Energy Road Map

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CALIFORNIAENERGYCOMMISSION

PIER RENEWABLE ENERGYTECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM

RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT AND

DEMONSTRATION ROADMAP

STAFFREPORT

August 2007

CEC-500-2007-035

Arnold Schwarzenegger, Governor


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CALIFORNIAENERGYCOMMISSION

Elaine Sison-LebrillaGolam KibryaValentino TiangcoDora YenPrab SethiMichael KanePrincipal Authors

Ken KoyamaSupervisorEnergy Generation Research Office

Elaine Sison-LebrillaManagerEnergy Generation Research Office

Martha KrebsDeputy DirectorEnergy Research and Development Division

B.B. Blevins

Executive Director

DISCLAIMER

This paper was prepared by California Energy Commission staff. It does not necessarily represent the views ofthe Energy Commission, its employees, or the State of California. The Energy Commission, the State ofCalifornia, its employees, contractors, and subcontractors make no warrant, express or implied, and assume nolegal liability for the information in this paper; nor does any party represent that the uses of this information willnot infringe upon privately owned rights. This paper has not been approved or disapproved by the CaliforniaEnergy Commission, nor has the California Energy Commission passed upon the accuracy or adequacy of theinformation in this paper.


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ABSTRACT

This report is a roadmap for the Public Interest Energy Research program inrenewable energy at the California Energy Commission. The objective of this

roadmap is to identify key areas of focus (called milestones) for future research,development, and demonstration for PIER Renewable group that will help achievethe state renewable energy policy goals. The vision for the roadmap is to provide atleast 33 percent of the electricity in the California energy system by 2020, providingconsumers and energy providers with affordable, reliable, secure, and diverse cleanenergy services.

The roadmap was developed through extensive input from both internal and externalstakeholders. It includes the following state renewable energy policy goals: theRenewable Portfolio Standard, the California Solar Initiative, and the BioenergyAction Plan for California. In addition, the greenhouse gas reduction targets

specified by Governor Schwarzenegger were considered to be an important elementfor renewable energy policies in future.

The roadmap includes the following renewable energy resources and technologies:shared renewables, utility scale wind, geothermal, biopower, biofuels, solarphotovoltaic, concentrated solar power, small hydro, ocean/wave/tidal, distributedgeneration wind, and natural gas displacement with renewable energy. PIERRenewable Group will use the detailed roadmaps to prioritize where PIERinvestments will produce maximum benefit for the state.

The Roadmap consists of five key elements: policy goals, vision, platforms, strategic

objective, and milestones. Four platforms, each with strategic objectives, weredefined to organize the research activities. These are: production resources andtechnology, grid integration, end use, and market transformation. productiontechnology will support commercialization of renewable technologies, grid integrationwill enable integrating the renewable energy resources into the California electricitygrid, end use will support adoption of renewable energy by end users, and markettransformation will support appropriate market mechanisms and policies that enablesustainable growth of renewable energy.

Key words: Roadmap, renewables, platform, milestones, production technology,grid integration, end use, market transformation, wind, geothermal, biopower,biofuels, solar photovoltaic, CSP, hydro.


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Table of Contents

Executive Summary................................................................................................... 1CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 2

PIER Renewable Energy Program Background.....................................................2RD&D Roadmap Rationale .................................................................................... 5RD&D Roadmap Approach .................................................................................... 6Overview of Report................................................................................................. 8

CHAPTER 2: CALIFORNIA RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY.................................. 9Overview ................................................................................................................ 9Accelerated RPS and 33 percent Renewables Goals .......................................... 11California Solar Initiative....................................................................................... 11State Bioenergy Goals ......................................................................................... 12Additional Policies that May Influence Roadmap.................................................. 12

CHAPTER 3: ROADMAP KEY ELEMENTS ............................................................ 14Introduction .......................................................................................................... 14Vision ................................................................................................................... 14Platforms .............................................................................................................. 14Strategic Objectives ............................................................................................. 16Milestones ............................................................................................................ 17Roadmap Pulled Together ................................................................................... 18

CHAPTER 4: DETAILED ROADMAPS BY RESOURCE/TECHNOLOGY............... 20Introduction .......................................................................................................... 20Shared Renewables Issues.................................................................................. 22Utility Wind ........................................................................................................... 23Geothermal........................................................................................................... 24Biopower .............................................................................................................. 25Biofuels ................................................................................................................ 27Solar CSP ............................................................................................................ 28Solar PV............................................................................................................... 29DG Wind...............................................................................................................31Ocean/Wave/Tidal................................................................................................ 32Small Hydro.......................................................................................................... 33Natural Gas .......................................................................................................... 34

CHAPTER 5: RENEWABLES ROADMAP AS ONGOING PLANNING TOOL......... 35APPENDIX...............................................................................................................37

List of Interviews...................................................................................................37List of Participants in April 6th Stakeholder Workshop .......................................... 38


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List of Figures

Figure 1: PIER Renewables Areas of Focus.............................................................. 3Figure 2: Stages of Technology Development and PIER Renewables Role.............. 4Figure 3: Key Elements of Roadmap ......................................................................... 6Figure 4: Overview of Process Used to Develop Roadmap ....................................... 7Figure 5: Details of Process Used to Develop Roadmap........................................... 8Figure 6: Policy Documents Reviewed by PIER Renewables.................................... 9Figure 7: Key Renewable Energy Policy Impacting California ................................. 10Figure 8: Renewables to Meet 20 percent Accelerated RPS (2010) and 33 percent

Renewables Goal (2020) (GWh)............................................................... 11Figure 9: Platforms and Strategic Objectives........................................................... 16Figure 10: Example of Milestones............................................................................ 17Figure 11: Renewable Energy RD&D Roadmap...................................................... 19Figure 12: List of Detailed Roadmaps...................................................................... 20Figure 13: Shared Renewables Detailed Roadmap.................................................22Figure 14: Utility Wind Detailed Roadmap ............................................................... 23Figure 15: Geothermal Detailed Roadmap .............................................................. 24Figure 16: Biopower Detailed Roadmap (1 of 2) ...................................................... 25Figure 17: Biopower Detailed Roadmap (2 of 2) ...................................................... 26Figure 18: Biofuels Detailed Roadmap .................................................................... 27Figure 19: Solar CSP Detailed Roadmap ................................................................ 28Figure 20: Solar PV Detailed Roadmap (1 of 2)....................................................... 29Figure 21: Solar PV Detailed Roadmap (2 of 2)....................................................... 30Figure 22: DG Wind Detailed Roadmap................................................................... 31Figure 23: Ocean/Wave/Tidal Detailed Roadmap.................................................... 32Figure 24: Small Hydro Detailed Roadmap.............................................................. 33Figure 25: Natural Gas Detailed Roadmap.............................................................. 34Figure 26: Process to Develop Research Plans by Technology/Resource Area .....35


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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

In December 2005, the Energy Commissions Public Interest Energy Research(PIER) Program began an effort to develop a Renewable Energy research,

development, and demonstration (RD&D) roadmap (Roadmap) to provide a planningmechanism and communication tool that establishes a clear link between thepriorities of the Public Interest Energy Research program in renewable energy (PIERRenewables) and the key California state renewable energy policy goals.

The Roadmap relied on input from external stakeholders and other groups withinPIER and the Energy Commission. The process included internal workshops for thePIER Renewables staff, meetings with other Energy Commission areas, andinterviews and a one-day workshop with external stakeholders from government,utilities, industry companies, advocacy groups, and research organizations.

The Roadmap consists of five key elements: policy goals, vision, platforms, strategicobjective, and milestones. Key state renewable energy policy goals identified includethe Renewables Portfolio Standard goals of 20 percent by 2010 and 33 percent by2020, the California Solar Initiative, and the Bioenergy Action Plan for California. Inaddition, PIER Renewables identified Governor Schwarzeneggers greenhouse gasreduction targets as a potentially important policy for renewables in the future.

The vision developed by PIER Renewables staff for the Roadmap is: Renewableenergy resources will provide at least 33 percent of the electricity by 2020 for theCalifornia energy system, providing consumers and energy providers withaffordable, reliable, secure, and diverse clean energy services. While the Roadmap

contains biofuels and natural gas issues, they are considered only in areas wherethey overlap with renewable energy as it pertains to electricity generation.

PIER Renewables defined four platforms to help organize and structure researchactivities and defined the strategic objectives for each platform. The productionresources and technology platform will support commercialization of renewableenergy options. The grid integration platform will enable renewable energy gridintegration. The end-use platform will support end-user adoption of renewableenergy. The market transformation platform will support appropriate marketmechanisms and policies that enable sustainable renewable energy growth.

To define the research, development and demonstration milestones, PIERrenewables staff developed detailed roadmaps for each energy resource/technologyarea. These areas are: Shared Renewable Issues, Utility Scale Wind, Geothermal,Biopower, Biofuels, Solar Photovoltaic, Concentrated Solar Power, Small Hydro,Ocean/Wave/Tidal, Distributed Generation Wind, and Natural GasDisplacement/Replacement. PIER Renewables will use the detailed roadmaps toprioritize where PIER investments will produce maximum benefit for the state.

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

Background

The Public Interest Energy Research Program (PIER), established in 1996 as part ofAssembly Bill 1890 (Brulte), Chapter 854, Statutes of 1996, includes a requirementthat at least $62.5 million be collected annually from investor-owned utilityratepayers for "public interest" energy research and development efforts that are notadequately provided by competitive and regulated markets.

PIER supports energy research, development and demonstration (RD&D) projectsthat will help improve the quality of life in California by bringing environmentally safe,affordable, and reliable energy services and products to the marketplace.

The PIER Program annually awards up to $62 million to conduct the most promisingpublic interest energy research by partnering with RD&D organizations including

individuals, businesses, utilities, and public or private research institutions. PIERfunding focuses on seven programmatic areas including renewable energytechnologies.

PIERs Renewable Energy Technologies Program (PIER Renewables) advancesand accelerates market adoption of renewable energy technologies that are key tomeeting state energy policy goals by:

Advancing market adoption of renewable energy resources and generatingtechnologies through innovation, performance improvements, and cost reduction,as well as advancing the production of transportation fuels with renewable

resources. Enabling effective interconnection of renewable generation to the electrical

transmission and distribution system.

Encouraging end-user adoption of distributed renewables by addressingtechnology and market issues.

Supporting development of appropriate market mechanisms and policies toenable sustainable renewable energy growth.

Traditionally, PIER Renewables has focused on RD&D activities in renewableenergy resources and technologies for electricity generation. With PIERs recent

addition of the natural gas and transportation RD&D focus, PIER Renewables is nowexpanding RD&D considerations and investments into areas that clearly overlapthese areas. Figure 1 shows the PIER Renewables primary focus area and overlapswith natural gas and transportation, which include:

1. Transportation issues as they pertain to biofuels production.2. Natural gas issues as they pertain to replacing natural gas use with

renewable energy applications.

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Figure 1: PIER Renewables Areas of Focus

RenewableResources and

GenerationRD&D Issues

TransportationRD&D Issues

Natural GasRD&D Issues

Natural GasReplacementBiofuels Traditional focus for

PIER Renewables

Funding for renewables RD&D focuses on applied research through design,development and demonstration stages of technology development. In addition,PIER Renewables also funds research to help develop state energy policy and meetadopted energy goals. Figure 2 below describes the stages of technologydevelopment where PIER Renewables focuses its funding.

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Figure 2: Stages of Technology Development and PIERRenewables Role

General assessment ofresources and marketneeds

Assess general magnitudeof economics

Concept and bench testing

Basic research andsciences (e.g., materialsscience)

Research on componenttechnologies

Development and initial ofproduct offering

Pilot testing

Initial orders

Early moversor nichesegments

Productreputation isinitiallyestablished

Businessconceptimplemented

Market support

usually neededto address highproduction cost

Follow-up ordersbased on needand productreputation

Broad(er) marketpenetration

Infrastructuredeveloped

Full-scalemanufacturing

Integrate componenttechnologies

Initial system prototype fordebugging

Demonstrate basicfunctionality

Ongoing development toreduce costs or for otherneeded improvements

Technology (systems)demonstrations

Commercialdemonstration

Standards creation

Testing and certification

Commercialization

DemonstrationDevelopmentResearch MarketEntry

MarketPenetration

Stages of Technology Development

PIER Renewables Technology ResearchPIER Renewables co-funds research for renewable technologies

from applied research to the demonstration stage

PIER Renewables Policy and Adoption Support ResearchPIER Renewables funds research to support policy development, adoption and integration for renewables energy

technologies in all stages of development

From July 1, 2000 through June 30, 2005, PIER Renewables invested $53.6 millionin renewables RD&D activities. PIERs 2005 annual report describes the RD&Dprojects funded by PIER Renewables and is available on the California EnergyCommission website.1

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RD&D Roadmap Rationale

The challenge for PIER Renewables is determining how to invest limited RD&Ddollars to help the state achieve aggressive renewable energy policy goals. Part ofthe challenge stems from the lack of clear directive for RD&D priorities between the

renewable resources and technologies. For example, Californias RPS does notspecify the mix of technologies to be used.

To support state policy goals, PIER Renewables will need to:

Make investment decisions based on broad policy direction.

Incorporate flexibility into its planning since renewable energy policy andtechnologies will evolve over time.

Identify partnership opportunities to leverage funding from other states, the

federal government, universities, and private industry.

In December 2005, PIER Renewables began a project to develop a RenewableEnergy RD&D Roadmap (Roadmap). The purpose for developing the Roadmap wasto provide a planning mechanism and communication tool that clearly establishes alink between PIER Renewables RD&D priorities and key California state renewableenergy policy goals.

The Roadmap identifies RD&D investments that will help the state meet ambitiousrenewable energy policy goals. In addition, PIER Renewables will use the Roadmap

to prioritize the areas where investment by PIER will produce maximum benefit forthe state. In addition, the Roadmap:

Provides a clear framework for focusing RD&D efforts toward meeting statepolicy goals.

Allows PIER Renewables to establish research priorities based on short-termand long-term goals.

Communicates to stakeholders what PIER Renewables is focused on andintends to achieve.

Contains different platforms to encompass a range of strategic RD&D areas. Is designed to be used as an updateable planning and management tool.

Will evolve over time as policy, markets, and technologies evolve and prioritiesshift.

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The number of RD&D activities identified through the road mapping effort farexceeds what PIER Renewables can accomplish alone. The intent was to capturekey RD&D priorities needed to achieve policy targets (such as the 2010 RPS, theCalifornia Solar Initiative, state bioenergy goals).To meet the milestones in theRoadmap, several organizations must implement RD&D projects, including PIER

Renewables, the private sector, the federal government, other state governments,and universities. PIER Renewables will use the RD&D milestones detailed in theRoadmap to establish research and investment priorities. This report documents thePIER road mapping effort.

RD&D Roadmap Approach

The Roadmap comprises five key elements: policy goals, vision, platforms, strategicobjective, and milestones. Figure 3 describes each element and explains itsimportance for the Roadmap.

Figure 3: Key Elements of Roadmap

RoadmapElement

Definition Why it is important

A series of specific goals with a targetdate that will lead to the accomplishmentof the strategic objectives

Breaks down the strategic objectives intoa series of bite-size goals

Vision

StrategicObjectives

Platforms

Milestones

Strategic areas of focus for investmentand management attention that identify

where PIER Renewables hopes to makean impact

Helps organize and structure the

research activities

The key goal PIER Renewables isworking to accomplish for each Platform

Provides a point of focus for what isstrategically important by Platform

Statement that briefly describes the end-point that the program is working toward

Provides an overall target to achieve

Policy GoalsThe key renewable energy state policygoals

Establishes the policy goals that RD&Dinvestments should support

RoadmapElement

Definition Why it is important

A series of specific goals with a targetdate that will lead to the accomplishmentof the strategic objectives

Breaks down the strategic objectives intoa series of bite-size goals

Vision

StrategicObjectives

Platforms

Milestones

Strategic areas of focus for investmentand management attention that identify

where PIER Renewables hopes to makean impact

Helps organize and structure the

research activities

The key goal PIER Renewables isworking to accomplish for each Platform

Provides a point of focus for what isstrategically important by Platform

Statement that briefly describes the end-point that the program is working toward

Provides an overall target to achieve

Policy GoalsThe key renewable energy state policygoals

Establishes the policy goals that RD&Dinvestments should support

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The Roadmap was developed between December 2005 and April 2006. Startingwith the state vision and policy goals for renewable energy, a number of researchplatforms and objectives were defined. Then specific milestones were defined tohelp achieve the objectives, as illustrated in Figure 4.

Figure 4: Overview of Process Used to Develop Roadmap

California Renewable EnergyVision and Policy Goals

2010-2020

Renewables ResearchPlatforms and Objectives

2006-2020

RenewablesResearch Milestones

2006-2020

Broad

Specific

The Roadmap relied on input from external stakeholders and other groups withinPIER and the Energy Commission. The process included internal workshops for thePIER Renewables staff, meetings with other groups within the Commission,interviews with stakeholders and a one-day workshop with stakeholders. Figure 5summarizes the specific activities used to develop the Roadmap. The Appendixcontains a list of the stakeholders interviewed for input to the Roadmap and a list ofparticipants in the one-day stakeholder workshop.

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Figure 5: Details of Process Used to Develop Roadmap

Reviewed key renewables energy policydocuments

First internal PIER Renewables workshop

* Lists of interviewees and workshop participants are provided in the Appendix

Second internal PIER Renewables workshop

Interviewed 20 key RD&D organizations and Ten key PIER stakeholder organizations for input on

milestones* Third internal PIER Renewables workshop PIER Renewables area team leads held >15 small-

team meetings to refine milestones All day workshop with >30 external and >20 internal

Commission participants for additional input onmilestones*

California Renewable EnergyVision and Policy Goals

2010-2020

Renewables ResearchPlatforms and Objectives

2006-2020

Renewables

Key activities

Research Milestones2006-2020

Overview of Report

This report describes the Renewable Energy RD&D Roadmap process and thedetailed roadmaps developed by PIER Renewables.

Chapter 2 outlines the main renewable energy policies in California that PIERRenewables supports.

Chapter 3 provides the vision, platforms, and strategic objectives derived fromthe policy goals described in Chapter 2 and provides the framework for theRoadmap.

Chapter 4 contains the detailed Roadmaps for 11 renewable energy resourcesand technology areas. These Roadmaps contain the RD&D milestones thatPIER Renewables and stakeholders consider important to support the state inmeeting key policy goals.

Chapter 5 describes how PIER Renewables will use the Roadmap as anongoing planning tool to define short-term research funding priorities.

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CHAPTER 2: CALIFORNIA RENEWABLEENERGY POLICY

OverviewThe primary role of PIER Renewables is to help the state meet aggressiverenewable energy policy goals by investing in high priority RD&D projects. Theguiding principle of the Roadmap is to clearly link the Energy Commissions PIERRD&D in renewable energy to key state Renewable Energy goals. This chapteroutlines the policy goals determined by PIER Renewables to be the most importantfor the state. This set of policy goals is fundamental to the Roadmap framework, andwill guide PIER Renewables in its RD&D investments.

Figure 6 identifies the main policy documents reviewed in this effort.

Figure 6: Policy Documents Reviewed by PIER Renewables

Integrated Energy Policy Reports (IEPR) (2003, 2004 update, 2005)

Energy Action Plan (EAP) I and II (published 2003 and 2005 respectively)

Governors 2003 / 2004 IEPR response and Ten Point Plan

California Solar Initiative (CPUC Proceeding R.06-03-004)

State Bioenergy Goals (Governors Executive Order S-06-06) and Bioenergy Action Plan

Governors GHG Reduction Targets (Governors Executive Order S-3-05)

U.S. 2005 Energy Policy Act

Western Governors Association (Charter, 2005 Annual Report, 2003 Policy Roadmap)

Key California Renewable Energy Policy Documents

Integrated Energy Policy Reports (IEPR) (2003, 2004 update, 2005)

Energy Action Plan (EAP) I and II (published 2003 and 2005 respectively)

Governors 2003 / 2004 IEPR response and Ten Point Plan

California Solar Initiative (CPUC Proceeding R.06-03-004)

State Bioenergy Goals (Governors Executive Order S-06-06) and Bioenergy Action Plan

Governors GHG Reduction Targets (Governors Executive Order S-3-05)

U.S. 2005 Energy Policy Act

Western Governors Association (Charter, 2005 Annual Report, 2003 Policy Roadmap)

Key California Renewable Energy Policy Documents

Key state renewable energy policy goals identified include the:

20 percent Renewables Portfolio Standard (RPS) for 2010. 33 percent Renewables goal for 2020. California Solar Initiative. State Bioenergy Goals.

In addition, PIER Renewables identified Governor Schwarzeneggers greenhousegas (GHG) reduction targets as set in Assembly Bill 32 (shown in Figure 7) as apotentially important policy for renewables in the future. In Figure 7, the key staterenewable energy policies that govern PIER Renewables investments are shown ona timeline. For reference, the figure also contains estimates of the results of eachpolicy in terms of gigawatt-hours (GWh) produced annually by the year specified.2

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Figure 7: Key Renewable Energy Policies Impacting California

1. Assumed average capacity factors are 20% for solar and 90% for biopower.Note: The roadmap also considered detailed policy guidance as stated in the IEPR.

Key Renewable Energy Policy Impacting California

Accelerated RPS(from IEPR / EAP /

Governors Response)

California SolarInitiative

2010 20202016

Governors GHGReduction Targets

Specific GHG reduction targets allocated to RE will most likely be contained in theClimate Action Team Recommendations to the Governor, expected in 2006.

State Bioenergy Goal(Executive Order S-06-06)

Renewables33% of generation

(~104,000 GWh/yr)

At least 40% of CA demand forbiofuels produced in-state

3,000 MW of new solar(~5,000 GWh/yr 1)


20% of RPS from biopower

(~20,000 GWh/yr1)


(~56,000 GWh/yr)


(~11,000 GWh/yr1)

1. Assumed average capacity factors are 20% for solar and 90% for biopower.Note: The roadmap also considered detailed policy guidance as stated in the IEPR.

Key Renewable Energy Policy Impacting California

Accelerated RPS(from IEPR / EAP /

Governors Response)

California SolarInitiative

2010 20202016

Governors GHGReduction Targets

Specific GHG reduction targets allocated to RE will most likely be contained in theClimate Action Team Recommendations to the Governor, expected in 2006.

State Bioenergy Goal(Executive Order S-06-06)


(~104,000 GWh/yr)


3,000 MW of new solar(~5,000 GWh/yr 1)



(~20,000 GWh/yr1)


(~56,000 GWh/yr)


(~11,000 GWh/yr1)

Policy Update - Assembly Bill 32 (Global Warming Solutions Act Of 2006) and Executive Order S-3-05

On September 27, 2006, three months after this report was written, the Governor of California signed into law Assembly Bill 32(Nunez), Chapter 488, Statutes of 2006. The bill calls for a reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to 1990 levels by 2020.

Before this official legislation, the Governor had set the following GHG reduction targets: by 2010, reduce GHG emissions to 2000levels; by 2020, reduce GHG emissions to 1990 levels; by 2050, reduce GHG emissions to 80 percent below 1990 levels(Executive Order S-3-05).

Although no direction has been given on exactly how these targets shall be achieved, renewable generation is expected to play acritical role in reducing GHG emissions.

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RPS and 33 percent Renewables Goals

The RPS (2010) and 33 percent Renewables Goals (2020) will have a tremendousimpact on the amount of renewable generation in California. PIER Renewables

helps industry and policy makers in the state achieve these goals by performing andsupporting high priority RD&D to close the gap between the current renewableenergy baseline in the state and the targeted amounts for 2010 and 2020. Figure 8depicts the gap between baseline and RPS target needs.

Figure 8: Renewables to Meet 20 percent Accelerated RPS (2010)and 33 percent Renewables Goal (2020) (GWh)

Projected Renewables to Meet Accelerated RPS (2010) and 33% Renewables Goals (2020)

0

20

40

60

80

100

2004 2010 2020RenewableEnergyGenerated

Statewide('000GWh/yr)

GapSmall Hydro/OceanSolar PVSolarCSPBiomassGeoWind

Total:29,000GWh/yr Target:56,000GWh/yr Target:104,000GWh/yr

Gap

Gap

Projected Renewables to Meet Accelerated RPS (2010) and 33% Renewables Goals (2020)

0

20

40

60

80

100

2004 2010 2020RenewableEnergyGenerated

Statewide('000GWh/yr)

GapSmall Hydro/OceanSolar PVSolarCSPBiomassGeoWind

Total:29,000GWh/yr Target:56,000GWh/yr Target:104,000GWh/yr

Gap

Gap

Sources: 2004 data from California Energy Commission Electricity Report, includes all renewables in thestate, including generation by non-IOUs; 2010 and 2020 data are PIER Renewables scenarioprojections.

California Solar Initiative

The California Solar Initiative (CSI) (CPUC Proceeding R.06-03-004) stimulates thedevelopment of 3,000 MW of new solar installations in the state by 2017. Solarinstallations that qualify for the CSI include both solar photovoltaic (PV) and solarthermal electric technologies, with a clear emphasis on distributed generation. With

relatively low capacity factors for solar PV systems, CSI contributions toward RPStargets are not anticipated to be very large. However, developing a sustainabletechnology base of cost-effective distributed technology supports these objectives ofpromoting a sustainable solar industry, potentially lowering costs, fostering growth inthis California-based sector, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

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State Bioenergy Goals

The Governors Executive Order S-06-06 and the Bioenergy Action Plan outlinestate bioenergy goals. These documents cover both biopower, often referred to asbiomass power, and biofuels, such as ethanol and biodiesel. This Executive Ordersets a goal that 20 percent of the renewable energy used for generating electricityand meeting the states renewable energy goals in 2010 and 2020 should come frombiopower.

Similarly, the Executive Order sets goals for increasing reliance on in-stateproduction of biofuels. Currently, California imports more than 95 percent of thebiofuels used in-state3. The Executive Order states that California should produce atleast 20 percent of the biofuels consumed in the state by 2010 and 40 percent by2020.

The agencies of the Bioenergy Interagency Working Group are committed to seeingthese goals are met. The Bioenergy Action Plan, developed by the Working Group,provides the specific actions and timelines that the agencies have agreed to take toimplement the Executive Order.4

Additional Policies that May Influence Roadmap

During the development of the Roadmap, PIER Renewables paid close attention tothe strategic suggestions established by the Integrated Energy Policy Reports(IEPR) developed by the Energy Commission in 2003, 2004 (update only), and2005. The IEPR documents provide guidance on implementation measures to meetRPS targets. In some instances the IEPR provides clear reference to RD&D. Forexample:

The state needs to pursue additional research and developmentactivities at the Energy Commission and the California IndependentSystem Operator to address the impacts of integrating intermittentrenewables, such as wind, into the states transmission system.

In other instances, the IEPR provides a desired outcome that implies a researchagenda. For example:

Expand the use of biodiesel fuels.

The IEPR documents were carefully reviewed to determine which renewables RD&Dwould support the desired outcomes as described in the IEPR.

In addition to the three main California renewable energy policy goals describedabove, additional policies in the future will influence the Roadmap. For example, theGovernors GHG reduction targets may contain targets for renewables. As of June2006, the Governor has not released these GHG reduction targets for renewables.

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Since the Roadmap is a living document, PIER Renewables can integrate newrenewables goals from the Governors GHG reduction targets as they emerge.

The Roadmap is designed as a living document to incorporate policy modificationsas well as additions. Existing renewable energy policies in California will evolve with

the market and technology and new policies will be developed. In addition, regionaland federal policies may influence the Roadmap in the future. The flexibility of theRoadmap as a planning tool for PIER to incorporate policy changes will bediscussed briefly in Chapter 5.

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CHAPTER 3: ROADMAP KEY ELEMENTS

Introduction

The key state renewables energy policy goals described in Chapter 2 form thefoundation of this Roadmap. The framework of the Roadmap is composed of thevision, platforms, strategic objectives, and milestones. This chapter describes eachof these elements and then pulls together all of the elements discussed so far into agraphical framework that will be used throughout the rest of the document.

Vision

The vision statement briefly describes the target that PIER Renewables hopes tohelp the state achieve. The vision developed by PIER Renewables for the Roadmapis:

Renewable energy resources will provide at least 33percent of the electricity by 2020 for the California energysystem, providing consumers and energy providers withaffordable, reliable, secure, and diverse clean energyservices.

The vision of PIER Renewables is closely tied to the 33 percent renewable energygoal (2020). PIER Renewables considers that this vision includes both the CSI,which calls for approximately 3,000 MW of solar by 2016, and the state bioenergygoals, which call for 20 percent of the 33 percent renewable energy goal to beprovided with biopower.

The Roadmap addresses biofuels and natural gas issues only in areas where theyoverlap with renewable energy as it pertains to electricity generation.

Platforms

The platforms establish strategic areas of focus for investment and managementattention and indicate areas where PIER Renewables hopes to make an impact.PIER Renewables developed four platforms to help organize and structure researchactivities. PIER Renewables will prioritize investments from the potential RD&Dactivities on the Roadmap, as described at a high level in Chapter 5.

Platform 1: Production Resources and Technology

This platform contains RD&D activities that deal with renewable resources andgenerating technologies. In addition, this platform includes RD&D activities that dealwith the production of transportation fuels using renewable resources, such asbiomass.

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RD&D activities in this platform have traditionally formed the majority of investmentsmade by PIER Renewables, concentrating on improving performance and reducingcost of renewable energy generating technologies and developing renewable energyresources. PIER Renewables now also includes RD&D activities aimed at

developing biofuel production since biopower and biofuels overlap with regard tosome biomass resources and technologies. As advancing science and technology isone of the PIER goals, this platform will continue to be important for PIERRenewables.

Platform 2: Grid Integration

This platform contains RD&D activities for effectively connecting renewablegeneration to the electrical transmission and distribution system.

PIER Renewables has funded some RD&D activities in this platform in the past. TheRPS and other key state renewable energy policy goals will continue to require

effective integration of renewable energy generating technologies into the existingelectrical system, and significant RD&D investments will be required from thisplatform. The state will need to plan for effective integration of renewable energygenerating technologies into the electrical system, including RD&D activities todevelop technologies for storing, shaping, monitoring, and forecasting renewables.

Platform 3: End Use

This platform contains RD&D activities that encourage end-user adoption ofdistributed renewables by addressing technology and market issues.

Like Platform 2, PIER Renewables has funded RD&D activities in this platform in thepast, and it will continue to be important given current state policy goals. Forexample, meeting CSI goals will require improved performance, ease of use, andeconomics of distributed generation (DG) PV systems. This platform includes otherDG technologies located near the end user such as DG wind, small biogas systems,and even small geothermal applications. RD&D activities that develop end-usetechnologies and interconnection, such as improved metering, monitoring, storageand electricity conversion are critical for the growing PV market in California. PIERRenewables will also target projects such as building integrated PV (BIPV)technologies that incorporate these technologies more seamlessly into buildings.

Platform 4: Market Transformation

This platform contains RD&D activities that encourage renewable adoption byaddressing issues that hinder market growth including inadequate policy, outdatedregulation, and lack of incentive structure as well as market acceptance oftechnology.

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Meeting Californias renewable energy goals will require the development of policies,regulations, and incentives that support sustained renewable energy market growth.In addition, market acceptance of renewables will depend on confrontingmisconceptions and resistance to system siting. RD&D activities in this platformsupport the development of informed and solid formation of policy, regulation, and

incentives, especially when tailored to the needs of policy makers to understand theissues, market hurdles, and options.

Strategic Objectives

Within each platform, PIER Renewables identified strategic objectives that will helpestablish priorities in RD&D funding. Figure 9 provides the strategic objective foreach platform.

Figure 9: Platforms and Strategic Objectives

Platform Strategic Objective

Grid Integration

Market Transformation

End UseSupport end-user adoption of renewableenergy.

Support appropriate market mechanismsand policies that enable sustainablerenewable energy growth.

Enable renewable energy gridintegration.

Production Resources and TechnologySupport commercialization of renewableenergy options.

Platform Strategic Objective

Grid Integration

Market Transformation

End UseSupport end-user adoption of renewableenergy.

Support appropriate market mechanismsand policies that enable sustainablerenewable energy growth.

Enable renewable energy gridintegration.

Production Resources and TechnologySupport commercialization of renewableenergy options.

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Milestones

Milestones are a series of measurable goals, each with a target date that together

will help accomplish the strategic objectives. The milestones break the strategicobjectives down into a series of bite-size goals. They also mark an endpoint toachieving a goal. Milestones should not be considered as one research activity, butinstead are often the result of multiple activities, projects, investments, and players.

Figure 10 provides examples of milestones and non-milestones.

Figure 10: Example of Milestones

Transmission plan to access key solarCSP resources is in place

Widespread use of transformerlessdesign for PV inverters

Assemble working group to determineCSP transmission needs in state

Test operating conditions and safety oftransformerless PV inverters

This is a Milestone This is not a Milestone

Transmission plan to access key solarCSP resources is in place

Widespread use of transformerlessdesign for PV inverters

Assemble working group to determineCSP transmission needs in state

Test operating conditions and safety oftransformerless PV inverters

This is a Milestone This is not a Milestone

RD&D milestones were developed for 11 resource/technology areas and for anadditional category called Shared Renewables Issues, which captures RD&Dconcerns that are shared by more than one resource/technology area. The RD&D

milestones were developed to identify the critical areas for RD&D required to helpsupport the successful implementation of Californias key renewable energy policygoals. As part of the process, PIER Renewables looked at specific barriers to eachresource/technology area as one way to determine what RD&D is required.

The milestones were created over a series of months using the inputs andprocesses described previously in this report, including:

Review of key policy documents (Figure 6). Input from RD&D organizations and key stakeholder organizations (see

list in Appendix).

Input from PIER Renewables area leads and staff. Input from public workshop with key stakeholders (>30 external and >20

internal to the Commission).

Because milestones mark the accomplishment of specific goals, in many cases theywill require various projects and multiple years of investment. The detailed roadmapsin the following chapter only show the milestone goals and do not go into detail onthe projects and investments required to achieve the milestones.

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This level of detail will be developed once PIER prioritizes areas of investment anddevelops a project portfolio.

Actual milestones for each renewable resource/technology area are presented by

resources/technology area in Chapter 4.

Roadmap Pulled Together

Figure 11 on the following page is a graphical representation of the integration of thefive elements of the Roadmap: policy goals, vision, platforms, strategic objectives,and milestones.

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Figure 11: Renewable Energy RD&D Roadmap

Strategic Objective:Enable renewable energygrid integration

Strategic Objective:

Support commercialization of

renewable energy options

2006 2010 2015

Grid Integration

Strategic Objective:Support end-user adoption ofrenewable energy

Strategic Objective:Support appropriate marketmechanisms and policiesthat enable sustainablerenewable energy growth

End Use

MarketTransformation

ProductionResources and

Technology

Policy Goals

20163,000 MW

Solar

Milestone A Milestone B Milestone C

2040%

201020% RPS

20% RPS from biopower,20% biofuels produced in CA

Strategic Objective:Enable renewable energygrid integration

Strategic Objective:

Support commercialization of

renewable energy options

2006 2010 2015

Grid Integration

Strategic Objective:Support end-user adoption ofrenewable energy

Strategic Objective:Support appropriate marketmechanisms and policiesthat enable sustainablerenewable energy growth

End Use



Technology

Policy Goals

20163,000 MW

Solar

Milestone A Milestone B Milestone C

2040%

201020% RPS

20% RPS from biopower,20% biofuels produced in CA

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CHAPTER 4: DETAILED ROADMAPS BYRESOURCE/TECHNOLOGY

Introduction

The detailed roadmaps identify key areas where investment in RD&D can helpCalifornia meet its key renewable energy policy goals. PIER Renewables developeddetailed roadmaps for the renewable energy resource/technology areas and naturalgas. Figure 12 shows the list of the renewable areas for which detailed roadmapswere prepared.

Figure 12: List of Detailed Roadmaps

Detailed Roadmaps

Shared Renewable Issues Utility Scale Wind Geothermal Biopower Biofuels Solar CSP Solar PV Small Hydro Ocean/Wave/Tidal DG Wind Natural Gas Replacement

PIER initially identified five renewable resource/technology areas for which it hasmade or contemplated making investments: wind, geothermal, bioenergy, solar, andwater. In some cases it made sense to consider more refined categories to moreaccurately capture the very different needs, timelines, and potential contributions ofthe resources or technologies considered. For this reason wind was divided into

utility-scale wind and DG wind, solar was divided into solar photovoltaic (PV) andconcentrating solar power (CSP), bioenergy was divided into biopower and biofuels,and water was divided into small hydro and ocean/wave/tidal. In addition, PIERrealized that some RD&D concerns overlap resources/technology boundaries andtherefore developed a roadmap for shared renewables issues. Finally, as discussedin Section 1 and shown in Figure 1 of this report, PIER Renewables is incorporatingissues that overlap with natural gas replacement (for example, solar thermal hot

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water heating and biogas production), and for this reason a natural gasdisplacement roadmap was added.

The Detailed Roadmaps are shown in the following pages.

Note: On the following Detailed Roadmaps any milestone marked with* indicates that the milestone is in alignment with strategic directionprovided in one of the Integrated Energy Policy Reports developed bythe Energy Commission (2004, 2005 update or 2005). The milestonesarticulate RD&D needs resulting from the strategic direction provided inthe IEPR and do not correlate verbally with what is in the IEPRs.

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Biopower

Figure 16: Biopower Detailed Roadmap (1 of 2)

2006 2010 2015


Technology

Biomass resource economic

potential and access assessed(including, forest, MSW,residues, energy crops) (07)

Use of biodiesel fuelsexpanded (non-cellulosic) (e.g. to 10%usage of B10)* (10)

Assess viability of very large biomass plants

(> 100 MW or > 2,000 tons/day) (07)

Use of biodiesel fuels expanded20% (i.e. B20)* (15)

Economic viability of

integrated biorefinery usinglignocellulosic feedstockdemonstrated (12)

Advanced biomass energy

technologies with improveand reduced cost are stanplants (15)

CA biomass

repowered owith super cladvanced en

conversion te(>30% efficie

Advanced biomass energy conversion technologiesdemonstrated with improved performance and reducedcost (including biorefineries, CCHP, DG) (08)

Major bio-refinery elementsdemonstrated (08)

Small mobile biopower (SMB) system for

dispersed forestry and other resourcesdemonstrated (09)

Widespread economically

Improved processing equipment and enhancedseparation of MSW demonstrated and economicallyviable (07)

Cost of harvesting, collecting,

processing, transporting and storing ofbiomass resources reduced (08)

Low emission conversion and gasclean-up of LFG, biogas andbiomethane demonstrated (08)

Grid Integration

Co-production of value-addedproducts demonstrated in integratedbiorefinery (09)

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Figure 17: Biopower Detailed Roadmap (2 of 2)

Widespread marintegrated biorefioccurred (15)

2006 2010 2015


Model developed to quantify theimpact of feedstock competition(08)

Strategies to encourage key changesaccelerating deployment of superclean/advanced conversion technologrevisited and revised if necessary (10

Strategies developed andtested to encourage keychanges for acceleratingdeployment of RPS-eligibleMSW conversiontechnologies (06)

Strategies developed for creating CA BiomassEnterprise Zones for accelerating deployment of

biopower from regionally located agriculture andforestry (07)

Standards developed formeasuring performance ofbiogas energy conversion(07)

Biomass plants are compensatedfor LCA reductions relative to fossilfuels (e.g. net GHG emissions) *(11)

Public awareness improved forkey biomass applications * (08)

Strategies developed and testedto streamline permitting andinterconnection (esp. for smallLFG and biogas) (07)

Tool developed to assess

biomass resources & enepathways (provide initial rstakeholders) (09)

Sustainable fuel supplycultivated through partnershipdevelopment (09)

Cost of growing dedicated cropproduction assessed (08)

Effects of biodiesel on enginematerials tested (07)

Biodiesel fuel stability

achieved w/ new fuelspecification (07)

End Use

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Solar CSP

Figure 19: Solar CSP Detailed Roadmap

282006 2010 2015


Technology

End Use


CSP economics demonstrated

wholesale power (e.g. demonsystem hybrids, improve heat plant cost reductions, optics)

Economic potential for CSPin CA updated (07)

Commercial system reliability of

concentrating dish engines confirmed(e.g. engine reliability, reflectivesurface improvements) (08)

Concentrating dish enginealternatives aredemonstrated (10)

Grid Integration

Barriers of on-site and distributed CSPunits evaluated (07)

Transmission plan toaccess key solar CSPresources is in place(e.g. Mojave area)(08)

Higher resolution CAresource maps anddata for Solar CSPdeveloped (09)

Key CSP issues forlegislators, utilities,Energy Commission and

CPUC determined andprioritized (07)

Low emission turbine options forparabolic trough hybrids identifiedand tested (09)

Best approach to transmission issuesdetermined for Mojave area (e.g. likeTehachapi study group) (08)

2006 2010 2015


Technology

End Use


CSP economics demonstrated

wholesale power (e.g. demonsystem hybrids, improve heat plant cost reductions, optics)

Economic potential for CSPin CA updated (07)

Commercial system reliability of

concentrating dish engines confirmed(e.g. engine reliability, reflectivesurface improvements) (08)

Concentrating dish enginealternatives aredemonstrated (10)

Higher resolution CAresource maps anddata for Solar CSPdeveloped (09)

Grid Integration

Barriers of on-site and distributed CSPunits evaluated (07)

Transmission plan toaccess key solar CSPresources is in place(e.g. Mojave area)(08)

Key CSP issues forlegislators, utilities,Energy Commission and

CPUC determined andprioritized (07)

Low emission turbine options forparabolic trough hybrids identifiedand tested (09)

Best approach to transmission issuesdetermined for Mojave area (e.g. likeTehachapi study group) (08)


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Solar PV

Figure 20: Solar PV Detailed Roadmap (1 of 2)

Technical and policy analysis

complete to support successfulexpansion of Rule 21 to covernetwork interconnect (09)

Highest silicon cellefficiency in market25.5% (15)

Highest silicon cellefficiency in market22% (10)

2006 2010 2015


Technology

Grid Integration

Nano and/ororganic PVeconomicallyfeasible for grid-connectedapplications (15

Alternatives to silicon-based PV prioritized forPIER (e.g. CIS, CdTe,nano, organic, etc.) (07)

Breakthrough

technology at lab scaledrives efficiencyapproaching 30% (15)

High-efficiency PV cells

for space applicationsare tested andoptimized for land-based conditions (09)

Higher resolution CAresource maps and data forsolar PV developed (09)

Impact and T&D benefits of3,000MW DG capacity on thegrid understood (08)

Economic viability ofconcentrating PV (DG)demonstrated (09)

Note: PIER ESI performs research to address grid integration issues of DG, including PV

Technical and policy analysis

complete to support successfulexpansion of Rule 21 to covernetwork interconnect (09)

Highest silicon cellefficiency in market25.5% (15)

Highest silicon cellefficiency in market22% (10)

2006 2010 2015


Technology

Grid Integration

Nano and/ororganic PVeconomicallyfeasible for grid-connectedapplications (15

Alternatives to silicon-based PV prioritized forPIER (e.g. CIS, CdTe,nano, organic, etc.) (07)

Breakthrough

technology at lab scaledrives efficiencyapproaching 30% (15)

High-efficiency PV cells

for space applicationsare tested andoptimized for land-based conditions (09)

Higher resolution CAresource maps and data forsolar PV developed (09)

Impact and T&D benefits of3,000MW DG capacity on thegrid understood (08)

Economic viability ofconcentrating PV (DG)demonstrated (09)

Note: PIER ESI performs research to address grid integration issues of DG, including PV

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DG Wind

Figure 22: DG Wind Detailed Roadmap

2006 2010 2015


Technology

End Use


Grid Integration

ID target areas of DG wind (08)

Standard design and performance testing for DGwind systems (that match target area designrequirements) (12)

Friendly zoning regulationsfor small-wind widely adoptedin target areas (10)

Economic assessment ofwind resources for DG (10)

Updated economic assessmeresources for DG (17)

Benefit of DG wind on distribution grid

determined (12)[Overlap with ESI]

See DR/DGmilestones

UL equipment equivalent for small turbinecertification (12)

Customer usage behavior understood (09)[Overlap with ESI work]

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Ocean/Wave/Tidal

Figure 23: Ocean/Wave/Tidal Detailed Roadmap

2006 2010 2015 202


Technology

End Use


Grid Integration

Ocean/wave/tidal plan for PIER (includesspeaking to stakeholders, assessing technology,identification of key RD&D needs, prioritization of

barriers) (07)

Economically feasible wave/ocean/tidalsystems for CA demonstrated (18)

Wave/ocean/tidal technologyoptions reassessed (12)

If no, dont move forward with PIERinvestments 2006-12

If yes, moveforward

Tidal resource assessmentcompleted (06)

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Small Hydro

Figure 24: Small Hydro Detailed Roadmap

2006 2010 2015


Technology

End Use


Grid Integration

Low environmental impact, economically

feasible turbines for existing dams and run-of-river applications demonstrated (12)*

Low-head in-conduit turbine

demonstrated (09)

Diversion within theRPS is clearly defined

(07)

Role of small hydro is expanded in

RPS (10)

R&D opportunities for small

hydro are prioritized (non-damsources) (09)

Life cycle cost of in-conduit

systems reduced (12)

Opportunities for PIER to support

small hydro relicensing identified(07)

Ability for small hydro to contributeto RPS is clearly defined (e.g.

diversion) (07)

* This milestone is dependent on the outcome of the

work on defining diversion in the RPS (see MarketTransformation)

2006 2010 2015


Technology

End Use


Grid Integration

Low environmental impact, economically

feasible turbines for existing dams and run-of-river applications demonstrated (12)*

Low-head in-conduit turbine

demonstrated (09)

Diversion within theRPS is clearly defined

(07)

Role of small hydro is expanded in

RPS (10)

R&D opportunities for small

hydro are prioritized (non-damsources) (09)

Life cycle cost of in-conduit

systems reduced (12)

Opportunities for PIER to support

small hydro relicensing identified(07)

Ability for small hydro to contributeto RPS is clearly defined (e.g.

diversion) (07)

* This milestone is dependent on the outcome of the

work on defining diversion in the RPS (see MarketTransformation)

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CHAPTER 5: RENEWABLES ROADMAP ASONGOING PLANNING TOOL

While the Renewables Roadmap provides a comprehensive view of RD&Dmilestones needed for the state to meet its ambitious renewable energy policy goals,PIER Renewables has limited funds and, as a result, must develop research plansby technology/resource area to prioritize the RD&D milestones identified in theRoadmap. In general, PIER Renewable will concentrate on areas that can have thehighest impact on meeting state policy goals and where there are research gaps dueto lack of funding by other RD&D organizations. A steering committee, formed bykey renewable energy decision makers across the Energy Commission, will guidethe development of the research plans. Moreover, the research plans will rely oninput from key stakeholders to prioritize RD&D needs, including government, utilities,industry companies, advocacy groups, and research organizations.

As illustrated by Figure 26, the Solar PV Research Plan will be the first of a series ofresearch plans to be developed for each renewable energy resource/technologyarea identified in the Renewables Roadmap. Each research plan will define priorityRD&D investments over the short term (2006-2010) for PIER that will help the statemeet its aggressive policy goals. The Solar PV Research Plan will also serve as amodel approach that PIER Renewables can use to prioritize research needs for theremaining resource/technology areas identified in the Renewables Roadmap.

Figure 26: Process to Develop Research Plans by

Technology/Resource Area

Etc.

PIER Wind Research PlanPV Research Plan

(2006-2010)PIER CSP Research PlanPV Research Plan

(2006-2010)

PIER PV Research Plan(2006-2010)

Renewables RD&D

Roadmap(2006-2020)

CA RenewableEnergy Policy

Goals

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To complement PIER investments, PIER Renewables will coordinate with RD&Defforts at a variety of institutions, both public and private, including the Federalgovernment, other state governments, universities, companies, and even othergroups within PIER and the Energy Commission.

As a living document, the Roadmap is expected to evolve over time to reflectchanges in RD&D needs due to technology developments and shifts in state policypriorities. As it currently stands, the Roadmap is a solid starting point for PIERRenewables to prioritize RD&D needs and develop focused short- to medium-termresearch plans and project portfolios that will most effectively use its limited fundingto help support successful implementation of key California state policy goals.

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APPENDIX

List of Interviews

TechnicalFocus Organization Name

Electric Power Research Institute McGowin, ChuckWindNational Renewable EnergyLaboratory

Thresher, Bob

Geothermal Energy Association Gawell, KarlOregon Institute of Technology Lund, John

Geothermal

Ormat Schochet, DanNational Renewable EnergyLaboratory

Pacheco, MichaelBiomass

U.S. Department of Energy Grabowski, Paul

APS Solar Partners Hayden, HerbSolar CSPNational Renewable EnergyLaboratory

Mancini, TomMehos, Mark

Miasole Pearce, DavidWenzel, Martin

SunPower Mulligan, Bill

Solar PV

U.S. Department of Energy King, RichardOcean / Tidal Electric Power Research Institute Bedard, RogerNatural GasReplacement

Gas Turbine Institute Bush, Vann

California Clean Energy Fund

Adler, Dan

Bicker, LisaCalifornia ISO Hawkins, DaveCalifornia Public UtilitiesCommission

Ryan, Nancy (advisor toCommissioner Peevey)

Pacific Gas & Electric Co.La Flash, HalTreleven, Kathleen

Southern California Edison Chacon, Jorge

San Diego Gas & Electric/SempraReed, JefferySharma, Arun

Cross-Technology

Sacramento Municipal UtilityDistrict

DeAngelis, Mike

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Peurach, Jack PowerLight VP ProductionDevelopment

Pigott, Jack Calpine Corp. Director, RenewableAffairs

Ross, JP Vote Solar Director of Programs

Rotman, Doug Lawrence LivermoreNational Laboratory Program Leader

Sharma, Arun Sempra Technical StrategyManager

Shears, John CEERT Visiting Research FellowSummers, Matt California Dept. of Food

and AgricultureSwanson, Richard Dr. SunPower President and CTOvan Dam, Case UC Davis Professor & Director of the

Wind Collaborative(CWEC)

White, Chuck Waste Management Government AffairsWickizer, Doug California Dept. of

Forestry & Fire ProtectionChief, EnvironmentalProtection andRegulations

Williams, Rob UC Davis Research EngineerAllen, Jennifer Energy Commission PIERBeyer, John Energy Commission PIERGlassley, Bill Energy Commission PIER Technical Manager -

GeothermalGutierrez, Pablo Energy Commission PIERKane, Mike Energy Commission PIER

Kibrya, Golam Energy Commission PIER Solar Team LeadKoyama, Ken Energy Commission PIER Supervisor PIER

RenewablesMohammed, Hassan Energy Commission PIER Mechanical EngineerSethi, Prab Energy Commission PIER Project ManagerSison-Lebrilla, Elaine Energy Commission PIER Mgr. Generation ResearchSpaulding, Pete Energy Commission PIER Environmental Specialist IIWiggett, Gail Energy Commission PIER Associate GeologistTiangco, Valentino Energy Commission PIER Biomass Team LeadYen Nakafuji, Dora Energy Commission PIER Wind Team LeadZhang, Jessica Energy Commission PIER

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Endnotes:

1 2005 Annual Project Updates for the Public Interest Energy Research Program(PIER): http://www.energy.ca.gov/2006publications/CEC-500-2006-037/CEC-500-

2006-037-SF.PDF2 The use of gigawatt-hour estimate of policy impact provides a common quantifier toallow easy comparison between policies.3 Navigant Consulting, Inc., March 2006, Recommendations for a Bioenergy ActionPlan for California, Prepared for the Bioenergy Interagency Working Group,Sacramento, CA, Publication number CEC-700-2006-003-D, pg 10.4 Bioenergy Action Plan for California:http://www.energy.ca.gov/2006publications/CEC-600-2006-010/CEC-600-2006-010.PDF
http://www.energy.ca.gov/2006publications/CEC-500-2006-037/CEC-500-2006-037-SF.PDFhttp://www.energy.ca.gov/2006publications/CEC-500-2006-037/CEC-500-2006-037-SF.PDFhttp://www.energy.ca.gov/2006publications/CEC-600-2006-010/CEC-600-2006-010.PDFhttp://www.energy.ca.gov/2006publications/CEC-600-2006-010/CEC-600-2006-010.PDFhttp://www.energy.ca.gov/2006publications/CEC-600-2006-010/CEC-600-2006-010.PDFhttp://www.energy.ca.gov/2006publications/CEC-600-2006-010/CEC-600-2006-010.PDFhttp://www.energy.ca.gov/2006publications/CEC-500-2006-037/CEC-500-2006-037-SF.PDFhttp://www.energy.ca.gov/2006publications/CEC-500-2006-037/CEC-500-2006-037-SF.PDF

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