Energy Summary, Solar, Hydrogen and Fuel Cells · Energy Summary, Solar, Hydrogen and Fuel Cells....

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Energy Summary, Solar, Hydrogen and Fuel Cells

Transcript of Energy Summary, Solar, Hydrogen and Fuel Cells · Energy Summary, Solar, Hydrogen and Fuel Cells....

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Energy Summary, Solar, Hydrogen and Fuel Cells

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Re: Experiment at HURL from Jan.20th to Jan.25th 201

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Countries Included in Annex B to the Kyoto Protocol and their Emissions TargetsCountry Target (1990‐2008/2012)

EU‐15, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuanaia, Monaco, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland

‐8%

US ‐7%

Canada, Hungary, Japan, Poland ‐6%

Croatia ‐5%

New Zealand, Russian Federatoin, Ukraine 0

Norway 1%

Australia 8%

Iceland 10%

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Melt descending into a moulin, a vertical shaftcarrying water to ice sheet base.

Source: Roger Braithwaite, University of Manchester (UK)

Surface Melt on Greenland

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CLIMATE CHANGEMELTING ICE‐ Opening of NW Passage for ShippingOCEAN ACIDIFICATION‐ loss of Coral ReefsOPENING of Northern Oil and Mineral ProjectsINCREASED Drought, Floods, Hurricanes, Fires 

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13

Energy –Getting the Mix

Right

U.S. ENERGY POLICY COALITION

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Draft CriteriaScale of eventual impact on energy production <1% of primary energy

mix1-5% of primary energy

mix>5% of primary energy

mix

Timing of material impact Beyond 5 years 2-5 years Within 2 years

Job creation potentialLow – local<5,000 jobs

Medium – regional<50,000 jobs

High – national>50,000

Taxpayer burden Long-term subsidy Short-term subsidy None

CO2 impact Negative BAU Positive

Public perception Major issue Manageable No concern

Relative cost Disadvantaged vs. $50 oil Neutral vs. $50 oil Advantaged vs. $50 oil

Technology improvement potential 1-2% p.a. 5-10% p.a. >10% p.a.

Efficiency improvement potential Low Medium High

Regulatory constraints Disadvantaged Neutral Advantaged

14

Desired positioning

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“Energy Option Analysis”

•Taking existing high quality reports and data on energy fundamentals and U.S. resources, applying expertise to generate insight that is relevant. 

•Utilization of an energy matrix to compare Energy Choice to Energy Choice in a consistent balanced approach. •We have used a clear and concise methodology to define the best, and broadest, choices by characterizing the pros and cons of different energy sources available to the U.S., along a set of independent criteria, some quantifiable and some simple perception, but all germane to the energy debate.

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•Perceived surface impact - Does the energy choice create a visible surface disturbance or preclude a secondary use of the surface, is it a manageable or is it of minimal or not concern?

•Projected land use intensity or sprawl by 2030 (km2/TW-hr/yr) - Energy sprawl is a quantitative measurement of land use growth projected to happen as we regulate energy choices via a cap and trade policy to reduce CO2.

•Relative cost ‐ How does the energy choice compare on the basis of a $50 per barrel oil price, i.e., disadvantaged (non‐competitive), breaks even or advantaged (competitive)?

•Technology Improvement potential ‐What are the opportunities for viable improvements in technology that would deliver the energy choice at a lower unit cost?

•Efficiency improvement potential ‐What are the possibilities that the energy choice can be more efficiently utilized?

•Deployment constraints – (regulatory constraints or public perception)

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•Water Usage (withdrawals) ‐Water required for processing energy choice in gal/Mwhr

•Reliability of supply ‐ Intermittent  or Base load power

•Scale of eventual impact on energy production ‐What is the potential contribution of the energy choice to total U.S. domestic energy production? The required threshold for an energy choice to be considered must have the potential to produce > 1% of the primary U.S. energy mix.

•Supply (resource location and magnitude) – For an energy choice to be colored green requires > 25 years of domestic supply. 

•Timing of material impact - What is the time required for the energy choice, as described (future or current case), to make a material impact on the total domestic market?

•Job creation potential ‐What are the potential number of jobs that could be created by utilizing this energy choice?

•Taxpayer burden ‐ Requires government subsidies.

•CO2 ‐ Choice increases, makes no change or lowers atmospheric CO2 emissions.

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Criteria Clean Coal

U.S.Oil

Nat.Gas

Nuclear Geo-thermal

OTEC Wind Solar Biofuels*

Water Usage in gal/Mwhr

Quality of electrical generation

Scale of eventual impact on energy production

Supply (resource location and magnitude)

Timing of material impact

Job creation potential

Taxpayer burden

CO2 impact

Perceived surface impact

Projected land use intensity or sprawl by 2030 (km2/TW-hr/yr)

Relative cost

Technology improvement potential

.

Efficiency improvement potential

Deployment constraints

* Best estimate based on research

Summary of Energy MatrixesEnergy Choices

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U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) created by Congress in 1977.EIA 2011 Annual Energy Outlook Electricity Generating Capacity in GigawattsEnergy Type 2009 2020 2035

Coal 313 GW 323 GW 323 GWOil/Gas 449 GW 421 GW 507 GWNuclear 101 GW 112 GW 112 GW

Renewables 22 GW 22 GW 22 GWTotal 1,002 GW                    1,018 GW 1,114 GW

Increase from 2009                                            16 GW                        112 GW                 

Department of Energy (DOE) ‐ Energy Information Administration (EIA) projects electrical generation in 2035 to be provided by:

Coal@  43%Natural Gas@   25%

Nuclear@  17%Renewables@   14%

Oil@  1%

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Outlook for electricity generation through 2035

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Outlook 2011, Early Release

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Wind TurbinesExample

A 3MW Wind Turbine Needs:

2 tons of Rare Earth Elements1,200 tons of Concrete3 tons of Aluminum4.7 tons of Copper335 tons of SteelOther Resources

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AN INCONVENIENT REALITYGlobal Warming is a political reality in the world today.Environmental Organizations state that renewable (Wind, Solar, Hydropower, Geothermal, Biomass) energy can replace fossil fuel generated electrical energy.To maintain the nation’s economic vitality and our standard of living, EIA projects 112 GW of new electrical energy is required by 2035.The NERC 2010 assessment projects the need for 100 GW of new electrical generation by 2020The unintended consequences of canceling or limiting fossil fuel generated electrical energy is:

North America will be short 82 GW by 2020.North America could experience serious power interruptions in 48 states and 9 Canadian Provinces by 2020.

The Inconvenient Reality is that renewable energy CANNOT replace fossil fuel generated electrical energy.We need all forms of clean energy to meet America’s future requirements.

We can ignore Reality, but we cannot ignore the consequences of reality!” - Ayn Rand

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•Half of the electricity in the U.S. comes from coal, and 9 out of 10 tons mined go to domestic electricity generation

•Coal, as expressed in direct costs, is one of the  cheapest forms of energy averaging less than one‐quarter the price of petroleum and natural gas per million BTU

•The U.S. has recoverable reserves of approximately 275 billion tons, enough to last over 200 years at current recovery and usage rates. 

•U.S. coal mining directly employs nearly 130,00 people. For each mining job, an additional 3.5 jobs are created elsewhere in the economy.

•Estimates of growth in the coal industry forecast an addition 50,000 jobs that will be created over the next 10 years.

•There are approximately 600 coal fired power plants and 1,100 coal fired manufacturing plants in the U.S. /

•U.S. coal fired power plants have decreased emission of pollutants (N0x, S02, and particulates) some 90% over the last 40 years.

•Provides the single larges source of base load electricity in the USA.

•The long‐term vision of a hydrogen‐based economy are based on coal gasification technologies.

•CO2 contribution for coal, on a life‐cycle basis, average 986

•Coal is the most abundant domestic fossil fuel worldwide. Over one billion tons are produced annually in the U.S. 

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CLEAN  COAL TECHNOLOGIESIntegrated Gasification Combined‐Cycle (IGCC) Technology for new coal power generation utilizes coal gasification processes to convert pulverized coal into synthesis gas:

Gas is cleaned: S02, NOX, and CO2 is removedGas runs turbine to generate electricity

Six plants operating worldwide with two operating in the U.S.Two emerging technologies to remove greenhouse gases from existing coal power plants.

Electro‐ catalytic oxidation (ECO/ECO2) process.Chilled ammonia CO2 capture process.

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What is Carbon Sequestration?

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•Domestic Natural Gas has the potential to move to the forefront as the leading  hydrocarbon energy option at a cost of under $50/lb oil equivalent.

•New advances in technology over the last several years have allowed the industry to, safely and economically, extract natural gas from unconventional tight reservoirs. 

•Unconventional gas reservoirs consisting of shale, mudstone and tight sandstone cover very large areas in many states (TX, LA, ARK, OK, WV, PA, NY, WY, CO,  NM), are relatively shallow, near existing infrastructure. The amount of gas produced from these rock‐types will ultimately change the industry and geopolitical landscape for years to come. 

•The new low permeability (tight) reservoirs and their associated fields are capable of producing gas at internationally competitive prices, and will create hundreds of thousands of domestic jobs in the local economy. /

•Carbon emission is up to 50% less when combusting natural gas versus coal for electrical generation, and 30% less when substituting natural gas for gasoline in vehicles

•Tight gas resources alone could supply U.S. needs for more than 50 years.

•CO2 contribution for natural gas, on a life cycle basis, average 450g/KWhr. 

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•Geothermal energy generates reliable base load electricity in the US from high grade hydrothermal resources in seven western states. 

•The US is the global leader in geothermal generating capacity with 3000 MWe on line and an additional 2000 to 3000 MWe under construction 

•US geothermal power plants operating with average availability of 90% or greater generate more kW‐hr of  electricity than the combined total produced by wind and solar. 

•Worldwide the geothermal electrical generating capacity is about 10,000 MWe with over 50 TWhr produced annually. In addition, geothermal provides  28 GW of direct heating capacity and has over 1 million heat pumps on‐line. 

•The 50‐year growth potential for geothermal in the US is significant ‐ over 20,000 MWe from conventional hydrothermal and > 100,000 MWe from Enhanced Geothermal Systems

•Today’s geothermal plants produce the electricity at comparable levelized costs to existing hydro, nuclear, and coal. 

•Geothermal power plants are scalable in modules from 1 to 100 MWe and can be connected in large fields to produce >1,000 MWe of base load electricity

•US Geothermal heat pumps have been extensively deployed in over 250,000 buildings for HVAC applications increasing the efficiency of conventional  air to air heat pumps by a factor of 3 or more. Growth potential for geothermal heat pumps for new and retrofit applications is huge. 

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•Nuclear energy generates 20% of the electricity in the US with 104 reactors. Nuclear represents 70% of the lowest emission electricity generated in the US. On average nuclear produces 66 g of CO2e/KWhr

•2011 levels of nuclear support are at an all time low after Fukushima disaster

•Nuclear plants produce the lowest cost electricity, other than hydro‐electric. 

•New plants will be standardized, as in France. They are expensive, projected to cost $3500 to $6000/KW installed, most to be built at existing sites.

•Major breakthrough in Thorium powered Generation IV fission reactors using molten salt is at hand . These reactors have no possibility of meltdown , nuclear proliferation or ultra‐long term radioactive storage needs

•Heavy Ion Fusion reactors using inertial confinement via linear accelerators are being tested  and could be the ultimate power source .

•Potential: new applications of nuclear energy to provide industrial process heat, support the utilization of indigenous, unconventional hydrocarbons, and produce hydrogen to increase energy security and reduce CO2 emissions.

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Issues of Concern Among Energy Choices

1. Unconventional shale gas concerns: Fracking, water disposal, water table contamination, well intensity and maintenance: industry solutions?

2. Atmospheric CO2 concentrations  by 2050 from hydrocarbon energy choices.3. What is needed to get CCS to become a reality?4. How to phase other fuels in as oil supply phases out?”5. Will Nuclear energy remain part of the energy mix (supplies 20% of US  and 

15% of World Base Load electricity)? Will new Fusion technologies come on line ?

6. How do we get out of the climate change trap that the world is in because of economic growth, population growth and a lack of understanding of how our actions affect our environment?

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“To predict the future, we need logic; but we also need faith and imagination, which can sometimes defy logic itself”

- Arthur C Clarke