Energy Smart Healthcare

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Energy Smart LightingSustainable Healthcare


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Energy Smart Lighting


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Lightolier is committed to

sustainable lighting:lighting that meets

users needs with the

least consumption of

energy and other resources.


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Lighting for Sustainability 2

A Healthy Environment 4

Design Considerations 6

Impact of Color 20

Energy Smart Lighting 24

Selecting Light Sources 26

Lighting Controls 28

Toxicity and Material Consumption 30

Resources 32

This Application Guide is not intended to

serve as a design manual, nor does it address

such technical areas as surgical suites and

similar spaces. Readers should consult the

recommended practices of the Illuminating

Engineering Society of North America,

especially ANSI/IESNA RP-28-07 (Lighting

and the Visual Environment for Senior

Living) RP-29-06 (Lighting for Hospitals and

Healthcare Facilities) and their referenced

materials for an in-depth treatment of

healthcare issues and design approaches.

Lightolier recommends retaining a qualified

lighting professional. You can contact

the International Association of Lighting

Designers (www.iald.org) to begin a search.

Energy Smart LightingSustainable Healthcare


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Lighting for Sustainability

Sustainable lighting meets user needs with the least

consumption of energy and other resources. People

and their lighting needs necessarily come first.

User Needs

Healthcare is a diverse field with diverse users. These

range from acute care, specialized hospitals, clinics and

rehabilitation facilities, to residential environments, such

as assisted living and nursing homes. The facilities may

comprise multiple highly-specialized buildings in a cam-

pus setting or just a single structure. These may support

thousands in staff and patients, or perhaps only a hun-

dred. The enterprise itself may be structured as profit-

making or not-for-profit enterprises.

While the health and care of patients and residents

are the paramount concerns, the well being of the staff

is also critical. Lighting can make a significant impact

on everyone involved and ultimately contribute to the

success of the healthcare facility.

Environmental Impact

In terms of environmental impact, energy is our highest

priority. The electrical energy consumed in operation

and the emissions from its generation represent the

most significant part of the environmental footprint and

deserves the most attention, especially because market

forces do not yet inhi bit resource usage.

The material impact of permanently installed

equipment lighting fixtures and controls can be more

reasonably gauged by market costs. Over the life of the

lighting system, lamps (and to a lesser degree, electronic

ballasts) are the primary consumables. Extending their

life reduces their environmental impact.

Recycled and recyclable components and

a thorough recycling policy also help to reduce

environmental impact and the total lifecycle cost.

A third environmental impact is the toxicity ofmercury used in efficient fluorescent and HID light sources.

Careful specification and operation can reduce this.

Practical Applications

The next section of the Application Guide looks at the

key lighting needs for healthcare facilities and suggests

lighting approaches to meet these needs. Following this,

we consider energy-efficient technologies in light sources

and controls.

Sustainable

lighting meets

user needs

with the least

consumption

of energy and

other resources.

People

and their

lighting needs necessarily

come first.

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People Energy Toxicity Material


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Light Admitted at the Eye - Relative to Age

0

20

40

60

80

100

15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85

Age

Glare Tolerance - Relative to Age

0

20

40

60

80

100

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Age

A Healthy Environment

Lighting for healthcare facilities addresses four broad

needs: a healthy environment, productivity within

the facility, the appeal of the facility itself, and

economical and sustainable operation.

In terms of lighting, healthcare facilities differ

from many other applications because of the wide age

range of the people who use them, the diversity of the

lighting needs, and the continuous operation within most

properties. Of these, addressing the lighting needs of

older eyesis perhaps the most significant and the most

challenging.

Older Eyes

While the aging of the American population is well docu-

mented, the issue is notably acute in terms of healthcare.

Older people are not only the primary occupants of

healthcare facilities residential and otherwise they

are also the primary volunteer labor in hospitals.

As the eyes age, they admit less light, experience

reduced contrast at the retina, adapt more slowly to

changes in the lighted environment, filter some of the

blue out of the spect rum, and are more sensitive to glare,

as well as a host of other debilitations. The tables below

highlight the significant drop in light transmittance at

the eye and tolerance for glare, relative to age. The full

range of visual challenges, coupled with reduced manual

dexterity, mobility, robustness, and ease of sleeping,

make the aging population particularly dependent on

effective lighting.

Compared to recommendations for younger popula-

tions, aging eyes will generally need:

Significantly higher levels of task illumination

Better control over glare, direct and reflected

Better control over veiling reflections (and generally

higher task contrast)

More balanced luminances throughout a space and

among spaces

A Healthy EnvironmentLighting plays an important role in creating a healthy

environment. Access to daylight, appropriate illumination

for patient care and a safe and secure facility, as well

as a cheerfully lighted atmosphere with pleasing

color and visual interest are the key strategies for

evidence-based design.

Daylight and views, in parti cular, are now recognized

to have beneficial effects in reducing patient recovery

times, in managing the circadian rhythms that control

sleep/wake cycles, and in providing a generally salubrious

environment.

Well designed electric illumination can also affect

outcomes, both as part of an integrated approach to

dynamic lighting and through its contribution to the

outlook and attitudes of patients and staff alike. The

spectral composition of the light sources natural and

electric affects both biological and visual experience

and is discussed in more depth on pages 20-23.

Productivity

Effective task illumination for both patient care and

support functions is a necessity. Satisfying this need

requires more than just providing the recommended

illuminance, which covers a considerable range. While

appropriate illumination for examination and medicalprocedures obviously requires careful design, sufficient

lighting has also been shown to improve productivity in

support areas such as pharmacies and laboratories.

The direction and color of the light can be critical, as

well as the control of glare and the balance of ambient

and task illumination. Additionally, the visual comfort

and the motivating influence of pleasing lighting help

address the key challenges of recruiting and retaining an

engaged staff as well as supporting good working and

interpersonal relationships among staff and patients.

Based on ANSI/IESNA RP-28-07, page 1

Based on ANSI/IESNA RP-28-07, page 12

Addressing the

lighting needs

of older eyes

is perhaps the

most significant

and challenging

lighting decision.

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Facility Appeal

Importantly, lighting should enhance the appeal of the

facility. Whether a favorable first impression serves to

attract discretionary patients, or simply to inspire a helpful

confidence among supporting family and friends, the

need is real . . . and growing. Inviting lobbies, reception

areas, and visiting spaces benefit from the application

of hospitality lighting practices: softly glowing light

sources, a mix of focal, ambient, and sparkle lighting

effects, architecturally sensitive or integrated lighting

arrangements and attractive lighting equipment itself.

As this summary suggests, lighting that meets

user needs in healthcare tends to be varied, rather than

uniform, and addresses peoples feelings and emotions,

not just their vision.

Economical and Sustainable Operation

The electricity consumed by the lighting system makes the

most significant impact on both operating costs and the

larger environment and is the focus of the next sections

of this Guide. Maintenance (equipment replacement,

cleaning, and where required, system redesign) are also

important. Well designed lighting systems which utilize

long-life components and minimize the number of

unique ones, not only reduces maintenance cost but helps

in preserving the specified lighting performance.

Recommended Illuminance for Older Adults

Area Ambient Task

Exterior Entry (N) 10 fc

Interior Entry (D) 100 fc

Interior Entry (N) 10 fc

Visitor Waiting (D) 30 fc

Visitor Waiting (N) 10 fc

Hallways (Active) 30 fc

Hallways (Sleep) 10 fc

Dining 50 fc

Resident Room 30 fc 75 fc

Grooming 30 fc 60 fc

Resident Kitchen 30 fc 50 fc

Nurses (D) 30 fc 50 fc

Nurses (N) 30 fc 50 fc

Medicine Prep 30 fc 100 fc

Examination 30 fc 100 fc

Adapted from ANSI/IESNA RP-28-07 Table 2

Older adults include persons aged 60 or older and others

with visual impairment. Recommendations are minimums;

daylight utilization is encouraged.

D = Day N = Night


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Design Considerations

Energy represents the most significant environmental footprint for

lighting. Thus the most important step in a program of sustain-

able lighting is using energy smartly.

Energy Smart lighting requires more than using energy-efficient

equipment. Here are five key strategies for sustainable lighting that

apply to healthcare facilities of all types:

Utilize available daylight. As discussed previously,

daylight offers many important benefits for healthcare facilities. It

does not, however, reduce energy consumption unless electric lighting

usage is reduced. This means that daylight and electric lighting need to

be carefully integrated into the building architecture and both need to

be controlled.

Emphasize reflective finishes in the facility. Reflective

finishes improve the utilization of both daylight and electric lighting,

making it possible to reduce the amount of light required to achieve

the desired effect. Low-reflectance finishes not only absorb useful light,

they make the space look dark.

Apply a task/ambient lighting approach. Put high

levels of task lighting only where they are required; use lower levels

for ambient lighting. Choose light sources and luminaires that are

optimized for each application.

Select the most efficient light sources andluminaires that are suitable for the application. For example, high

performance fluorescent lamp and ballast systems are 15-20% more

efficient than the standard versions. Optimized luminaires can also

exhibit a comparable range in upgraded performance. This is discussed

in detail in the following sections.

Use controls to reduce waste by turning lighting off, or

reducing the power, when it is not needed. Controls affect the lighting

layout and luminaire choice and so should be considered at the very

outset of the design.

Design

Considerations

Energy Codes

Energy consumption is measured

in watts per hour (W/Hr). How-

ever, most codes regulate power

density which is measured in

watts per square foot (W/Sf).

Codes also address actual en-

ergy consumption by mandating

controls.

Lighting energy usage is

governed by both local and

Federal regulations. Beginning in 2009, state energy regulations

must be no less stringent than the provisions of ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA

Standard 90.1-2004. The new lighting power limitations are about25% more restrictive that in the previous standard.

Standard 90.1 limits the power that can be used for lighting

(under the Prescriptive Path) and sets min imum control requirements.

The interior Lighting Power Allowances (LPA) applicable to healthcare

spaces are shown in the accompanying table. The LPA for each type

of space in the building is applied to the area of those spaces and the

results are summed to arrive at the total for the building interior. There

are separate allowances for the exterior, which may not be combined

with the interior.

Standard 90.1 requires that all lighting (except emergency

and egress lighting) must be controlled by an automatic shut-

off device, such as a programmable-clock, occupancy sensor, orrelay-sweep system.

Additionally, each enclosed area needs a readily visible

independent control over the general lighting that cannot override

the master shut off for more than four hours. Shared spaces, such

as conference/meeting rooms and dining rooms require either

occupancy-sensing or multi-scene control.Since sustainable lighting begins by meeting user needs,

the pages in this section address a variety of design

considerations.

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Lighting Power Allowances from ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1-2004

Space Type W/SF Space Type W/SF

Conference/Multi-Purpose 1.3 Nursery 0.6

Corridor/Transition 1.0 Nurse Station 1.0

Dining Area 0.9 Office (open and enclosed) 1.3

Electrical Mechanical 1.5 Operating Room 2.2

Emergency 2.7 Parking Garage 0.2

Exam/Treatment 1.5 Patient Room 0.7

Food Preparation 1.2 Pharmacy 1.2

Gift Shop (plus accent allowance) 1.7 Physical Therapy 0.9

Laboratory 1.4 Radiology 0.4

Laundry 0.6 Recovery 0.8

Lobby 1.3 Restrooms 0.9

Lounge/Recreation 0.8 Stairs (active) 0.6

Medical Supply 1.4 Storage 0.9

Lighting Power Allowances in watts per square foot are for the Space by Spacemethod.

Whole building LPA for hospitals is 1.2 W/SF and for clinics is 1.0 W/SF.

Note that these are minimum requirements, states may adopt

more restrictive codes. Some states follow the International Energy

Efficiency Codes (IECC) or have adopted their own codes, such as

Californias Title 24, which also requires controls that provide a 50%

level of illumination, as well as separate zoning in daylighted areas.

Standard 90.1 is also the foundation for some of the LEED credits

related to energy and atmosphere (see page 34). However, the

LEED credits are attained by modeling energy consumption and the

interaction among the building envelope, HVAC systems, and lighting,rather than a simple reduction in power density.

A project designed with the Energy Smart strategies discussed

here should be able to reduce energy usage substantially below the

levels implied by Standard 90.1 (and other codes) and qualify for the

applicable credits toward LEED certification.

Specific Design Considerations

The schematic above embodies spaces characteristic of both acute care and senior living facilities and is intended to be suggestive, not

representative of any particular facility. On the following pa ges, you will find lighting design considerations for six of these spaces, focusing

on the visual environment, characteristic tasks, and the needs of the varied users patients, residents, staff, and visitors. Specific lighting

approaches and innovative product ideas are distributed across the pages and should be considered as applying wherever appropriate, rather

than associated exclusively with the space that adjoins them.


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Patient rooms whether in acute care hospitals or senior housing

represent the home base of the patient experience and thus the heart

of the facility.

These spaces should provide a pleasant, relaxed and intimate envi-

ronment for occupants and their visitors, while assuring the visual com-

fort and clarity needed for in-room examinations and other services.

The desired environment can be achieved with balanced

brightness from glare-free luminaires of different types distributed

throughout the space, as well as a combination of ambient, focal, and

sparkle lighting layers. Luminaires for general and local task lighting

are suggested on the adjacent page; decorative lighting options are on

page 10. Light source color is discussed in detail on pages 20-23.

Surface reflectances should be kept high, both to provide

appropriate spatial brightness and to minimize energy consumption.

Good facial lighting reveals expression and flatters appearance.

It is particularly important in grooming and social areas, where it

contributes significantly to a pleasing visual environment. Further, it

buoys the spirit, relaxes, and avoids an institutionalatmosphere. See

page 11 for specific ideas.

Visual clarity requires appropriate illuminances for examination,

reading, personal grooming, and housekeeping tasks (30-75 FC);

illuminances should be reduced for social activities and general

lighting. Very low levels of illumination (1 FC maximum) should beprovided for comfortable and non-intrusive night lighting. Compact

luminance ratios and good color rendering are also needed. For a

summary of illuminance recommendations for various spaces in senior

living facilities see page 5.

Conveniently located and ergonomically designed dimming and

switching controls are essential to modulate the multiple lighting

layers, to adjust lighting levels, and to enable staff to enter at night

without disturbing patients. Since patient rooms occupy the perimeter

of the facility and are provided with generous fenestration, the ability

to control electric lighting in conjunction with daylight should be an

important consideration. Controls are discussed in more detail onpages 28-29.

An overview of the IESNA approach to the Quality of the Visual

Environment (QVE) can be found on page 32.

Space:

Patient Room

Product Ideas

MD*4 Multi-Function Luminaires

Designed to provide flexible lighting in hospital patient rooms, Lightoliers MD*4 is a high-

performance multi-function luminaire combining ambient, reading, examination, and

nurses LED night light. It offers a practical approach, especially where space is limited.

Ceiling-mounted MD*4 also frees up precious wall area for other equipment and is less

prone to damage as equipment is moved around the space. Flexible control can be achieved

either by conventional wall controls or an integral low voltage sequential switch, which can

be controlled by a hand-held pillow switch(by others) for the patients convenience.

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Flexibility and control are essential

elements of lighting in both hospital and

senior living facilities. Separately dimmed

and switched layers of lighting provide

much needed flexibility to modify lighting

distribution and intensity for the widerange of tasks, activities, and user needs.

It also helps avoid disturbing brightness

when patients are trying to rest. Providing

a separate control channel for each layer of

lighting and separate task area or function

assures that each can be controlled

as needed.

Controls are also a key tool in conserv-

ing energy. Occupancy sensing switches

turn lights off when spaces are unoccupied

and dimmers reduce light and electricity

when the full load is not required.

Controls should be located conve-niently for both staff and patient, their use

should be intuitive, and they should be

easy to manipulate by older hands. (See

pages 28-29 for a more detailed discus-

sion of controls.)

Access to natural light provides beneficial

ambient lighting for most healthcare

facilities, whether for acute care or resi-

dential use, and should be a priority in the

architectural design. Appropriate siting

and careful treatment and shielding of

building apertures is required to distribute

light optimally around the space, control

excessive brightness, and prevent interior

light trespass at night. Daylight can also

save energy, but only when electric light-

ing is reduced, generally with photocell-

controlled switches or dimmers.

Daylight penetration is limited by

window height (and location of skylights

or monitors), and, in any case, varies dur-

ing the day. Indirect lighting and interior

wall lighting are effective methods for in-

tegrating electric lighting into daylighted

spaces and managing brightness adapta-

tion in entry areas.

Flexibility and Control

Daylight and Views

Product Ideas

Solid-State Markers

LEDs permit the design of energy-effective luminaires in an ultra-small scale. Lightolier Solid-

State Markers use 1W LEDs to provide controlled luminance that is i deal for way-finding. They

are available with either 300 0K white or amber LEDs, which avoid low wavelength blue light

that can stimulate wakefulness at night. For higher levels of localized illuminance, Solid-State

Steps use 4W LEDs.

Only 2.74" wide x 4.49" high, both Markers and Steps feature die-cast construction to

dissipate heat, preserving LED life, output, and color consistenc y. Installation and maintenance

are simplified with integral drivers and power supplies (120-240V).

Light shelf (bottom) improves the distribution of daylight

and can support indirect luminaires.


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Space:

Social Spaces

Optimo Surface Mount Fixtures

Carefully controlled sparkle and glow impart a friendly ambiance that can be particularly

valuable in the social areas of hospitals and senior living facilities and can be achieved with

energy effectiveness. Lightoliers Optimo surface mount fixtures are available in three main

sizes: 12", 16" or 22". Each luminaire utilizes energy efficient, electronic compact fluorescent

lamps that offer the most even and architecturally desirable illumination.

Social spaces are important to both hospitals and senior living facilities.

They include the areas where patients, residents, visitors, and staff dine,

such as cafeterias and dining rooms, as well as areas where people

gather for conversation, recreation, and leisure.

A relaxing environment, pleasantly distinguished from patient

rooms, living quarters, and procedure areas, offers a valuable respite

from daily routine. As such, it can advance health and wellness

outcomes, as well as refresh staff productivity, and enhance the

facilitys image with visitors and family.

Task lighting requirements are less rigorous than in exam,

procedure, and many service areas. Instead, the lighting should

emphasize a relaxing and comfortable environment, distinguished in

texture and contrast from other areas of the facilit y. Note, however, that

senior living facilities will typically need higher ambient illuminance for

reading books and menus, as well as many leisure activities.

Non-uniform illumination, with brightness at the periphery, rather

than concentrated overhead, tends to make a space feel relaxing and

appealing to occupants. Flattering facial rendition is also critical for a

pleasant social experience. Carefully controlled sparkle and glow from

decorative luminaires, or accents on glittering and intriguing materials,

adds visual interest and distinguishes social spaces. An expanded

luminaire vocabulary serves well in these areas.

Multi-scene controls are particularly useful in areas that supporta range of social activities; daylight-linked and occupancy-sensing

controls are effective for energy saving.

Product Ideas

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Patients, residents, staff, and visitors all

judge their appearance and sense of

well being at the mirror . . . as well as

by observing others, especially in social

environments. Effective facial lighting plays

an essential role in creating the pleasantand relaxed environment in patient rooms

and common areas.

Flattering light falls softly on the

face, diffusing shadows and revealing

expressions and skin tones. Good color

quality is essential (see page 20-23).

In social areas, provide some well

shielded directional light to model faces

but avoid a space lighted exclusively

by concentrated downlights, which

can cause unpleasant shadows. Gently

glowing pendants and wall brackets add

comfortable light on faces

In bathrooms, use elongated and

well diffused fluorescent luminaires forgrooming light. For the best results, they

should be alongside the mirror to reduce

glare and shadows under the eyebrow,

nose and chin.

Glowing decorative pendants and wall-

mounted fixtures attract the eye, enliven a

space, and introduce interesting materials

into the visual environment. Wall-mounted

luminaires must comply with ADA

limitations (maximum 4" projection from

the wall when mounted above 27" and

below 80").

Diffusing wall brackets and pendants

work well with compact fluorescent lamps.

Bare-lamp luminaires, such as chandeliers

in common dining areas, can use low-

wattage halogen lamps and should be

tuned to the minimum brightness

necessary for the visual effect and mounted

so they are out of the direct line of sight.

Highlighting graphics, plantings, and

architectural features using recessed or

track-mounted accent lights also help to

prevent a space from appearing dull and

institutional. Where dimming is needed,

use infrared-coated halogen lamps.

Otherwise, compact ceramic metal halide

lamps are more energy-effective.

Facial Lighting

Visual Interest

Elongated luminaires flanking the mirror

should be centered at eye level.

60"

28"

Product Ideas

Calculite Solid-State Downlights

At nearly 50 luminaire lumens per watt, the new 4" aper ture Calculite Solid-State downlights

now represent our most efficient and longest life downlights where small apertures and

medium levels of output (1000 lumens) are desired.

These 20W Calculite luminaires use a remote-phosphor technology that achieves both

high efficiency and excellent color rendition. A deep Alzak reflector provides gentle luminosity

from normal viewing angles. Careful thermal management preserves the life and output of

the high-power LEDs, delivering an expected 50,000 hours life to 70% lumen maintenance.

The onboard driver, as well as the LED module, are all field replaceable.

D

D .55H

H

C


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Space:

Nursing/PhysicianWork Areas

Argus Linear Pendants

Most people find a combination of indirect and direct lighting to be most comfortable and

pleasant for working environments. Lightoliers Argus pendants provide this preferred light

distribution (70% indirect and 30% direct) with a very high efficiency of 90% in a shallow

and attractive form.

Just 1.81" deep, Argus uses both T8 and T5 lamps and has the ability to integrate a full

range of energy and environmental controls or accent lighting modules into the fixture.

Nursing stations are the control centers for patient care, as well as the

home base for this essential part of the healthcare delivery team.

The nursing staff should have a comfortable and productive

environment that helps to mitigate the numerous visual, auditory, and

emotional distractions. Additionally, the station is active day and night

and is shared by different nursing shifts.

Lighting should be comfortable and provide the visual clarity

needed for the primary visual task of critical information management.Moderate levels of overhead lighting particularly indirect lighting

provides for effective viewing of computer screens; local task lighting

supplements the illumination for written materials.

Lighting for night shifts can be particularly challenging. Nursing

stations need to be bright enough to help staff maintain full alertness.

At the same time, the lighting needs night settings that transition to

the lower levels in circulation areas and patient rooms. Dimming or

bi-level control can be useful here.

Private office areas serve physicians as personal workspaces

and consultation areas. Adjacent areas are often used for patient

examinations. Lighting needs to be comfortable for both doctor

and patient, provide good facial rendition, and deliver appropriateillumination for the wide range of tasks in the space. A combination

of indirect ambient lighting, together with local task lighting, works

well. While completely indirect lighting may feel dull, directing a small

component of light downwards enlivens the space and aids in face-to-

face communication.

Lighting in those office areas that lack access to daylight should

also brighten walls to maintain a pleasant environment. Occupancy

sensing controls work particularly well in private areas, such as these.

Product Ideas

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Preventing glare from luminaires is critical

for comfort, task visibility, and even safety.

No lamp should be visible at any expected

viewing angle (including from the bed).

Indirect and indirect/direct pendant

and wall luminaires and soft lighting coffersmeet this criterion, provided the lamps

are fully shielded and visible reflecting

surfaces are not excessively bright.

Small aperture downlights need

lenses or deeply regressed lamps and well

engineered cut-off optics to avoid glare.

Solid-state lighting with visible LEDs

(including those seen while seated or in

bed) can be extremely glary and therefore

require particularly careful shielding.

Well shielded luminaires can also be

energy efficient if their optics are properly

designed and use high-reflectance materi-

als. Since many direct luminaires only meetone of these two challenges, specifiers

need to search carefully for the few that

do both well.

The range of visual tasks and individual

vision in healthcare is far too broad for

a single overhead lighting system to

effectively and efficiently provide all of

the task lighting. A combination of ambient

and individual task lighting delivers better

task illumination, adjusts to personal

preferences, is more comfortable, is more

visually interesting and, as a strategy,

conserves energy. Task lighting with

convenient controls integrated into the

luminaire also affords users more personal

control, which can affect productivity.

Individual (sometimes called local)

task lighting can be provided through well-

shielded, furniture-mounted or portable

task lights with fluorescent or LED light

sources. Linear fluorescent serves where a

high illumination is required (a laboratory

or pharmacy area, for example); LED

provides superior control, lower power and

heat, and easier dimming.

Well Shielded Luminaires

Individual Task Lighting

Solid-State Task Lights

Solid-state task lights are todays choice for well controlled local task lighting. Lightolier offers

models both for installation under cabinets or shelves and desktop mounting.

The LLP200 series is a compact .75" high x 4.38" deep and uses 14x1W LEDs with

integral driver and switch. Units can be plugged together in a continuous row. A stand-alone

plug-in model is also available. For an even smaller luminaire, consider the MIC, which is .75"

high x 1.82" deep, and uses a remote, plug-in driver. Five of the 1x6W units can be plugged

together. For tabletops, use the adjustable-arm 8x1W Cirque or Edge.

Product Ideas

Task Luminaires

Fixture Source Type L H Watts* FC Area

LLP 100 LED Shelf 18.5" .75" 18 26 18x36

ADJ 100 LED Shelf 17.8" 1.25" 18 33 24x36

MIC 100 LED Shelf 14.5" .75" 10 21 24x36

Surfside CFL Desktop 10.3" arm 13 27 24x24

Surfside LED Desktop 10.3" arm 10 20 18x18

Cirque LED Desktop 9.2" arm 10 20 18x18

* LED at start up is higher than the watts listed above.

MIC and LLP LED Task Lights Micro LED Task Light


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Space:

Procedure Area

ColorWash Luminaires

Lightolier ColorWash recessed luminaires create a dynamic range of white tones with 85+

CRI, as well as a saturated color palette, using an array of red, green, blue, and amber (RGBA)

LEDs. The True Tone optical sensor/feedback system, integrated in the on board drivers,

continuously monitors color and adjusts LED channels to maintain color with no shift over

life. Internal mixing and precise optics provide smooth, even wash and minimize the LED

dot effect. Color control is by DMX protocol.

Thermally optimized heat sinks assure consistent output and long life (50,000 hours at

70% lumen maintenance). All components are serviceable.

Non-surgical procedures such as diagnostic imaging, chemotherapy,

and even drawing blood, may bring on a sense of anxiety in patients

that can impede the therapeutic process. Thus, lighting for these

procedure areas should reduce anxiety and promote a sense of

relaxation and well being.

General lighting should be adequate for the staff to perform its

tasks levels vary of course with the procedure (low for imaging and

medium for blood work) but comfortable for patients who may

be partially reclined. Indirect illumination from wall, ceiling, or cove-

mounted luminaires works well.

Dimming control supports different light levels to meet procedure

requirements and to provide appropriate illumination for cleaning and

equipment servicing. Occupancy sensing control can be appropriate

provided there is adequate motion in the space.

Lighting room surfaces with dynamic color is among the newest

approaches for reducing patient anxiety and may be particularly

valuable in both pediatric and geriatric applications. Gradually

changing color can achieve a pleasing and relaxing distraction from the

procedure and may also speed up patientssense of the time involved.

Creating visual interest with selected accent lighting from recessed

or track-mounted luminaires is another effective strategy.

Product Ideas

4

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Dynamic color changes in hue and

intensity is a relatively new technique

that is finding a role in healthcare facilities.

Applications include creating soothing

environments for pediatric imaging, blood

draw, or other procedures; emulating thechanging quality of daylight for therapeutic

and circadian impact; and enhancing the

visual interest of public spaces.

Color contrast like luminance con-

trast draws attention. Depending on the

application, it may do so more effectively

and with less consumption of energy. Color

effects need to be designed by eye, not by

footcandles.

Color-changing luminaires with RGB

LEDs or colored fluorescent lamps can

generate colored light efficiently and adjust

the tones flexibly with digital control. Care

is needed to prevent the colored light from

playing on faces or otherwise distortingthe perception of people and objects. Color

in light is discussed in more detail on

pages 20-23.

Spaces appear bright and feel spacious

when the walls and other vertical planes

the surfaces we see most are well

illuminated. Dedicating some lighting

specifically for vertical surfaces can be

more effective visually and more energy

efficient than relying on bounce light

from the floor or desktop to brighten the

space. Daylighted spaces often need light

on interior walls to balance the perimeter

brightness.

Textured or polished surfaces should

be grazed with small-aperture, narrow

distribution luminaires mounted close

together and close to the wall. This reveals

texture and minimizes reflections.

Matte surfaces and graphics should be

washed with linear or compact fluorescent

luminaires mounted 2' to 4' away. This

will minimize surface irregularities and

improve visibility. In public areas with

higher ceilings, ceramic metal halide wall

washers serve well.

Dynamic Color

Vertical Surfaces

Wall washing

24"

24"-36"

Wall grazing

12" 12"

F7000 System

For general lighting from wall-mounted luminaires, the F7441 series offers a combination

of high efficiency, small scale, and elegant detailing. With a roughly 60% indirect and

40% direct light distribution, F7441 illuminates both ceiling and wall. The T5 lamping fits

effectively into a less than 4" deep housing that complies with ADA limitations and can

accommodate dimming ballasts.

The F7000 series also includes a choice of pendant-mounted fluorescent luminaires with

plug-in point source modules for local accent lighting effects, if desired.

Product Ideas


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Space:

Public CirculationCirculation areas include lobbies, reception

areas, public and internal corridors, and extend

into such service areas as retail shops. The

public areas help project the facilitys image to

patients and visitors. In senior living facilities

they help establish a residential quality.

Internal circulation areas connect patient

rooms with surgical and other procedure

spaces. Here the lighting must be flexible

enough to provide adequate illumination

in areas that serve as waiting zones for procedures, while avoiding

distracting brightness that might disturb waiting patients. An

additional concern is light trespass when staff visits patient rooms at

night. Careful luminaire placement with respect to entries and dual

level control can help. Occupancy sensors, in conjunction with dual

level control can also be a useful strategy when usage is intermittent.

Lighting should provide a flattering and relaxing light for patients,

visitors, and staff, with some modeling, but without unpleasant

shadows. Overhead lighting should be limited in power and spacing

to avoid excessive loads and shadows on faces or walls. Decorative

wall or ceiling lighting and selective accent lighting can enhance the

atmosphere and dispel the effect of uniform i llumination in other areas

of the facility. These techniques are particularly useful in entry areas andsenior facilities.

Lighting should also assist in wayfinding, particularly in large and

complex facilities. Here, distinctive luminaires or color in circulation

nodes provides luminous landmarks that help newcomers orient

themselves.

Product Ideas

Skyway Soft Lighting Coffers

In healthcare applications, recessed fluorescent luminaires tend to be fully shielded with

lenses, diffusers, perforated baffles, or a combination. This approach not only prevents

occupants or patients from seeing a direct view of a glary lamp, it delivers light high up on

nearby walls, creating a pleasing sense of volumetric brightness.

Lightoliers Skyway combines multiple-lens in a pyramidal array with internal reflectors

of 95% reflectance aluminum to provide both high efficiency and comfortable luminosity.

Skyway installs in a range of ceiling types and can be configured for either static or air

handling applications.

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Effective lighting for circulation areas con-

tributes to a relaxed and pleasant environ-

ment by brightening vertical surfaces and

flattering peoples faces. To accomplish this,

use more luminaires with lower power and

light output, spacing them closer together,rather than minimizing the number of

luminaires.

To provide even lighting on the faces

of people passing through or seated in

the space, consider the work plane for

uniform lighting to be at face height

(5' above the floor) rather than at the floor

itself, and space luminaires accordingly.

Reduce the size and wattage of each

luminaire to compensate for the greater

density of equipment. The change in scale

adds interest to the visual environment.

Fully shielded small fluorescent re-

cessed or indirect luminaires with broaddistribution work well. Supplementing the

primary illumination with well diffused

compact fluorescent wall brackets or se-

lected accent lighting adds visual interest,

especially in more residential applications.

To be effective in healthcare facilities,

decorative lighting should minimize

energy consumption and maintenance cost,

conform to the installation requirements of

the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA),

and withstand the rigors of high activity in

commonly used circulation areas, as well

as frequent cleaning and maintenance.

Aesthetically, simple and compact

forms, clean detailing, and a gentle and

uniform luminosity across diffusers distin-

guish better luminaire options. Function-

ally, luminaires need practical lamp and

ballast options for compact fluorescent

lamps in a range of wattages. In senior

living facilities without centralized back

up power supply, the ability to incorporate

emergency battery packs is very desirable.

Limiting the facilitys lamp inventory by

coordinating lamping among fixture types,

including wall brackets, pendants, and

downlights reduces costs.

Reduced Spacing and Power

Decorative Lighting Effects

Product Ideas

Lytecaster Xceed Downlights

Designed specifically for compact fluorescent lamps and shallow, insulated plenum spaces,

Lytecaster Xceed downlights with 13-26W lamps deliver outstanding performance in low-

rise residential-type construction.

Xceed features a high-transmission prismatic lens that effectively obscures lamp image

in a housing that is merely 3.5" deep (and is suitable for in-wall installation). The precisely

formed reflector captures and directs light output for efficiencies up to 65%. A shallow splay

provides soft transitional brightness to the adjacent ceiling. Sloped ceiling, wall washing, and

dimming options are available. Xceed installs fast in both suspended and wallboard ceilings

and offers easy access for lamp and ballast maintenance.

60"

80"

27"

4"

ADA limits on projection of wall-mounted

luminaires in public areas.


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Space:

Lab or Pharmacy

HP90 Soft Lighting Coffers

The efficiency of fluorescent luminaires is affected by both optical and thermal design.

Achieving an optimal temperature around the lamps can add as much as 10% to luminaire

performance. In 24" wide, two-lamp recessed luminaires, enclosed optics produce an effective

thermal environment, with efficiencies of 70-90%, depending on the design and lamp.

Lightoliers HP90 recessed luminaires completely enclose T5 or T8 lamps in a central

diffusing lens. Exposed side reflectors spread the light and provide brightness to the adjacent

ceiling. HP90 is available in both static and air handling configurations.

Laboratories and pharmacies are typical of back of the shop

support areas on which a hospital depends. The work that

goes on in these spaces characterized by small task size, low

contrast, and high demand for accuracy represent some of

the most challenging visual tasks outside of surgery and other

critical procedures.

Visual clarity with an appropriate level of comfortable

illumination and an environment of balanced brightness,

are needed for high productivity and minimal errors in these

support areas.

Since labs, pharmacies, and other support areas typically

lack substantial (or any) daylight, the quality of the electric

illumination is as important as that in any other area of the

facility. In addition to high efficacy, luminaires should enjoy

good glare control and the ability to distribute light where it is needed.

Soft lighting coffers and indirect pendant luminaires that provide

effective vertical as well as horizontal illumination work well in labs

and pharmacies, where tasks can occur in both planes.

The lighting of other support areas, such as food preparation,

laundry, and utility rooms, is typically less challenging, but may require

specialized equipment. Luminaires in food preparation areas, for

example, must be fully shielded.

Dual level and occupancy sensing controls are recommendedfor energy conservation in those support areas that are not in

continuous use.

Product Ideas

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A balanced relationship of brightness

among adjacent surfaces enhances visual

comfort by reducing adaptation in the eye

and visual system.

As the accompanying table indicates,

luminance ratios in healthcare facilitiesshould be more compact than is common

in other applications. Older eyes, in

particular, benefit from more uniform

brightness and the provision of transitional

spaces between bright and dark areas. On

the other hand, increased contrast between

furniture and surroundings also helps older

people find their way.

Achieving the desired balance involves

surface reflectance, as well as luminaire

light distribution and placement.

Soft lighting coffers and indirect

pendants and wall brackets, together

with the use of more luminaires with lesspower and light in each one, help distribute

brightness throughout the space. Sharp

cut-off luminaires, such as those with

parabolic louvers, on the other hand, can

prove problematical.

While the recommended practice for

lighting commercial spaces has generally

reduced light levels, the same is not

universally true in healthcare facilities.

Where task size is small, contrast is

relatively low, and accuracy is critical for

example, in pharmacies, assuring adequate

illuminance can affect task performance

and is of paramount importance.

Throughout healthcare facilities, vi-

sual tasks occur in both the horizontal and

vertical planes, requiring illuminance lev-

els to be delivered to both.

Of course, controlling glare (direct,

reflected, and overhead) is also important,

as is maintaining balanced luminances

among the task, adjacent surfaces, and re-

mote surfaces, while also reducing the veil-

ing reflections that diminish task contrast.

Where it is difficult to install local

task luminaires (for example, pharmacy

shelves, or laboratory areas impeded by

equipment), efficient and comfortable

overhead luminaires, with the desired

distribution of light, become the sole

source of task lighting. Dimming may

also be required where illuminance

requirements vary (low for procedures and

high for cleaning).

Balanced Brightness

Effective Task Lighting

Source: ANSI/IESNA RP-29-06

Source: ANSI/IESNA RP-29-06

Recommended Luminance Ratios (Maximum)

Relevant Surfaces Luminance Ratio

B et we en t as k a nd adjacent sur roun dings 1: 0.3 33

Between task and more remote darker surfaces 1:0.200

Between task and more remote lighter surfaces 1: 5

Recommended Reflectances

Surface Reflectance

Walls 40-60%

Furniture 25-45%

Equipment 25-45%

Floors 20-40%

LFK Pendant System

Lightoliers LFK pendant delivers well controlled downlight from T5 lamps, with soft uplight.

The 70/30 distribution is well suited for lighting vertical tasks, such as pharmacy shelves.

The luminaire sides are composed of a unique multi-layered acrylic extrusion, consisting of a

prismatic outer layer and a diffuse inner layer, which together provide a softly luminous effect.

A flat-blade louver provides direct shielding from below. Overall, LFK presents a pleasing and

comfortable appearance from any viewing perspective.

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Light source color is crit ical in healthcare. The color we

experience in the faces and objects around us results

from the chemical make up of those materials and

the spectral composition of the light that reflects from

them. Material texture, the distribution of incident light

and the visual environment also affect our perception.

While daylight enjoys many advantages visual and

biological efficacy, a balanced color spectrum, dynamic

quality, and low energy cost its essential variability

limits its use as a primary ambient light source. It remains,

however, the standard by which most people judge light

source color.

Impact of Color

Daylight (at various times of the day) and electric

light sources all have different spectral compositions,

and the chemistry of pigments and the human body can

be quite complex. So it is common for two materials to

appear to be the same color under one light source and

different under another (called metamerism).

Te color we

experience in

the faces and

objects around

us results from

the chemical

make up of

those materials

and the spectral

compositionof the light

that reflects

from them.

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Spectral Composition

The best way to understand the spectral composition of

a light source is by its spectral power distribution. The

SPD shows the amount or percentage of energy radiated

at different wavelengths of light. Several characteristic

SPD curves are shown on the following pages. They

show the distribution of power relative to the peak

wavelength (rather than the absolute power). Although

the incandescent SPD may appear to represent a greater

amount of radiant energy than the fluorescent SPD, this is,

of course, not the case.

In practice, two derived measures are often used to

evaluate white light sources: Color Temperature and Color

Rendering Index.

Color Temperature

Color Temperature (CCT for Correlated Color Temperature)indicates the color appearance of a white light source and

is measured in Kelvins. A low CCT (3000K and down)

indicates a warm reddish-tinged white; high CCT

(5000K and up) means a cool, bluish-tinged white. Cool

light sources will generally make a space appear brighter,

but there is no evidence that blue-rich light sources

improve visual performance at the light levels typically

found indoors.

CRI

CRI (Color Rendering Index), scaled from 0-100, attempts

to measure how well a light source renders the color of

objects. A CRI of 80-85 is considered the minimum for

most healthcare applications.

There are two important limitations, however. CRI

is measured using eight standard pastel colors, with the

rating an average across the samples. Thus, CRI does not

necessarily indicate how well the source will render spe-

cific objects or skin colors. Additionally, each light source

is evaluated against a reference of the same color appear-

ance so the CRIs of warm and cool sources are measured

against different standards. Moreover, warm sources are

compared to incandescent (a computer model) and cool

sources (>5000K) are compared to a model of daylight.

Emotional EffectsLight of different colors can influence mood and comfort,

which may have an important impact on patients

undergoing stressful procedures (MRIs, chemotherapy,

or brain surgery, for example). Providing dynamic electric

lighting (controlled by the patient or staff) is an emerging

technique for helping patients relax and thus expedite

the procedure or recovery, expand the practical capacity

of expensive equipment, and reduce facility costs. The

Philips Ambient Experience is the leading example of

lighting effects integrated into an imaging environment.

Light and Circadian Rhythms

Exposure to light with the appropriate spectral

composition at certain times of the day can advance a

persons biological clock. Thus zones of bright lighting

may be effective at helping shift workers maintain their

energy and concentration. Moreover, insufficient exposure

to light can lead to the form of depression called Seasonal

Affective Disorder. Properly applied doses of bright light

can remedy the deficit.

The biologically effective wavelengths of light are

in the blue region, but daylight in sufficient quantity is

effective. Taking advantage of the biological (rather than

visual) effects of light can have benefits for both staff

and patients.

The application of biologically effective light may be

a useful approach to caring for people with Alzheimers,

where sleep irregularity is a problem for both the patient

and the caregivers. Similarly, the use of red wavelengths

for night lights may help patients from waking up in

the middle of the night and contribute to more restful

sleep routines.

People need dark as much as they need light and in a

regular cycle. Interference with this cycle has been shown

to further the growth of cancers in night-shift workers.

Appropriate lighting conditions for rest and sleep with

the necessary shielding and control of light contributes

to a healthy environment.


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Impact of Color (continued)

Ceramic metal halide (CDM) derives its color from the mix

of salts in the lamp and the internal temperature at which

it operates. Warm-toned (3000K) lamps are generally

used indoors, while cool-toned (4000K) lamps are more

commonly found outdoors. High quality CDM lamps can

achieve a CRI of 90 or higher and maintain reasonablyconsistent color throughout their life.

Fluorescent lamps achieve different color rendering and

color temperatures by blending phosphor powders.

Todays high performance tri-phosphor lamps use a

blend of red, green, and blue phosphors, which produce

basically similar luminous efficacy, a CRI of 80+ and near

perfect color consistency throughout life. The standardcolor offering is 3000K, 3500K, 4100K, 5000K, and 6500K.

Most healthcare facilities use 3500K or 4100K .

Electric Light Sources

No electric light source (including LEDs) precisely

replicates the spectrum of daylight; a combination of

sources comes closer in effect than any single one.

Incandescent has a full, smooth spectrum but the red end

of the spectrum dominates. CRI is 100 (by definition). CCT

ranges from 2600K to 3100K, with halogen at the coolerend of the range.

Daylight

Daylight (the combination of sunlight and skylight)

enjoys a full and relatively balanced spectrum. There

is light at all wavelengths (including heat-producing

infrared and damaging ultra-violet), and no small band

of wavelengths predominates.

Daylight has a CRI of 100 (by definition) and is often

the measure we use to evaluate subjectively the color

of objects and of light sources. The color appearance

of daylight varies substantially during the day (and to

a lesser degree with the seasons and geography). Near

dawn and dusk, daylight has a warm color, about 3000K.

At noon, with sunlight available, daylight has a CCT of

about 5500K; in the afternoon, the CCT is about 6500K.

This dynamic cycle as well as its spectral

composition distinguishes daylight from any single

electric light source and is one of the appealing and

relaxing attributes of natural light. Nevertheless, dynamic

washes of electric lighting can be synthesized by blending

sources of different colors in varying proportions to

extendthe experience.

Daylight (6000K)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

360 410 460 510 560 610 660 710 760

Wavelength (nm)

Relativepower

The SPD of daylight varies by time of day.

Incandescent

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

360 410 460 510 560 610 660 710 760

Wavelength (nm)

Relativepower

Fluorescent (TL841)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

360 410 460 510 560 610 660 710 760

Wavelength (nm)

Relativepower

Ceramic Metal Halide (CDM 3000K)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

360 410 460 510 560 610 660 710 760

Wavelength (nm)

Relativepower

The SPD of incandescent extends into the infrared range. The character istic blue, green, and red peaks vary by lamp color. Compare this balanced SPD to that of other sources.

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Solid-State Light Sources

The color of white LEDs varies considerably, solid-state

luminaires use four distinct technologies to achieve

white light, with different results in terms of appearance,

rendering, and stability.

RGB: This is a combination of colored LEDs, whose

output is mixed by a lens or reflector. Since the output of

the different colored LEDs depreciates at different rates,

this technology either requires active power management

to balance the color or is prone to color shift.

Direct Phosphor coating: Blue LEDs are covered by

yellow (or yellow-red) phosphors to produce a cool white

or yellow and red phosphors for a warm white. Due to the

phosphor mix, warm white LEDs are less efficient thancool white. It is difficult to assure a consistent phosphor

coating on the LED, so this technology tends to produce

some dispersion in t he color.

Near phosphor: A phosphor coated lens placed a

small distance from the LED provides more consistent

color than direct phosphor coating.

Remote phosphor: A phosphor coated lens placed

away from an array of LEDs permits both consistent color

and high output.

LED (Luxeon Rebel Cool White)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

360 410 460 510 560 610 660 710 760

Wavelength (nm)

Relativepower

Note the characteristic peak/smooth SPD.


28/42

In a sustainable lighting strategy, the choice of a lighting

system first considers user needs, so the effect s of light

(diffuse or concentrated, direct or indirect, warm or

cool), controllability, scale, and architectural integration

are all important criteria.

Among lighting systems with similar effects,

however, designers often face confusing choices with

regard to energy effectiveness of different technologies.

Typically the light source drives the selection process,

but simple comparisons of the lamps alone is rarely

meaningful. Lamps and ballasts need to be considered as

a system, and the performance of the luminaire (lamp,

ballast, and fixture together) in a specific application

often determines what is most effective and ultimatelymost sustainable.

Measuring Energy Effectiveness

Energy effectiveness means delivering the desired

lighting effects with the least energy, a definition that is

obviously consistent with sustainability overall.

Effectiveness (or efficacy) is more meaningful than

the commonly used concept of efficiency because it is

based on achieving a desired result. A high-efficiency

technology, by contrast, delivers more output per unit of

input, but that output may or may not be useful.

The following paragraphs discuss several commonly

used metrics for efficacy. The numbers in the text refer to

columns in the accompanying table.

Light source efficacy: Ability to convert power

to lumens (light as measured by the human eye). This is

rendered as lumens per watt (LPW 1) and is the most

frequently used metric for evaluating light sources. Since

lumen output depreciates over time (and at different rates

for different sources), evaluating light source efficacy

using mean lumens (lumen output measured at 40% of

rated average life, MLPW 2) is more realistic than looking

at initial lumens.

System efficacy: Lumens per watt include the

power used by a commercial ballast or driver, which can

affect the result by as much as 10-20%. Since most of

todays commonly used light sources require a ballast or

other auxiliary, this is a more useful and realistic metricthan simple light source efficacy. When calculating

system efficacy (MLPW 3), it is necessary to adjust the

lumen output to that actually produced by the system by

applying the ballast factor. Due to the effect of heat on

LED performance, solid-state lighting is best evaluated as

a luminaire (see below).

Luminaire efficacy: Lumens per watt including

losses in the luminaire. Luminaire efficacy (MLPW 4) cap-

tures the efficiency of the fixture and helps in evaluating

the energy performance of different luminaire options (for

example, compact fluorescent downlights vs. linear fluo-

rescent pendants). For conventional luminaires, luminaire

efficacy is commonly computed by multiplying the light

source system efficacy by the luminaire efficiency. For

solid-state luminaires, however, luminaire efficacy is pho-

tometered directly, which is the most accurate method.

Application efficacy: Lighting result per

watt of power. This might be task illuminance per watt

or something similar for display, wall, or ambient

illumination. Application efficacy considers the ability ofthe luminaire to deliver the desired lighting and reflects

both luminaire performance and environmental factors

such as mounting location and surface reflectance.

Application efficacy is particularly useful in comparing

luminaires with different light distribution patterns,

(for example LED and fluorescent task lights) for a

specific purpose.

Technology Efficacy

Lamp System Luminaire

Light Source LPW 1 MLPW 2 Watts MLPW 3 Type Lumens MLPW 4Standard F32T8/TL80 92 88 56* 85 Coffer 3570 64

High Performance F32T8/ADV 97 94 48** 96 Coffer 3456 72

F28T5 104 98 60 92 Coffer 4140 69

PL-T 32W 75 64 35 58 7" Dnlt 1244 36

CDM T6 Elite 39W 90 81 44 72 6" Dnlt 1978 45

Standard MH ED17 70 74 49 94 36 6" Dnlt 1856 20

45MRC16/IRC 24.4 24.0 47 23 4" Dnlt 906 19

Calculite SSL Downlight 20 4" Dnlt 879 44

MLPW = Mean Lumens per Watt

Standard T8 system on standard electronic ballast. High performance T8 system on high per formance electronic ballast.

CDM on electronic ballast. Standard MH on magnetic ballast.

* Based on a two-lamp system using a standard electronic ballast with a ballast factor of .89

** Based on a two-lamp system using a high-performance ballast (Philips Advanced Optanium 2.0) with a ballast factor of .77

Energy Smart Lighting

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Linear Fluorescent Lamps and Ballasts

Fluorescent systems are the principal light source for most

task and ambient applications in healthcare facilities.

Replacing outdated energy-consuming systems that

use electro-magnetic ballasts, with new low wattage,

long life systems using electronic ballasts can reduce en-

ergy consumption, reduce the need for lamp replacement,

and reduce their environmental impact, without compris-

ing performance.

With these high performance lamp and ballast

systems, both T8 and T5 systems can achieve high

luminous efficacy over 90 lumens per watt (LPW).

Lamps can be dimmed (with dimming ballasts

and controls) and are available in a range of colortemperatures and a Color Rendering Index (CRI) to meet

your application needs. Unlike incandescent and halogen

sources, dimming does not change the appearance of the

light or affect the lamp life.

The smaller diameter of the T5 lamp permits the use

of smaller luminaires (particularly beneficial for pendant,

cove, and surface applications) and precise optics

(beneficial for widespread light distribution).

High performance T8 systems offer more flexibility

to tune luminaire light output by selecting lamp

wattage and ballast factor (see table) and are generally

more economical.Both Philips T8 and T5 lamps feature Alto II Lamp

Technology, which means these lamps have the lowest

mercury content in the industry - down to 1.7 mg for 4 ft.

T8 25W fluorescents.

In addition, these high performance lamps deliver

longer life, which means reduced maintenance and

improved total cost of ownership.

Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs)

These lamps serve as direct replacements for incandes-

cents. They perform well where a diffuse source is desired

in compact luminaires, such as downlights, wall brackets,

smaller pendants, and portables. They deliver good color

with a high CRI of 82, and an incandescent-like light. And,like linear fluorescent lamps, CFLs are available both in

various color temperatures as well as with dimming ca-

pability. CFLs are energy efficient, with many types last-

ing up to 10 years. CFLs are available in a wide variety of

sizes and wattages. While dedicated CFL luminaries are

most efficient, retrofit lamps are also offered in attrac-

tive covered designs using familiar shapes that fit most

standard incandescent fixtures. While CFL lamps to not

produce concentrated beams of light like halogen lamps,

they provide soft, white ambient lighting that can create

a comfortable, relaxing environment.

Ceramic Metal Halide

Among high intensity discharge (HID) sources, ceramic

metal halide offers the best combination of color (CRI

of 85+), efficacy (60+ LPW), and lamp life (10-15,000

hours). The extensive choice of wattage and lumen

output in a compact size makes this source a good choice

for narrow beam downlights, accent lights, flood lights,

and exterior luminaires. Ceramic metal halide lamps (like

other HID sources) require about 4-7 minutes to warm up

when first started and longer to cool down and restrike

when power is interrupted.

Incandescent and Halogen

These lamps offer a residential quality of light and can be

dimmed, which can be useful in social settings to create a

warm, pleasing atmosphere. Low voltage halogen lamps

and luminaires are 120% more efficient than standard

incandescent and due to their small size, cannot easily be

replaced with fluorescent. However, they are considerably

less efficient (10-25 LPW) than fluorescent and HID

sources and have much shorter lifetimes (1000-6000

hours), which make them generally unsuitable for most

healthcare applications.

Tuning a Fluorescent System

Lamp Ballast System per Lamp at 25 C

Type Watts Type BF Watts Lumens LPW

F32T8/XEW 25 IS 0.77 19 1906 100

F32T8/XEW 25 IS 0.87 22 2153 98

F32T8/ADV 32 IS 0.77 24 2310 96

F32T8/ADV 32 IS 0.87 27 2610 97

F32T8/ADV 32 IS 1.2 36 3600 100

F28T5 28 PS 1 30 2448 82

F54T5HO 54 PS 1 60 4228 70

This table shows the range of watts and lumens from nominal 4' fluorescent lamp systems.

Data based on Philips Lighting lamps and ballasts

T5 and T5HO lamps have about 10% higher lumen ratings at 35 C.

BF: Ballast Factor

IS: Instant Start

PS: Program Start

Selecting Light Sources

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The Future of Solid-State Lighting (LEDs)

This relatively new light source has developed rapidly

over the last few years and continues to improve in

terms of efficiency, color, and output. Solid-state lighting

already offers sound choices for a variety of applications,including downlighting, exterior lighting, dynamic color,

architectural wall grazing, small scale cove lighting, and

step lights, as well as local task lighting and night lighting.

SSL can produce four different color effects: a single,

generally saturated color, dynamic color, white (of various

colors), and dynamic white. Dynamic color has many

aesthetic applications and has been incorporated into

therapeutic routines. Dynamic white is an emerging

application, with potential for emulating the dynamic

color of daylight. Static white is the fastest growing

area for SSL because of its potential for very high energy

efficiency, long life, outstanding beam control, low powerand heat, compact size, and easy dimming control. These

characteristics make it suitable to replace less effective

conventional sources in many applications.

The primary obstacles to wider application of white

light LEDs have been low efficiency, poor color, and high

cost. These issues are technically related, and advances

are being made on all fronts. In terms of SSL luminaire

design, the critical challenge is thermal management;

internal heat build up dramatically shortens the life of an

LED. Unlike conventional light sources, SSL should only

be evaluated as a complete luminaire, where heat, light

output, and delivered color can be most effectively judged.


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Lighting Controls

Controls

Controls are an increasingly important technology for

sustainable lighting, especially in healthcare applications.

Importantly, well designed controls help meet user needs

and minimize energy consumption.

Control Strategies

The most effective controls strategies are developed

as an integral part of the lighting design and luminaire

selection process. The critical first step is determining

the channel or zones identifying which luminaires will

be controlled together and which will be controlled

independently of others. Well designed control channels

help to assure that lighting can be bright when required

for visually demanding tasks, yet does not disturb patients

when they need rest.

The type of control required depends on the basic

control strategy and its objectives.

User-oriented controls, such as patient rooms or

examination controls, should be easy to locate in the

space and easy to operate. Older users with diminished

manual dexterity will find large rocker panels easier to

adjust than smaller toggles or levers. LED status indicators

also locate the control when the room is dark. Where

dimmers or switches are ganged, they should be labeled

with the luminaires they control.

Building-oriented controls, such as those for circula-

tion and other public spaces, need to integrate into the

building management system and be easy to configure.

Daylight Integration

Daylight integration depends first on effective architectural

and shading design to admit and distribute daylight, as

well as prevent glare and thermal gain. Closed-loop control

systems where photocells sense the combined effect of

daylight and electric light are the most commonly used

approach for task-oriented areas where maintaining a

relatively high level of illumination is required.

The electric lighting needs to be zoned so that the

luminaires in the daylighted areas can be separately

controlled. Sensors need to be placed where their

readings will reasonably represent the experience of the

controlled environment (and away from direct exposure

to light before it strikes relevant task surfaces). A controller

program is commissioned to respond to the photocell and

signal switches or dimmers to adjust as desired.

Photocell-based switching proves most cost effective

when daylight is ample and consistent and the electric

lighting can stay shut off once daylight has reached the

desired level.

Photocell-based dimming, on the other hand, serves

best where daylight only satisfies part of the daytime

illumination requirement or where some contribution is

desired from the electric lighting in terms of direction or

visible brightness.

IntelliSight photocells and power packs provide the

sensing and control components; for dimming strategies,

fluorescent luminaires must also have dimming ballasts.

Occupancy Sensing

Turning lights off is often the simplest and most cost-

effective approach to reducing energy usage. This

strategy applies particularly well to private offices and

intermittently occupied spaces, such as meeting and

exam rooms, which may be unoccupied up to 40% of

the time.

Sensors controlling fluorescent luminaires should

have a minimum setting of 30 minutes before the

lights turn out in order to avoid shortening lamp life.

Programmed Start ballasts also help. HID light sources

should not be controlled by sensors due to the warm up

time required for restarting.

IntelliSight wallbox and ceiling sensors detect a wide

field of view (line of sight required) and are particularly

sensitive to avoid false tripping. IntelliSight devices can

dim, where adjustable lighting is desired, and can be

integrated with photocells.

Time of Day

Where occupancy in any space is regular, relay-based

control systems can be programmed to turn off lights or

reduce the lighting to a programmed level according to

a time clock. A good system permits easy commissioning,

and onsite adjustment for different spaces. Sweep alerts

allow workers in staff areas to override the system to

avoid being left in the dark. Time of day control makes

sense for those parts of a facility that close down in the

evening (gift shops and dining areas, for example) and

for creating evening scenes with reduced light levels in

circulation areas. LyteSwitch relay systems integrate with

building management systems and other lighting control

systems, are self-addressing and permit walk around

commissioning.

Effective Controls Strategies

Space Daylight Strategy

Patient roomsLiving areas

Ample Daylight dimmingOccupancy sensing

Individual task tuning

Multi-scene control

Reception

Circulation

Ample Daylight dimming

Scheduled/zoned switching

Social areas

Dining

Ample Daylight dimming

Multi-scene control


Dining Limited Multi-scene control


Laboratories Ample Daylight dimming


Laboratories

Pharmacies

Limited Scheduled/zoned switching

Enclosed office Ample Daylight dimming

Occupancy sensing

Individual task tuning

Office/Utility Limited Occupancy sensing

Conference room

Training room

Limited Multi-scene dimming

Occupancy sensing

8

Philips

Lightolier


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Multi-Scene Preset Control

Social spaces, conference rooms, and the living areas

of senior residences typically support a wide range of

activities and associated lighting settings. These areas

can benefit from multi-scene preset controls that easily

adjust all the lighting layers in the space to the lighting

composition desired for each activity. Push buttons,

labeled for each activity (conference, presentation, break,

clean up, etc.) permit users unfamiliar with the space to

conveniently recall the appropriate lighting effect.

Multi-scene controls can be integrated with

occupancy sensors and daylight controls. They are required

by Standard 90.1-2004 for conference areas.

MultiSet systems connect individual five-scene presetdimmers with master control keypads and remotes. They

are notable for their flexibility and economy.

Task and Individual Control

Providing individual control over task lighting can

enhance productivity, improve user satisfaction, and

reduce energy consumption often very cost effectively.

Local task luminaires and multi-function patient

room luminaires typically offer integrated switches, as

previously discussed.

Where task lighting needs are variable and provided

by general-purpose luminaires, separate control should be

provided for each task area to avoid disturbing light levels

in adjacent areas. This can be accomplished by switch

or dimmer (with dimming ballasts in any controlled

fluorescent luminaires).

Dimmable fluorescent luminaires with easy-to-use

controls enhance the comfort and appeal of senior living

environments, while conserving energy.

Integrated Strategies

Facilities that combine multiple controls strategies and

require many zones of control typical of senior living,

benefit from an i ntegrated strategy. Lightoliers iGEN offers

a range of intelligent control technologies, including DALI

protocol, that configure and reconfigure flexibly, offer

interface options with other building system controls, and

reduce installation, commissioning, and monitoring costs.

Unlike conventional, hard-wired controls, iGEN

systems use addressable devices on a communications

network. This permits flexible assignment of control

channels and individual control of luminaires without

separate wiring from each one to the control point.

Dimming Fluorescent Sources

With appropriate equipment, linear T8 and T5 lamps

can dim smoothly down to 1% of output. Compact

fluorescent lamps dim down to about 5%. While the

change in intensity may affect color perception, the lamps

themselves maintain consistent color temperature.

Dimmers, wiring, and dimming ballasts must be

compatible and require particularly careful specification.

Specific Lightolier dimmers are available for the three

typical ballast configurations: three-wire line voltage

(Lightolier PowerSpec), designated HDF; two-wire line

voltage (Advance Mark 10), designated EB; and 0-10V

with two additional low voltage conductors (Advance

Mark 7 and others), designated FAM.

iGEN systems use networked ballasts with DALI or

other protocols and require compatible iGEN controls.

Dimming Solid-State Lighting

The dimming of a solid-state luminaire depends on its

design and driver. For dynamic color changing, DMX

is a common control protocol, Lightolier provides its

Lytemode DMX system as a convenient solution for these

installations. For more complex applications, consider a

Marquee PC console and software.

For white light applications, luminaire specifications

vary, and not all solid-state luminaires are dimmable.

The two common approaches use either electronic low

voltage (ELV) dimmers or 0-10V (FAM) dimmers.

Controls Performance Selector

Co ntrol Strateg y Pro duc t Family Loc at ion Features

Occupancy IntelliSight Wall Box Multiple sensor technology; up to 4000 sf coverage per sensor

Occupancy Intel liSight System Ceiling Multiple sensor technology; up to 2500 sf coverage per sensor

Daylight IntelliSight Photocell Ceiling Onboard controller permits commissioning from the floor

Time of Day Lyteswitch Relays CabinetSelf addressable with walk around commissioning;

integrates with Lytemode

Scene control MultiSet Pro Wall BoxFlexible, scalable design; integrates sensors and photocells;

controls all sources

Dynamic Color Lytemode DMX Wall Easy programming and control for simple routines


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Toxicity and Material Consumption

As the principal consumablein a lighting system,

lamps deserve special consideration in the

context of sustainability.

Mercury

All fluorescent lamps need a small amount of mercur y to

operate efficiently but Philips has been working hard to

reduce the mercury levels. With the use of ALTO Lamp

Technology, we set a standard by reducing the amount of

mercury in T8 lamps to a then industry- low 3.5 mg. With

the new ALTO II Technology, fluorescent T8 lamps now

have only 1.7 mg of mercury (T5 lamps now have only

1.4 mg) and still deliver outstanding performance. And

to further help reduce environmental impact, Philips only

uses recycled mercury in the lamp.

Lamp Life

Lamp Ballast 3 hrs/st 12 hrs/st

F32T8/ADV IS 24,000 30,000 hrs

F32T8/ADV PS 30,000 36,000 hrs

F32T8/XEW/XLL PS 40,000 46,000 hrs

F28T5 PS 20,000 25,000 hrs

F54T5HO PS 25,000 30,000 hrs

PL-T PS 12,000 16,000 hrs

CDM-T Elec (10 hours) 12,000 hrs

MR16/IRC 5000 hrs

SSL (to 70% Lumen Maintenance) 50,000 hrs

Mercury Content in Fluorescent Lamps

Std. T8Today

Alto T81997

Alto T8Today

Alto T5Today

1.4 mg1.7 mg

3.5 mg

6 mg

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

ALTO Technology

ALTO IITechnology assures that only a minimal amount

of mercury will suffice throughout the life of the lamp,

while maintaining lamp performance and actually

enhancing lamp life.

A capsule for introducing mercury into the lamp

permits a very precise and minimal dosage, while

enabling aggressive purificationduring manufacture. A pre-coating beneath the lamp phosphors inhibits

mercury absorption by the glass tube.

A chemical compound attracts mercury to the arc

stream in the center of the lamp, keeping it active.

Metal halide lamps, including ceramic types,

typically contain more mercury than fluorescent lamps.

LEDs, contain no mercury, which may be an important

consideration in their selection.

Lamp and Ballast Life

It is intuitive that reduced mercury in the lamp and

increased lamp life work together to reduce toxicity.

Longer lamp life reduces the number of lamps used over

the life of the facility and, therefore the total amount of

mercury. This is recognized in LEED for Healthcare (see

pages 34-35).

Lamp life is commonly measured in two ways: mor-

tality (how long the lamp operates) and lumen mainte-

nance (how much light is produced over life). Operating

conditions also affect life and are worth consideration.

Rated average life indicates the median time to

failure and describes lamp mortality. Characteristically, a

large sample of lamps reaches 10% of mortality (90%surviving) at about 70% of rated average life, which is

often used as the point for scheduled maintenance.

Under ANSI/IESNA standards, fluorescent lamp life is

tested by operating the lamps on a cycle of three hours

on and 20 minutes off und

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