ENERGY SUPPLEMENTS

pp. 217-220

Fats and Oils

• Types– Animal fats• Types–Choice white grease–Beef tallow–Poultry fat– Fish oil

• Characteristics–Saturation

Beef tallow>Choice white grease>Poultry fat>Fish oil» Higher melting point than oils

– Vegetable oils• Types–Corn oil–Soybean oil–Canola oil–Cottonseed oil– Linseed (Flaxseed oil)

• Forms– Free oils–Whole oil seeds–Grain processing byproducts

• Characteristics–More unsaturated fatty acids» Lower melting point

– Animal/Vegetable blends• Animal/Vegetable blend• Restaurant grease

– Ca salts of long-chain fatty acids• Sold as Megalac• Bypasses ruminal fat digestion• Primarily used in diets of lactating dairy cows

Fats and Oils• Advantages

– Increase energy concentration of diet without increasing heat increment• Results in decreased feed intake, but improved

feed efficiency– Less lb feed/lb gain

• Increases milk production in lactating sows and dairy cows

• Improved reproduction in sows and dairy cows• Most useful in hot weather

– Supply essential fatty acids– Increase absorption of the fat soluble vitamins– Decrease dustiness of diet– Improves palatability– Lubricates equipment

• Limitations to amounts of supplemental fat that can be fed– Cost – Feed handling characteristics– Feed storage characteristics

• Need addition of antioxidants– Increases requirements for other nutrients

• Decreased intake – Must increase the protein concentration of diet

• Decreased availability of some minerals – Ca and Mg– Particularly a problem with unsaturated oils

• Increased requirements of vitamin E and Se to prevent production of peroxides in calves and lambs– Particularly a problem with unsaturated oils

– Nonruminant fats take on the characteristics of their fat source• Fat of nonruminants fed vegetable oils will

contain a high concentration of unsaturated fatty acids– Results in a soft, oily fat » Difficult to process» Short shelf life» Discounted price

Question

• Addition of which of the fat sources below is likely to cause soft pork bellies if fed to a growing/finishing pig?

A. Beef tallow

B. Choice white grease

C. Corn distiller’s grains

D. Poultry fat

E. Restaurant grease

– Excessive amounts of fats may alter rumen fermentation in ruminants• Effects–Reduce fiber digestion–Reduce feed intake–Reduce milk fat percentage in dairy cows

• Relation to type of fat

Worst problems Less of a problem

Free oils > Tallow > Whole oil > Ca-chains of FA

seeds

Limitations to the Amounts of Fats Fed to Livestock

• Milk replacers for pigs, calves, or lambs– < 20% of the DM

• Nonruminants– Dogs and cats

• 30 to 40% of DM– Swine and poultry

• < 10% of diet DM

• Ruminants– With normal ingredients

• < 5% of diet DM– If fat source is ruminally protected (Whole oil seed or

Ca-chain of FA)• < 7% of diet DM

Byproduct Energy SupplementsSugar Refining

Sugar cane

• Byproducts of sugar refining

Plant Byproduct TDN CP CF

% of DM

Sugar Cane

Liquid molasses 82 6 0.5

Dehydrated molasses (4:1 mix

with bagasse)

70 9 7.5

Sugar Beets

Liquid molasses 80 8.5 -

Dehydrated molasses (Mix w/

beet pulp

75 10 15

Beet pulp 75 10 20

• Molasses characteristics– High energy• 70 – 80% TDN

– Low protein• 3 – 7% CP• Mostly NPN

– Highly palatable– Highly laxative• High mineral (potassium) content

– Uses of molasses in livestock diets• Increase energy concentration• Intake stimulant

– Mechanism» Sweetness » Reduces dustiness

– Common use» Starter diets or creep feeds for young livestock

• Pellet binder• Laxative for lactating sows• Liquid protein supplements

– Mixtures of molasses with an NPN source and other nutrients

– Primarily used for beef cows or feedlot cattle

Role of Molasses in a Liquid Protein Supplement for Cattle

– Problems with excessive amounts of molasses in diets• Difficult handling of feed• Rapid fermentation in the rumen

– Decreased ruminal pH– Lactic acidosis

• Scours

– Maximum amounts of molasses in diet• Nonruminants (including horses)– 10% of the DM

• Ruminants – 5% of the DM

• Beet pulp– 75% TDN, 10% CP, and 20% CF• High energy forage

– Maximum amounts in diets• Horses and beef cows– 50% of the forage

• Finishing cattle– <15% of the diet

• Lactating sows– < 20% of the diet

• Growing-finishing pigs or poultry–Do not use

Food Wastes

• TypesType ME DM CF CP Lysine

kcal/lb %

Corn grain (for comparison)

1555 89 2.3 8.3 0.26

Dried bakery product (Bread,

cookies, crackers etc.)

1682 91 1.2 10.8 0.27

Potato chips 2000 90 2.0 5.0 0.20

Salvage candy 1600 93 0 3.0 0

• Concerns• Variable composition• Usually high in fat• Starch is rapidly fermented in rumen• High salt concentration

• Maximum amounts of food wastes in diets– Growing-finishing pigs• < 50% of the corn

– Young pigs (< 60 lb) or growing-finishing cattle• < 20% of the diet