Energy Security “Electrical...

Dr. Bill Kramer

Senior Research Engineer

Distributed Energy Systems Integration

Energy Security “Electrical Islanding”

Approach and Assessment Tools

Renewable Technology Integration

Electricity, Resources, &

Building Systems Integration Center

Resource Information

and Forecasting

Thermal Systems

Transmission and

Grid Integration

Distributed Energy

Resources Integration

Commercial Building

R&D

Residential Building

R&D

Dr. Bill Kramer - 2


Mission

• Enable maximum renewable energy and energy

efficiency technology adoption

• Maintain and enhance grid reliability by advancing

critical science and engineering in electrical systems

and resource assessment.

• Transfer knowledge and innovations in these areas in

a manner that accelerates commercial deployment

and addresses the nation’s energy, security, and

environmental goals.

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A System of Systems

Generation

Technologies

End Use

Technologies

and the Built

Environment

Transmission

Systems and

Technologies

Distribution

Systems and

Technology

Applied to Enhance DOE’s Integration Mission

Technology R&D, Modeling, Simulations

Dr. Bill Kramer - 4


Generation

•PV

•Wind

•Electrolysis

•CSP

•Geothermal

•Biomass

• Storage

Transmission & Distribution

• Integration

• Interconnection

•Communications

•Controls

•Operations

• Storage

End Use and the Built Environment

• Zero-energy buildings

•Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles

• Fuel cells

•Demand Control

• Intelligent controls

• Zero-energy communities

• Storage

Areas of Focus

Dr. Bill Kramer - 5


• Resource assessment

and forecasting

• Distribution systems

and microgrids

• Smart grids

• Transient and fault

analysis

• Transmission

• Power electronics

• Grid operations and

modeling

• Capacity expansion

modeling

• Plug-in hybrid electric

vehicle-to-grid

interactions

• Energy storage

• Reliability planning and

modeling

• Codes and standards

• Interconnection Policy

• Demand response tech

Competency Areas

Dr. Bill Kramer - 6


NREL Electricity, Resources, and

Building Systems Integration Center

Resource Information

and Forecasting

Thermal Systems

Transmission and

Grid Integration

Distributed Energy

Systems Integration

Commercial Building

R&D

Residential Building

R&D


Distributed Energy Resources

Test Facility (DERTF)

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Distributed Energy Systems

• Distributed energy systems integration

• Power electronics

• Renewable electrolysis for H2 production

• Codes and standards

• Distributed systems modeling

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Distributed Energy Systems Integration

Project Areas

• Distributed Energy Integration – Renewable Energy Grid Integration

– Hybrid Power Systems

– Interconnection Equipment Evaluation

– Advanced Power Electronic Interface Development

– Integration of Renewables with Electrolyzers

– Vehicle-to-Grid Applications

• Advanced Distribution Systems – Smart Grids

– Microgrids

– Integration of Energy Storage and Load Management

– Standards and Codes


Distributed Energy Resources Test Facility (DERTF)

Advancing Renewable, Distributed Energy, and Hydrogen Technologies

DC Bus – Allows up to 10 DC

device (Battery, PV) connections

AC Bus (3Phase, 480V, 400A rated) – Allows

up to 15 AC device (inverters, microturbine,

generators) connections

Switch Panel – Computer

controlled. Allows tester to easily

configure systems. Ability to run

3 independent systems

simultaneously.


Distributed Energy

Resources

Interconnection

TechnologiesElectric Power

Systems

Fuel Cell PV

MicroturbineWind

Generator

Inverter

Switchgear,

Relays, &

Controls

Functions

• Power Conversion

• Power Conditioning

• Power Quality

• Protection

• DER and Load Control

• Ancillary Services

• Communications

• Metering

Microgrids

Energy

Storage

Loads

Local Loads

Load Simulators

Utility

System

PHEV - V2G


Energy Systems Integration Facility

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ESIF Site Location


ESIF Features

•Research, Development and

Engineering for the integration of:

–PV, CSP, Storage, Hydrogen, Wind,

Demand Side Technologies for the built

environment.

•Facilities include:

–Indoor and outdoor Laboratories and test

beds

–High-performance computer (100 teraflop)


ESIF Layout



ESIF Design Criteria

• Approximately 200,000 sq. ft.

– 19 Laboratories

– 5 Test Facilities (Outdoor, Roof, etc.)

– ~200 person Office area

– Specialty Areas

• Insight Center including Visualization Rooms and Collaboration

areas

• Virtual Control Room for RE Integration and Infrastructure

Visualization

– Common Areas (Building support, maintenance, conference

rooms, security, ES&H, building management)

– 15,000+ sq. ft. HPC and Data Center (with additional secure

area)



Smart Grid – Advanced Operations

SUBSTATION

FEEDER

Supplementary

RegulatorsSupplementary

Regulators

DGDGDG DGDGDGDGDGDG

DGDGDG

DGDGDG

DGDGDG

DGDGDG

DGDGDG

Capacitor

ControlLTC Control

Voltage and VAR

Regulation

Coordination

Algorithm

Manages tap settings, DG

VAR levels, and capacitors

to regulate voltage, reduce

losses, conserve energy,

and system resources

PF

Capacitor

At high penetration levels, distributed generation needs to actively

participate in grid functions like voltage regulation.



Microgrids – Advanced Operations

Substation

Island Forms

lateral

Recloser Opens

feeder

DG 3

DG 1

DG 2PV

Inverter

Source 1

PV

Inverter

Source 3

PV

Inverter

Source 2

Conventional

Rotating DG

Conventional

Rotating DG

Conventional

Rotating DG

Substation

Island Forms

lateral

Recloser Opens

feeder

DG 3

DG 1

DG 2PV

Inverter

Source 1

PV

Inverter

Source 3

PV

Inverter

Source 2

Conventional

Rotating DG

Conventional

Rotating DG

Conventional

Rotating DG

Distributed PV needs to integrate with other DG and energy storage to form microgrids for increased reliability.



Microgrids – Improving ReliabilitySubstation Feed Intentional

Island

(open for

facility

island)

(open for

intentional

island)

Facility

Island

(Microgrid)

DEDE

DE

Load

Load

Load

Load

Load

Circuit

Breaker

Fast Power

Electronics

Switch

Advanced Power

Electronics Interfaces


1547-2008 Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power

Systems

1547.1-2005 Conformance Test Procedures for Equipment Interconnecting DR with EPS

1547.2-2008 Application Guide for IEEE 1547 Standard for Interconnecting DR with EPS

1547.3- 2007 Guide for Monitoring, Information Exchange and Control of DR

Current Projects

P1547.4 Guide for Design, Operation, and

Integration of DR Island Systems with EPS

P1547.6 Recommended Practice for Interconnecting DR With

EPS Distribution Secondary Networks

P1547.5 Guidelines for Interconnection of Electric Power

Sources Greater Than 10 MVA to the Power Transmission

Grid Urban distribution

networks

Microgrids

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P1547.7 Draft Guide to Conducting Distribution Impact

Studies for Distributed Resource Interconnection

IEEE 1547 Series Standards


IEEE 1547.4 Information

• This document provides alternative approaches and good practices for

the design, operation, and integration of distributed resource (DR)

island systems with electric power systems (EPS). This includes the

ability to separate from and reconnect to part of the area EPS while

providing power to the islanded local EPSs. This guide includes the

distributed resources, interconnection systems, and participating

electric power systems.

• The term “DR island systems”, sometimes referred to as microgrids, is

used for these intentional islands. DR island systems are EPSs that: 1. have DR and load

2. have the ability to disconnect from and parallel with the area EPS

3. include the local EPS and may include portions of the area EPS, and

4. are intentionally planned.

• DR island systems can be either local EPS islands or area EPS

islands.


Load

Distributed

Resource

(DR) Unit

Distributed

Resource

(DR) Unit

Load

Point of

Common

Coupling

(PCC)

Point of DR Connection

PCC

PCC


Area Electric Power System (Area EPS)

Local EPS 1 Local EPS 2 Local EPS 3

Facility Microgrid Example


Load

Distributed

Resource

(DR) Unit

Distributed

Resource

(DR) Unit

Load

Point of

Common

Coupling

(PCC)


PCC

PCC


Area Electric Power System (Area EPS)

Local EPS 1 Local EPS 2 Local EPS 3

Utility Microgrid Example


Testing Microgrid Switch Technologies

Distribution Feeder

from Substation

Open for a Utility

Microgrid

DSDG Load Load

DG Load

Interconnection

Switch

Distributed

Generation

Distributed

Generation

Distributed

Storage

Interconnection

Switch

Open for a Industrial /

Commerical Microgrid

Possible

Control Systems


Development of High-Speed Static Switch

for Microgrid Applications

• NREL, Northern Power Systems, and California Energy Commission developed a DER Switch

• Circuit Breaker and Power-Electronics based hardware with same controller

• Tested CB and controller equipment at Northern and NREL

• PE based unit installed in CERTS microgrid


Testing of Microgrid Switches

Relay Function Testing•Undervoltage (27)

•Overvoltage (59)

•Overfrequency (81O)

•Underfrequency (81U)

•Phase sequence (46)

•Instantaneous overcurrent (51)

•Time overcurrent (50)

IEEE 1547 Testing•Over/undervoltage

•Over/underfrequency

•Synchronization

•Reverse power

•Unintentional islanding.

Power Quality Testing•CBEMA-ITI curve

Omicron CMC 256 – Secondary injection test set

Utility Grid Simulators – Primary injection test set


Microgrid Symposium

• DOE/LBNL/NREL sponsor an international

microgrid symposium every year since

2005.

• Last year was in San Diego, CA

• Information and Presentations from all

prior symposiums can be found at:

• http://der.lbl.gov/new_site/DER.htm

http://der.lbl.gov/new_site/DER.htm


Distributed Energy Workstation

• DEW is a steady-state electrical simulation environment capable of

solving very large and complex distribution system models. DEW

algorithms include:

– Time-varying Load Flow

– PV Impact Analysis

– Protection/Coordination Analysis

– Contingency Analysis

– Reconfiguration for Restoration or Minimum Loss

• DEW can be used to:

– Evaluate resource placement and electrical interconnection

– Analyze the impacts of distributed resources on the existing base

infrastructures

– Identify and evaluate opportunities to improve load and renewable resource

coincidence



Distribution Grid Simulation (DEW)



Microgrid – Business Cases

• Companies are installing microgrids at DOD

bases that incorporate multiple gensets and

responds to price signals for time of use and

peak shaving. Generators also serve as

backup if utility goes down.

• What value do microgrids bring?

• Increase Reliability

• Energy Security

• Reduce total energy costs

• Get more benefit out of installed DR


Microgrid Support Projects

• Miramar (CA)

• Fort Carson (CO)

• Air Force Academy

(CO)

• Santa Rita Jail (CA)

• DOD bases on HI

• Lanai (HI)

Existing Power

System

New PV System

Santa Rita Jail

Lanai, HI


Technology Path Forward



For more information contact:

Dr. Bill Kramer

Senior Research Engineer &

Energy Systems Integration Task Leader

(303) 275 3844

[email protected]

National Renewable Energy Laboratory

Energy, Resources Buildings Systems Integration Center

Distributed Energy Resources Group


mailto:[email protected]

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