Energy (TKK-2129)

Energy(TKK-2129)

13/14 Spring Semester

Instructor: Rama OktavianEmail: [email protected] Hr.: M.13-15, Tu. 13-15, W. 13-15, Th. 13-15, F. 09-11

Outlines

1. Biomass energy: Intro

2. Biomass energy sources

3. Biomass to energy technology

4. Recent update on biomass energy

Biomass energy: Intro

Biomass energy: IntroWhat is it??

organic material made from plants and animals

contains stored energy from the sunPlants absorb the sun's energy in a process called photosynthesis. The chemical energy in plants gets passed on to animals and people that eat them

Biomass energy: IntroWhat is it considered as renewable??

we can always grow more trees and crops, and waste will always exist. Some examples of biomass fuels are wood, crops, manure, and some garbage.

When it is burned, chemical energy is released as heatIt can also be burned to produce steam for electricity generation

Biomass energy: IntroAdvantages

Most of them are renewable and abundant

Solve energy crisis in the future – reduce dependency on fossil fuel

High energy efficiency

Generally it does not polluted the atmosphere as much as oil and coal

Reduce landfill

Biomass energy: IntroDisadvantages

More serious air pollution was found when burning plants matters, e.g: particulate matter from solid

Emission some toxic gases and ash

It takes too much energy to collect, dry and transport

Cutting too many woods is a kind of deforestation can cause soil erosion and natural disasters

It uses large area to grow biomass

Food security problem will arise

Biomass energy: Resources

http://cdn2.blogmost.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Biomass.jpg

Biomass energy: ResourcesBiomass potential and utilization in Indonesia

NO NON FOSSIL ENERGY RESOURCES(SD)

INSTALLED CAPACITY (KT)

RATIO KT/SD(%)

1 2 3 4 5 = 4/3

1 Hydro 75,670 MW 6,654.29 MW 8,8%

2 Geothermal 29,038 MW 1,226 MW 4,2%

3 Mini/Micro Hydro 769.69 MW 228.983 MW 29,75%

4 Biomass 49,810 MW 1,618.40 MW 3,25 %

5 Solar Energy 4.80 kWh/m2/day 22.45 MW -

6 Wind Energy 3 – 6 m/s 1.87 MW -

7 Uranium 3,000 MW *) 30 MW **) 1.00

*) only in Kalan – West Kalimantan**) non energy, only for research


Muhammad Faizal, 2011, BIOMASS POTENTIAL AND ITS UTILIZATION IN INDONESIA, The 8th Biomass Asia Workshop” Hanoi, Vietnam

Animal Population (2010) in Indonesia and South Sumatera Province



Agriculture Production (2010) in Indonesia and South Sumatera Province (SSP)



Plantation Production (2009) in Indonesia and South Sumatera Province (SSP)

Biomass energy: ResourcesTechnical potential of biomass (from forest and estate)


Production : 12 million Ha

Total waste production : 1,15 billion ton/y (e.g. sugar mill, sawmill, rubber estate, palm mill oil, copra production, rice mill etc).

Electricity production potential : 821 million MWh/y

Generating Power potential : 94,000 MW

Biomass energy: ResourcesTechnical potential of biomass (from forest and estate)

M.H. Hasan, T.M.I. Mahlia, Hadi Nur, A review on energy scenario and sustainable energy in Indonesia, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 16 (2012) 2316– 2328

Biomass to energy technologyBiomass products

Prabir Basu, Biomass Gasification and Pyrolysis Practical Design and Theory, Elsevier (2010).

Chemicals such as methanol, fertilizer, and synthetic fiberEnergy such as heat

Electricity

Transportation fuel such as gasoline and diesel

Biomass to energy technologyBiomass conversion into energy

Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)

Biomass to energy technologyExample


Biomass to energy technologyThermochemical conversion

Direct Combustion

Gasification

Pyrolysis

Prabir Basu, Biomass Gasification and Pyrolysis Practical Design and Theory, Elsevier (2010).

Biomass to energy technologyBiomass gasification

Biomass to energy technologyBiomass pyrolysis

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/pyrolysis.html

Biomass to energy technologyBiochemical conversion

Digestion (anaerobic and aerobic)

Fermentation

Enzymatic or acid hydrolysis

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/bioenergy/images/biochemical_pathways.jpg

Biomass to energy technologyExample of biomass digestion


Biomass to energy technologyBiomass digestion

Decompose biomass with microorganisms - Closed tanks known as anaerobic digesters - Produces methane (natural gas) and CO2

Methane-rich biogas can be used as fuel or as a base chemical for bio-based products.

Used in animal feedlots, and elsewhere

Biomass to energy technologyBiomass digestion

http://www.tibbarconstruction.com/images/pic_biomass_process.jpg

Biomass to energy technologyBiomass digestion process

What kind of reactions occur in digester?

http://www.e-inst.com/biomass-to-biogas/

Biomass to energy technologyBiomass fermentation

Process scheme

http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/centralgrasslandsrec/biofuels-research-1/janets_ethanol.jpg

Biomass to energy technologyBiomass fermentation

Process scheme

1. Convert biomass to sugar or other fermentation feedstock

2. Ferment biomass intermediates using biocatalysts- Microorganisms including yeast and bacteria;

3. Process fermentation product - Yield fuel-grade ethanol and other fuels, chemicals, heat and/or electricity

http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/proj_biochemical_conversion.html

Recent update2nd generation biofuel

Why??

First-generation biofuels are extracted from agricultural products: beetroot, rape seed, etc. They compete with foodstuffs.Concerns and constraints:1. Compete with food crops2. Expensive total production cost3. Accelerating deforestation4. The biomass feedstock may not be produced sustainably 5. Potentially has a negative impact on biodiversity

R. Sims, M. Taylor, J. Saddler, W. Mabee. 2008. From 1st to 2nd generation biofuel technologies, IEA


Second-generation biofuels are produced using the inedible part of plants

(straw, wood, plant waste). Unlike first-generation biofuels, they do not

compete with the use of raw materials as food. They can be used directly by

traditional vehicles and considerably reduce CO2 emissions.

http://www.airliquide.com/en/second-generation-biofuels-1.html


Air Liquide is developing Bioliq®, a process that produces second-

generation biofuels using straw in three successive stages:

1. The first step in the process consists of high-temperature pyrolysis of the

straw to convert it into synthetic crude: bioliqSynCrude®.

2. The second step consists of gasification, i.e. the transformation of the

synthetic crude into synthesis gas, a mixture of hydrogen and carbon

monoxide.

3. Through several chemical reactions, the Bioliq® process then converts

the synthesis gas into methanol or directly into biofuels.

The Bioliq® process can produce 1 liter of diesel from 7 kg of straw.



Second-generation biofuels present an energy and environmental

advantage: they have a much better carbon footprint than other fuels: up to

90% reduction in CO2 emissions compared to mineral fuels and about 50%

compared to first-generation biofuels.


Energy (TKK-2129)

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