavier than iron generally absorbs energy.

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http://phys.org/news/2014‐02‐arctic‐darker‐earth‐warmer.html

Study: Arctic getting darker, making Earth warmerThe Arctic isn't nearly as bright and white as it used to be because of more ice melting in the ocean, and that's turning out to be a global problem, a new study says. With more dark, open water in the summer, less of the sun's heat is reflected back into space. So the entire Earth is absorbing more heat than expected, according to a study published Monday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. (AP Photo/NOAA)

http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2014/02/13/1318201111

“Observational determination of albedo decrease caused by vanishing Arctic sea ice”Kristina Pistone, Ian Eisenman, and V. Ramanathan

We find that this decline has caused 6.4 ± 0.9 W/m2 of radiative heating since 1979, considerably larger than expectations from models and recent less direct estimates. Averaged globally, this albedo change is equivalent to 25% of the direct forcing from CO2 during the past 30 y.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H‐BbPBg3vj8&feature=youtu.be

The winter ice pack in the Arctic was once dominated by old, thick ice. Today, very little old ice remains. This animation shows maps of sea ice age from 1987 through the end of October 2013. Age class 1 means "first‐year ice," which is ice that formed in the most recent winter. The oldest ice (9+) is ice that is more than 9 years old. 

Animation by NOAA climate.gov, based on research data provided by Mark Tschudi, CCAR, University of Colorado.

Absorption of radiation by gases in the atmosphere. The shaded area represents the percent of radiation absorbed by each gas. The strongest absorbers of infrared radiation are water vapor and carbon dioxide. The bottom figure represents the percent of radiation absorbed by all of the atmospheric gases.

http://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2008/mar/01/scienceofclimatechange.climatechange?CMP=fb_gu

James Lovelock: 'enjoy life while you can: in 20 years global warming will hit the fan'• The climate science maverick believes

catastrophe is inevitable, carbon offsetting is a joke and ethical living a scam. So what would he do? By Decca Aitkenhead

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The transfer of heat from the hot end of the metal pin to the cool end by molecular contact is called conduction.

The rising of hot air and the sinking of cool air sets up a convective circulation. Normally, the vertical part of the circulation is called convection, whereas the horizontal part is called wind. Near the surface the wind is advecting smoke from one region to another.

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Sunlight that strikes a surface at an angle is spread over a larger area than sunlight that strikes the surface directly. Oblique sun rays deliver less energy (are less intense) to a surface than direct sun rays.

The average annual incoming solar radiation (yellow line) absorbed by the earth and the atmosphere along with the average annual infrared radiation (red line) emitted by the earth and the atmosphere.

The idealized wind and surface‐pressure distribution over a uniformly water‐covered rotating earth.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ye45DGkqUkE

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http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Phase_Transitions/Phase_Diagrams_1

http://www.sci.uidaho.edu/scripter/geog100/lect/05‐atmos‐water‐wx/ch5‐part‐2‐water‐phases.htm

Water can exist in 3 phases, depending upon pressure and temperature.

Latent Heat of Vaporization = 600 calories / 1gLatent Heat of Condensation = 600 calories / 1g

Latent Heat of Fusion= 80 calories / 1g

How much energy to sublimate?http://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/courses/cem152/snl_cem152_SS12/pracprob/practiceexam1.html

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http://getsciencehelp.wordpress.com/category/uncategorized/page/4/

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Class Review:EnergyEnergy transfer:

RadiationConvectionConduction

Next ClassFossil Fuels