ANNUAL REPORT 2014

Collated Ocean Renewable Energy Report in Southeast Asia

This report summarizes the activities of the Southeast Asian

Collaboration for Ocean Renewable Energy (SEAcORE) from 2013 to

2014. The second year of the network is focused on knowing the

current resource, technological and capability status of each

Southeast Asian country as a crucial step in increasing the uptake of

ocean renewables in the region.

ERI@N Report No: 21012015

Energy Research Institute @ NTU

Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N) 1 Cleantech Loop, #06-04 CleanTech One, Singapore 637141 erian.ntu.edu.sg https://blogs.ntu.edu.sg/seacore/ ORE-SEACORE@ntu.edu.sg

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Table of Contents

Introduction

THE ENERGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE @ NTU (ERI@N) 2

WIND AND MARINE RENEWABLES TEAM 2

ERI@N AND SEACORE 3

WHO IS SEACORE? 4

UPDATES FROM 2013 TO 2014 4

Country Reports

BRUNEI 6

MALAYSIA 8

MYANMAR 12

PHILIPPINES 16

SINGAPORE 18

THAILAND 31

VIETNAM 35

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Annual Report 2014 C O L L A T E D O C E A N R E N E W A B L E E N E R G Y R E P O R T I N S O U T H E A S T A S I A

I N T RO D U C T I O N

The Energy Research Institute @ NTU The Energy Research Institute @ Nanyang Technological University (ERI@N) focuses on the areas of sustainable energy, energy efficiency infrastructure and socio-economic aspects of energy research. Its mission is to be a centre-of-excellence for conducting advanced research, development and demonstration of innovative solutions which have both regional and global impact. The Institute and its research centres have considerable expertise and strength in areas of offshore energy which includes wind, wave and tidal energy and complementary technologies such as energy storage, micro grids, and smart energy systems and collectively provide an integrated set of expertise from materials design & synthesis , device fabrication and modelling, and systems integration and optimization.

Wind and Marine Renewables Team ERI@N’s Wind and Marine research program is aimed at improving the performance, lowering costs and accelerating deployment of offshore renewable technologies specific towards tropics where unique technology challenges exist . It advances the technology maturity through early collaboration with industry. In these efforts it closely works with the government agencies to understand regional needs, and with local and global renewable energy firms to identify technology gaps. Research efforts are principally concerned with bringing technologies developed in the lab to field through real test bedding activities. Thereby the risks are evaluated and technologies are matured.

The key research focus of the team includes tidal , wave and wind energy resource mapping, turbine device development, offshore support structure studies, advanced materials research against environmental impact and grid integration studies. The group

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has initiated wind, wave and tidal current resource assessments for tropics and an ocean renewable energy project feasibility tool . One such effort is its f lagship programme called Renewable Energy Integration Demonstrator Singapore (REIDS) project which aims to power one of Singapore’s islands called Semakau purely through renewables including ocean energy along with latest smart grid technology advancements. This is the world’s largest micro-grid in the tropics that will integrate multiple renewables and coevolve novel technologies such as power-to-gas technologies and smart hybrid grids.

ERI@N Wind and Marine and SEAcORE In order to understand the regional energy needs and ocean energy technology challenges specific to tropical conditions , ERI@N Wind and Marine Renewables team sets up the Southeast Asian Collaboration for Ocean Renewable Energy (SEAcORE) with its neighboring countries, such as Brunei , Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. SEAcORE is envisioned to be a platform for the exchange of ideas, initiatives, & experiences from R&D, policymakers, and industry. It forms a collated and active core network of expertise and technical know-how in Southeast Asia (SEA) to set, assist , augment, or facilitate adoption of Ocean Renewable Energy (ORE) in the region; and also promotes diffusion of renewables ’ products and creates new markets for partner industrial f irms. Presently cooperation is in the form of joint projects in resource mapping and assessments among the network.

Offshore Renewables

SEAcORE as a platform of different stakeholders in ocean renewable energy also looks at the importance of offshore renewables and its expanding market around the world. The Southeast Asian region is seen to be one of the most promising avenues for cutting-edge research work and technology development in the offshore renewables. The SEAcORE network is open to potential expansion through collaborative projects in this f ield.

Who is SEAcORE?

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The following are the current active partic ipants in the network: Brunei – Universiti Brunei Darussalam (UBD) Malaysia – Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR); Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) Myanmar – Myanmar Maritime University (MMU); Myanmar Engineering Society (MES), and Myanmar Industries Association Philippines – University of the Philippines (UP), UP Marine Science Insti tute (UPMSI) Singapore – Nanyang Technological University (NTU) Thailand - King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT) Vietnam – Hanoi University of Science and Technology (HUST); Institute of Energy Science (IES) A Secretariat has also been formed (one representative from each country), which is mainly responsible for the coordination, administration and organization of SEAcORE activities.

Brunei – Dr. Chee Ming Lim and Dr. Sathyajith Mathew, UBD Indonesia – Dr. Mukhtasor and Dr. Herman Darnel, INOCEAN Malaysia – Prof. Omar Yaakob, UTM and Dr. Lim Yun Seng, UTAR Myanmar – Mr. Htun Naig Aung, MIA and Dr. Myat Lwin, MMU Singapore – Dr. Srikanth Narasimalu, Dr. Michael Abundo and Ms. Mary Ann Joy Quirapas, ERI@N-NTU Thailand – Dr. Sirintornthep Towprayoon and Dr. Chaiwat, JGSEE-KMUTT Philippines – Dr. Louis Danao, Dr. Laura David and Ms. Marianne Catanyag, UP Vietnam – Mr. Nguyen Binh Khan, IES and Dr. Nguyen The Mich, HUST

Updates from 2013 to 2014

As th e inst itu te s pea rhea ding SEAc ORE , th e Energy R es ea rch Ins ti tute @ N TU (ER I@N) takes pa rt in th e tech nica l know- how a nd expert is e on oc ea n renewa bl e energy tech nology development .

Th e fol lowing a re th e k ey s ucc ess es of SEAc OR E from year 2013 to 2014:

• Rec ognit ion of SEAc ORE as th e of f ic ia l tec hnical working grou p for oc ean rene wa bl e energy in South east As ia by th e Ass ocia tion of South east As ia n Nat ions (ASEAN) C entre for E nergy (A CE) . As th e continu ous efforts to pu t forwa rd a regional rec ognition for th e efforts done by th e network, ER I@N Wind a nd Ma rine Tea m discu ss ed with ACE th e pos sibil ity for a tech nical work ing grou p on ORE in th e region. On Dec ember 2014, A CE Act ing E xecu tive Director a nd Ma na ger had signed a l etter of recognition to SEA cORE efforts l ed by ERI@N. Th e fol lowing next steps are agreed to be furth er discuss ed and modified as th e col la borat ion tak es pla ce:

Signing of M emora ndu m of Understa nding (pinpointing areas of c ol l abora tion)

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SEAc ORE being pa rt of th e R enewabl e Energy Su b-s ec tor Network a nd contribut ing its tech nical expertis e on OR E (as its tech nical work ing grou p foc using on oc ea n renewa bl e energy) .

SEAc ORE wil l ass is t in pu tt ing ORE pa rt of th e renewa bl e energy mix of A SEAN Augmenting, ass ist ing and ena bl ing th e increas e in uptak e of oc ean renewa bl e

energy in Sou th eas t As ia ( e.g . pla nning SE AcORE act iv it ies c o-orga nised with ACE l ike work shop, tech nic al tra ining , F GDs , etc)

Engaging with ACE ’s network of fu nding a genc ies/ orga nisat ions for SEAc ORE projects a nd ac tivi t ies .

Repres ent ing SEA for Oc ea n and Offsh ore Gl obal Foru ms such as Interna tional Energy Agency- Oc ea n E nergy Sys tems (IEA- OE S)

Taking pa rt in forming s ta nda rds u s eful for th e SEA region a nd oth er tropical env ironment ( e.g . t ropical turbines and compl ementa ry tec h nol ogies )

• ERI@N orga niz ed th e As ia Cl ea n E nergy Su mmit (ACE S) within th e S inga pore

Interna tional E nergy Week las t Oc tober 27 to 30, 2014. Th e s econd a nnual meet ing of th e SEAc ORE pa rt ic ipa nts was also h el d during th is week . 1

• Updated and ful l da ta bas e of ORE- rela ted s takeh olders , experts , ins ti tut ions , agencies and industr ies in South eas t As ia . Col la ted da ta , informa tion (e .g . potential ORE resou rc es) a nd tec h nol ogy ca pa bil it ies from SEA experts on ORE

• Memora ndu m of Understa nding (MoU) a mong SEA inst itu t ions a nd u niv ersi t ies , speci f ical ly focus ing on ORE- related res ea rc h es a nd s tu dies a re s igned with in th is y ea r.

• Res ea rch Col la bora tion A greements (RCAs ) are pres ently u nder th e disc ussions a mong th e ins ti tutes .

C O U N T RY R E P O RT S

1 See SEAcORE Bu l le t in no . 3 for more in forma t ion .

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BRUNEI DARUSSALAM D R . C H E E M I N G L I M

U N I V E R S I T I B R U N E I D A R U S S A L A M INTRODUCTION Bru nei Darussala m is a net energy exporting cou ntry wh ere over 70% of i ts GDP is c ontributed by th e oi l a nd gas s ector . In its newly la u nch ed energy wh ite pa per , renewa bl e energy wil l be pa rt of th e energy mix of th e c ou ntry, a nd it is expected to be at l eas t 10% of i ts total power genera tion mix by 2035. Th ere is a lso a s ignif ica nt drive to improve energy eff ic ienc y as refl ec ted by th e commitment to reduc e energy c onsu mption by 63% of 2009 l evel by 2035. A restructuring o f energy s ubsidies is being stu died, as su bs idies plays a s igni f ica nt rol e in influ enc ing energy ef f ic ienc y, a nd h el p lower mark et ba rriers for renewa bl e energy. This l ea ds to th e dev elopment of feed-in ta r if f (FIT) mecha nism. Th e bala nce has to be es ta bl is hed between F IT a nd energy su bsidies for th e purpos e of lowering th e ba rriers for tech nol ogy to come on-l ine, pa rt icula rly to c reate inc entives for inves tments in renewa bl e energy. C urrentl y th ere a re no la rge scal e renewa bl e energy power a nd fu el produc tion pla nts being ins tal l ed. An experimental sola r ph oto-volta ic of peak capaci ty of 1 .2 M W exis ts . Th ere are cons idera tions being ma de now for the es ta bl ish ment of commerc ial renewa bl e power genera tion by photo-volta ic a nd bio-mass , with a total es timated peak ca paci ty of 15 M W. OCEAN ENERGY POLICY Th ere is no pol ic y or project invol ving oc ea n energy. Th e nat ional universi ty U niversi t i B ru nei Darussala m, has work ed on a smal l scale , the a nalytics of ha rves ting of f -sh ore wind energy. Th ere are ev idenc es of potent ial hot-s pots for of f-sh ore wind. RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT Th e government encou rages R &D a ct ivi t ies by al loca ting a c entral res ea rch fu nd ma naged by th e B ru nei R es ea rch C ou ncil . Th e dis bu rs ement of res ea rch fu nd in th e renewa bl e energy sec tor is towa rd th e stu dy of renewa bl e energy potentials in Bru nei Da ru ssalam, pol icy development for a l ternat ive energy , and in more spec if ic area s l ik e dye- s ensi t iz ed sola r cel ls and l ow wind speed turbines . Part ic ipat ion in Col laborat ive I nter nat iona l Projects Th e main col la borat ive interna tional projec ts are being init iated wh ich incl udes thin- f i l m per vos kit e sola r c el l , s olar fu el , a nd renewa ble energy ma pping. Th e univers it ies involv ed are Ins ti tu te of Ma terial R es ea rch & E ngineering (IMRE) , S inga pore , Insti tu te of Adva nc ed E nergy, Ky oto U nivers ity , Korea U niversi ty , a nd Cal tech. TECHNOLOGY DEMONSTRATION Operat ional O cea n Ener gy Pr ojects

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Th ere is cu rrentl y no opera t ional oc ea n energy project . Prototype tu rbines for low wind s peed have been manufac tu red a nd wil l be ready for test ing in 2 weeks.

New Develop ments : Renewable resource mapping for Borneo. Th e s tu dy inclu des of f -shore wind mapping, and poss ibl e add in t idal a nd wa ve mapping. Th e project has been proposed to 11 u niversi t ies in Borneo.

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MALAYSIA P R O F. O M A R YA A K O B *

F A R A H E L L Y Z A B I N T I H A S H I M * M S . L I M K H I M YA N * *

U N I V E R S I T I T E K N O L O G I M A L AY S I A * U N I V E R S I T I T U N K U A B D U L R A H M A N * *

INTR ODUC TION According to Five-F u el Diversi f ica tion Stra tegy 1999, th e energy mix in Malays ia is contributed by f iv e ma in sou rc es , namely na tu ral gas , coal , oi l , h ydro and renewa bl e energy. In th e las t few decades , va rious loca t ions al l over th e worl d have been inves tiga ted for th e a vaila bil i ty of oc ea n renewa bl e energy suc h as Balt ic Sea , U nited Kingdom, Korea , Ja pan a nd etc . In view that Malaysia is a cou ntry mos tly su rrou nded by water , i t may have s everal potent ial loca tions for ma rine renewa bl e energy, pa rtic ularl y in wave power energy. Several potent ial l ocat ions have been identi f ied throu ghou t res ea rc h es a nd su rvey s .

OCE AN ENERG Y POL IC Y For this pu rpos e, Th e 10th Malaysian Pla n (R MK- 10) has introduc ed s everal R enewa bl e E nergy Pol ic ies and G overnment Bodies whic h aims to l ead a strategic development of new energy sou rc es incl uding renewa bl e energy.

1. National R enewa bl e E nergy Pol icy a nd A ct ion Plan ( 2009) Th e pol ic y is a iming to enha nc e th e u ti l izat ion of indigenous renewa bl e energy (R E) resou rc es to contribu te towa rds nat ional e lec tr ic i ty su pply s ec u ri ty and s us taina bl e socioeconomic development.

2 . Oc ea n Renewa bl e E nergy Roa dma p 2010-2020 Th e Nat ional Oc ea nogra phy Directorate (N OD) as th e nat ional focal point for a l l oc ea nogra ph ic a nd marine sc ienc e act ivi t ies has been ta sk ed to s pearh ead th e prepa ra tion of Nat iona l Roadmap in R enewa ble E nergy (RE ) in accordanc e with Na tional RE Pol icy prepared by Minis try of E nergy, G reen Tec h nol ogy and Wa ter (KeTTHA). Th e roa dmap las ts for 10 yea rs a nd a ims to s et the direc tion of R es ea rch and Development (R&D) a nd Tech nology Dev elopment of R enewabl e E nergy in Mala ysia .

3 . Renewa bl e E nergy Ac t 2011 Th e Ac t is to provide for th e es ta bl ish ment a nd impl ementa tion of a special tar if f sys tem to catal yst th e generat ion of renewa bl e energy a nd oth er rel eva nt ma tters .

4 . Sus taina bl e E nergy Dev el opment A uth ori ty ( SEDA) Ac t 2011 Th e Act is to provide for th e es ta bl is hment of th e Sustaina bl e Energy Development Auth ori ty ( SEDA) of Ma laysia a nd to elaborate its fu nct ions a nd powers .

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RESE ARCH & DE VEL OPMENT Gover nment -F unded R& D Th e Government th rough th e M inis try of Scienc e, Tech nology and Innovat ion (M OSTI) has prov ided a grant cal l ed Sc ienc eFu nd with th e qua ntu m of fu nding for ea ch project is u p to RM 500,000.00. Th e grant a l lows R&D projec ts that ca n c ontribute to th e disc overy of new ideas and th e adva nc ement of k nowl edge in appl ied sc ienc e, foc using in high impact and innovative res ea rch to be carried ou t . M ost res ea rch es carried ou t in Mala ysia were fu nded u nder this gra nt . B es ides , th e TechnoFu nd provides a gra nt sch eme whic h aims to s t imula te th e growth and succ ess ful innova tion of Malays ia n E nterpris es by increa sing th e l evel o f R &D a nd i ts commercial iza tion. Th e sc h eme provides qua ntum of fu nding between RM 1,500,000.00 to RM 3,000,000.00 for tech nology devel opment , u p to pre-c ommercial iza t ion s tage depending on th e merit proposal . Th e M inis try of High er Educ ation ( MOHE) als o has al located RM 200 Mil l ion under th e F unda mental Res earc h G ra nt Sc heme (FRG S) to fund th e funda mental res ea rch projects in Pu bl ic of High er Edu cat ion Ins ti tu t ions. TEC HN OLOG Y DEM ON STRA TI ON Wa ve Ener gy Univ ersi t i Tek nologi Malaysia (U TM) as th e premier u niversi ty in engineering a nd R es ea rch Univ ersi ty has devel oped a nd c onducted s everal studies on th e wave energy converter.

Figu re 1 : UTM Osc il lat ing Wa ter C olu mn (OWC ) Wave E nergy Devic e

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Figu re 2 : Point A bsorber Wave E nergy C onverter

T ida l C urr ent Th e t idal cu rrent projec ts a re being c onduc ted mainly by U nvers it i Tek nologi Mal aysia , Universi t i Malaya a nd Universi t i Malays ia Terengga nu. Mos t of th e res ea rch es a re focus ing on res ea rch a nd development of marine c u rrent turbines .

Figure 3: An example of tidal current device concept at UTM

Ocea n Ther ma l Ener gy Convers ion A study of OTEC is being c onduc ted mainly by UTM Oc ean Th ermal Energy Center (UTM-OTEC) as th e c enter of exc el l enc e. Th e study and resea rch of renewa bl e energy sou rc e offers mul tipl e synergis tic produc ts , such as hydrogen produ ct ion, cool ing, fresh wa ter, a gric ultu re and

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aquac ulture . Th e center c laimed that 1 M W of power from OTE C coul d be genera ted of f th e Sa bah Trou gh. Oth ers u niv ersi ty a nd orga niza t ions tha t a re also involved in R enewa bl e E nergy R es ea rc h and Development a re:

Organisations Research Areas

Universi t i Tek nol ogi M alaysia Res ou rc e Ass essment, Wave a nd Cu rrent Devic es

Universi t i Mala ysia Terengga nu Res ou rc e Ass es sment, Wave E nergy Devic es

Univ ersi t i Mala ya Tidal Cu rrent Devic es

Universi t i Tunku Abd Rah ma n (UTA R)

t idal and wave s tudy, Distributed E nergy Storage Systems with F uzzy C ontrol l er

Univ ersi t i Sains Mala ys ia ( USM) ma rine alga e a nd wave energy s tudy Universi t i Keba ngsa an Malaysia (UKM)

oc ea n energy devic es des ign a nd development , a nd intensive study on power from oc ea n wa ve

Univ ersi t i Mala ysia Pa hang (UM P) mecha nical wave energy devic e Univ ersi t i Mala ysia Sa bah ( UMS) oc ea n sal ini ty a nd OTE C s tudy Universi t i Tek nol ogi M ARA ( UiTM) oc ea n wave/t idal energy s tu dy Univ ersi t i Tek nikal M el aka (U TeM) wave energy device

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MYANMAR M R . H T U N N A I N G A U N G

M YA N M A R I N D U S T R I E S A S S O C I A T I O N

INTR ODUC TION

Myanma r is one of th e member c ou ntries of ASEAN, l oca ted between two g ia nt c ou ntries of China a nd India with an a rea of 676,577Km2 and a n approxima te popula tion of 52 mil l ion. I t has 1930Km c oas tal l ine along Bay of Ba ngal a nd A ndama n Sea.

With th e pol it ical cha nges of th e c ou ntry, Mya nmar has become th e s hining sta r for th e business development a nd so cal led last front ier in A SE AN. Th e ma in sou rc es of energy a re bioma ss, o i l & gas a nd hy dro power with th e energy sha re o f 70%, 20% a nd 10% res pect ively . As th e country cha nged its pol it ical sys tem to be democra tic cou ntry, th e newly el ec ted government revis es a l l exis ting la ws a nd a lso enacted new la ws to be in l ine with oth er democ rat ic c ou ntries . At th e sa me time, private enterpris es are being encou ra ged to be a t th e lea ding rol e of th e na tion’s main economic reform. With this reform proc ess , th e bus iness inves tments from both local and overs eas dra matic al ly inc reas e , and power dema nd is growing high er tha n before. This makes renewa bl e energy and energy c ons ervat ion more importa nt in M yanma r. Previous stu dy shows in Mya nmar tha t th ere a re ma ny promising potential of renewabl e energies such as bioma ss, b iogas , hydro power, s olar energy a nd t ida l etc .

OCE AN ENERG Y POL IC Y

Myanma r has formulated and adopted Mya nmar Agenda 21, wh ich is pu bl ish ed by th e Nat ional Commission for E nvironmental Af fairs (N CEA) with th e general a im of faci l i ta ting th e integra tion of environmental a nd sus taina bl e development . I t a ls o formed Nat ional Energy Mana gement Committee (NEM C) and E nergy Devel opment C ommittee (E DC). Mainta ining th e s tatus of energy dependenc e is th e main pol icy ass ocia ted with th e promotion on us ing new a nd renewa bl e energy , a l ternat ive fu el us e in th e hous eh olds a nd energy eff ic iency cons erva tion. Th ere are th ree k ey is sues in th e renewa bl e energy in M ya nma r s uc h as (1) To hav e s uf f ic iency in every type of renewabl e energy sou rc es , ( 2) To encoura ge more inter-ministerial a nd interdepartmental coopera tion, (3) To promote private s ector pa rt ic ipat ion in th e devel opment programme.

In terms of oc ean energy, a l th ough M yanma r has long coas tal l ine of 1930 k m, th ere is no speci f ic pol ic y yet on th e oc ean renewa bl e energy alth ou gh th ere are al ready R&D act iv it ies happening in th e c ou ntry . For exa mpl e is th e construc tion of 2KW tidal power genera ting plant at “Ka nbala r” v i l lage , Ayeya rwaddy Divis ion in 2008 wh ich won th e 1s t ru nners up of A SEAN Energy A wa rds . Howev er, th e t idal and oc ea n energy a re enc ou raged to develop as it s ta nds for Renewa bl e E nergy .

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Th is s mal l scal e projec ts mak e us e of th e 1930Km of coas tl ine th rou gh nu merous s mall c reeks for ha rness ing t idal energy (1m-6m di fferenc e) . With th e a ppl icat ion of a ppropriate tech nology, t idal energy woul d be c apa bl e in th e el ectr if ic ation of ru ral remote v i l lages . Strat egy a nd Nat ional Targets Mainta ining th e sta tus of energy independenc e is one of th e energy pol ic ies a nd th is h el ps to promote wider us e of new and renewa bl e energy.

Support Init iat ives a nd Mar ket St imulat ion I ncent ives Th e import tax a nd free permit to import devic e and equipment for renewa bl e energy is th e major ini t ia tive a nd incent ive to ma rk et st imulation. Main Publ ic F unding Mecha nis ms Formula ting fu nding mecha nis m for th e impl ementa tion of ac hieva ble energy ef f ic iency a nd cons ervat ion ac tiv it ies is one of th e propos ed pol ic ies by M inis try of Indus try to th e Na tiona l Energy Ma nagement C ommittee.

Releva nt Legis la t ion a nd Regulat ion Alth ou gh th ere is no speci f ic law yet in th e oc ea n energy s ector , th ere are some rel evant pol ic ies and la ws for th e energy s ector suc h as Mya nma r El ec tr ic Law ( 1982) , El ec tic ity Act 1948 (as amended in 1967) , a nd El ec tric ity R ules (1985) . Th e Petrol eu m A ct ( 1937 as a mended in 1946) , th e Nat iona l Environment Pol ic y (1994) and Th e E nvironmental La w ( 2012) and newly enacted th e E nvironmental R egulat ion ( 2014) . With th e h el p of UN IDO, A DB a nd PR OME E C Mya nma r is on i ts way to promote th e energy eff ic iency a nd cons ervation mas ter pla n. I t coul d succ ess ful ly impl ement th e training of tra iners progra m col la bora tion among PR OM EEC, M OI, M OE a nd M ES with th e outcome of 50 energy ma nagers th rou ghout th e country.

RESE ARCH & DE VEL OPMENT Myanma r Sc ienc e & Tec hnology R es ea rch & Devel opment is focal o f R &D in Mya nma r orga niz ed by th e Ministry of Scienc e & Tech nol ogy.

Th e R&D on th e devel opment of “ta r- free biomass gas if ier” is u nderway with th e c oopera tion among MSTR D, MIA a nd KKS.

PAR TIC IPATION IN COL LABOR ATIVE PR OJEC TS

Myanma r joined Bangla desh India Mya nma r Sri La nka Thaila nd Economic C ooperat ion (B IM ST-EC) in 1997. Mya nmar signed a n agreement on th e es ta bl is hment of th e ASEAN C entre for Energy in 1999 togeth er with eight oth er A SE AN c ou ntries . PROMEE C ( Promotion of Energy Eff ic ienc y a nd Cons ervation) is a programme coordinated on by A SE AN to fac i l i tate ca pac ity bu ild ing a nd excha nge of information between th e A SE AN cou ntries .

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Grea ter M ek ong Su b-region (G MS) Ec onomic Coopera tion with s ix member c ou ntries was launc h ed with th e ass ista nc e of th e Asia n Devel opment Ba nk in 1992. I ts economic c ooperation in energy s ec tor inclu des: regional power interc onnect ion & power tra de agreements ; sub-regional strategy for the ut i l izat ion of na tu ra l gas; a nd s u b-regional strategy for coopera tion in renewabl e energy. Th e inter gov ernment agreement on regional power trade in th e GM S was signed in 2002 a nd th e Regional Power Tra de Coordina tion C ommittee (RPTCC ) was c rea ted in 2002 to c oordina te, promote a nd impl ement regional power tra de devel opment.

In 2005 M ya nma r a nd Tha iland s igned a n MOU on coopera tion in renewa bl e energy a nd energy saving s ec tors .

Th e Energy Ef f ic iency and Cons ervat ion ( EE &C) goals su bmitted to th e 5th East As ia Su mmit Energy Ministr ial M eeting h el d on 20 September 2011 in B ru nei Darussala m, sta ted tha t th e cou ntry us es TPES as the EE Indica tor a nd a ims a t 5% reduc tion by 2020 from 2005 l ev el and 10% reduc tion by 2030 from 2005 l evel . However th e act ion pla ns submitted were from 2009 and not conc rete.

Myanma r ra ti f ied th e United Na tions F ramework Convention on C l ima te Cha nge ( UNFCC C) on 25th Nov ember 1994 a nd its Ky oto Protocol on 13th A ugust 2003.

TEC HN OLOG Y DEM ON STRA TI ON

Operat ional O cea n Ener gy Pr ojects Th e t idal power projec t using th e h eight of water l evel di f ferenc e is one of th e prov en tech nol ogy demonstra t ions in M yanma r l ed by th e members of Mya nma r E ngineering Society . I t is a 2KW power production plant c onstruc ted at “Kanbala r Vil la ge” in A yeya rwaddy Divis on. Th e s mall (ea rth f i l l ed) dam was cons tructed across th e creek to c rea te th e water res ervoir at th e ups tream s ide , s imi lar to da m run on river des ign. Wh en th e t idal level goes u p, th e water is stored a nd th e ga te is then clos ed to tra p wa ter inside th e res ervoir .

Wh en th e dif ferenc e between water l evel ins ide a nd outs ide of th e reservoir is equal or more tha n 2m, th e mic ro hydro tu rbine sta rts to produc e el ectr ic i ty .

Th e da m is 3m h igh a nd 10m long with a wooden ga te ( 0.35m h eigh t x 0 .35m width x 8m length) was connec ted the turbine cas ing th rou gh ou tl et gate . Th e dra ft tu be wa s ins tal l ed at th e outl et o f tu rbine. As th ere a re 2 t ide c ycl es in a da y a nd with th e s iz e of th e da m a nd res ervoir , 2k W micro hydro tu rbine cons ume onl y 1/12 of stored wa ter in 12- hou r operat ion t ime in one t ide cycl e . I t is fou nd out th e a vaila bil ity of more mic ro hydro tu rbines at this pla nt . Th e cost es timate of turbine is US$500 a nd th e c ons truction of dam a nd power pla nt is carried by th e vi l lagers in v olu nteer basic .

One on-going projec t is th e prefeas ibil ity on the t idal c urrent power project at Kya ikha mee in Mon State wh ich was s tarted sinc e 2008. I t ha s potential t idal c u rrent wh ich is a bou t 1~1.5m/s and needs deta i l ed s tu dy. Th e t idal l ev el at th e interes ted a rea is a bout 7m.

New Develop ments

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One organiza tion wil l tentat iv el y formed among Mya nma r Indu str ies A ssoc iat ion ( M IA) , Myanma r Ma ri t ime U nivers ity (MMU ) and Myanmar E ngineering Soc iety ( MES) to s tu dy jointl y on Oc ea n R enewa bl e E nergy in M ya nma r.

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PHILIPPINES D R . L O U I S A N G E L O D A N A O

U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E P H I L I P P I N E S D I L I M A N

INTR ODUC TION

Th e R enewa bl e E nergy Act of th e Phil ippines ( Repu bl ic Act 9513) wa s pass ed in 2008 to exploit th e cou ntry ’s renewa bl e energy potential suc h as geoth ermal , h ydro, wind, sola r, biomass and oc ea n. To ma nage th e ful l impl ementat ion of th e la w, th e Nat ional Renewa bl e E nergy Progra m (NREP) was lau nc h ed on 14 Ju ne 2011 with th e ta rgets s et u nder to strength en its energy sec urity pla n. Speci f ic al ly , th e NR EP s eeks to inc reas e th e cou ntry ’s renewa bl e energy- based capaci ty by 2030. Ins tal led capac ity ta rget for a l l types of renewa bl e energy s ou rc es ident if ied is s et to more tha n 1,500 M W. However, none is a l l ocated to oc ea n renewa bl e energi es . Al l of th es e a re in th e pre-feasibil ity / tech nical conc ept s tages with s ome adva nc ement in resourc e asses sment.

OCE AN ENERG Y POL IC Y Strat egy a nd Nat ional Targets Res ou rc e ass ess ment for oc ea n energy is ta rgeted at 71M W potent ial . However , s trategic pla nned act iv it ies tha t wil l l ea d to ins tal l ed ca paci t ies a re not in plac e. Support Init iat ives a nd Mar ket St imulat ion I ncent ives RA 9513 prov ides th e fol lowing inc ent ives to renewabl e energy developers:

- Inc ome tax h ol iday for th e f irst 7 yea rs of commercial operat ions - Duty free importa tion of RE machinery , equipment a nd materials within th e f irst 10 yea rs

upon issua nc e of c ert i f icat ion as an R E devel oper - Spec ial real ty ta x rates on civi l works , equipment , mac hinery a nd oth er improvements shal l

not exc eed 1.5% - Corporate ta x of 10% a fter ta x hol ida y - Accel era ted deprec iat ion - Zero perc ent VAT - Cash inc ent ive of 50% of th e u niversal cha rge for missionary el ectri f icat ion - Tax exemption of ca rbon credits

Main Publ ic F unding Mecha nis ms Under RA 9513, th e R enewa bl e E nergy Trus t Fund was esta bl ish ed to enha nc e th e devel opment and grea ter u ti l isa tion of RE . I t is a imed to f ina nc e R&D, demonstration, a nd promotion of RE systems, to su pport R E resourc es to improve th eir competi t ivenes s in th e mark et , to conduct nat ionwide res ou rc e and ma rk et studies for a ppl ica tions of R E systems, to propaga te RE knowl edge by ta pping and providing benefi ts to inst itu tions which can th e promotion and diss emina tion of th e benef its of RE .

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Releva nt Legis la t ion a nd Regulat ion In a nuts h el l , th e R epu blic A ct 9513 provides th e fra mework for th e accel erated development and a dva nc ement of renewa bl e energy res ou rces a nd th e devel opment of a stra tegic progra m to inc reas e its u ti l isat ion .

RESE ARCH & DE VEL OPMENT Gover nment F unded R& D Th e Tidal C u rrent E nergy Integra ted R esou rc e Ass ess ment a nd Spa tial Pla nning Tool Project of th e U nivers ity of th e Phil ippines – Depa rtment of G eodet ic E ngineering in c ol laborat ion with di fferent u nits with in th e u niversi ty has rec eived a res ea rc h gra nt in th e a mou nt of U S$ 445K from th e Department of Scienc e a nd Tech nology to generate ini t ia l ly a res ou rc e map of t idal currents for th e ent ire cou ntry and incl ude su ita bil ity studies a nd devic e match ing as a decision making tool .

Part ic ipat ion in Col laborat ive I nter nat iona l Projects Th ere are pla n to ava il of th e N ewton Fu nd for R&D col la bora tion between th e U nivers ity of th e Phil ippines with a U K ins ti tu tion a nd tra vel gra nts for F i l ip ino res earch ers to increas e capa bil ity in oc ea n energy s ystems th rough v isits to U K pa rtners .

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SINGAPORE D R . S R I K A N T H N A R A S I M A L U

D R . M I C H A E L A B U N D O M S . M A RY A N N J O Y Q U I R A PA S

E N E R G Y R E S E A R C H I N S T I T U T E @ N T U

INTR ODUC TION Despite being a smal l cou ntry , S inga pore has s igni f icant interes t in renewabl e energy res earch , development , and demons trat ion (R D&D). Noteworthy mil es tones in Singa pore’s oc ea n renewabl e energy ( ORE ) activi t ies include th e development of va riou s ma rine renewa bl e energy test- bedding s ites , a nd col la bora tive projects between aca demic res ea rch inst itutes and indus try, a l l o f whic h benef it from th e su pport of publ ic agenc ies . Evidenc e of th is col la bora tion is s een th rough th e esta bl ish ment of th e R enewa bl e E nergy Integra tion Demonstra tor- Singa pore (REIDS) , an init iat ive l ed by NTU a nd su pported by th e Singapore Ec onomic Devel opment B oard ( EDB) a nd Na tional E nvironment A gency ( NEA) , wh ich wil l be th e f irs t hy brid mic ro- grid in th e tropics . R EIDS wil l test a nd demonstra te th e integra tion of di f ferent renewa bl e energy s ourc es inclu ding wind and t idal a nd ensu re thes e energy s ou rc es opera te wel l togeth er . At th e regional l evel , the Sou th eas t As ia n Col l abora tion for Oc ea n R enewa bl e E nergy ( SEAc ORE) was ini t iated by ERI@N with pa rtners from South ea st As ia to promote renewa bl es and create new ma rk ets for pa rtner industr ial f i rms (E RI@N Report , 2012-2014) . Th e A SEAN C entre for Energy (A CE) has recognis ed ER I@N’s ef forts in c reat ing th e SE AcORE N etwork , making i t i ts of f ic ia l tech nical working grou p on ORE in th e Sou th eas t Asia region. On th e c ommercial f ront , developments in t idal energy have been c hampioned by A tla nt is Res ou rc es C orporat ion wh os e h ea dqua rters is located in S inga pore with s iza bl e projec ts around th e world . Wave energy ef forts have been spea rh ea ded by Ha nn- Oc ea n Pte Ltd, wh ich had developed th e Drakoo ( Dragon King of Oc ea n) wa ve energy converter for c ommercial depl oy ment in Singa pore wa ters . Wh il e th e tec h nical a nd ec onomic feasibil i ty of oc ea n energy in S ingapore wa ters is st i l l being stu died, a nu mber of projects , c urrently in va rious sta ges of c ompl etion, a re being ca rried ou t cou ntry wide. Th es e projec ts , togeth er with th e ena bl ing ec osys t em of S inga pore, form th e basis of this report . OCE AN ENERG Y POL IC Y Strat egy a nd Nat ional Targets To fu rth er enha nc e th e energy ef f ic iency across al l sectors of th e Singapore ec onomy, Singa pore aims to “a chieve a 35% reduc tion in ec onomy- wide energy intensi ty by 2030 ( i .e . th e a mou nt of energy requ ired to produc e each S$G DP) (NC CS, 2012) . Singa pore is determined to embark on energy eff ic ienc y meas ures to ach ieve this nat ional ta rget . With rega rds to pol icy tools for renewa bl e energy (RE) , th e government has s et c l ea r rul es on th e depl oy ment of RE , and provided su pport to at tract RE inves tments to devel op Singa pore to

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be th e res ea rch a nd devel opment (R&D) centre for RE in th e region (IPSOS Cons ult ing, 2012) . To tha t end, th e government has been su pport ing RE- rela ted res ea rch , development and demonstra tion (R D&D) projects th rou gh government gra nts a nd other l ocal fu nding sch emes. Th es e als o include ef forts to aid th e indus try ’s capa bil i ty development on potent ial ly promising renewabl e tech nol ogies in Singa pore. Singapore has made signif ica nt inves tments in res ea rc h and innovation in th e sus taina bil ity domain . Sinc e 2011, S inga pore has a nnou nc ed more tha n S$800 mil l ion of new pu blic sec tor R&D funding for energy, water, green buil dings a nd a ddress ing land scarci ty , a na tional strategic impera tiv e for a s mal l is la nd 2. Releva nt Legis la t ion a nd Regulat ion Th e E nergy Ma rk et Au thority (EM A) continu es to proa ct ively enha nc e Singapore’s ma rk et and regulatory fra mework so as to fac i l i ta te th e deployment of RE s ou rc es . For exa mpl e , in Jul y 2014, EMA issu ed a Final Determinat ion pa per, making s ev eral enha nc ements to th e ma rk et and regula tory framework for intermittent genera tion s ourc es , such as sola r energy . Th e “Final Determination Pa per” on “E nhanc ements to th e Regulatory Fra mework for Intermittent G enerat ion Sou rc es in (IG S) th e National Elec tric ity Ma rk et of S inga pore” (E nergy Mark et Au th ori ty) dea ls with th e feedback from dif ferent indus try players ( spec if ical ly on solar) , el ec tr ic ity ma rket l ic ens ees , compa nies a nd th e publ ic on h ow to improve th e ha ndling of IG S in S inga pore. RESE ARCH & DE VEL OPMENT Th e E nergy R es ea rch Ins ti tute a t th e Na nya ng Tec hnol ogical U niversity (ERI@N), ina ugurated in June 2010, i s su pported ma inly by th e Economic Devel opment Boa rd (E DB) to devel op indus try- oriented innovations and train spec ial is ts in c lea n energy . ERI@N focus es on areas such as wind and marine renewa bl es , green buildings , e-mobil ity , energy storage a nd fu el c el ls , and ha s been act ively l ea ding efforts related to ORE for S inga p ore a nd beyond. ERI@N ’s dedica ted Wind & Marine Tea m forms th e c ore grou p tha t serves as th e ember for Singapore’s ORE RD&D. Among th e k ey res ea rch, devel opment , a nd demons trat ion ef forts of th e team a re th e fol lowing: 1) Oc ea n / Ma rine Renewa bl e E nergy (e .g . Tidal Cu rrents , Wave) Res ou rc e Ass ess ment in Singapore a nd Sou th East Asia , 2) Oc ea n / Marine R enewa bl e E nergy Test B edding A ct ivi tes (e .g . Sentosa Tidal Test Si te, Ta nah M erah Wave E nergy Test S ite) , 3) Adva nc ed Materials and C oat ings Devel opment , 4) R enewa bl e E nergy Integra tion Demonstra tor- Singapore (RE IDS) - Offs hore a nd 5) Sta nda rds F ormation for ORE . ORE is now among th e emerging f ields in th e Singapore Ma rit ime Ins ti tute ’s R &D 2025 roa dmap (SMI , 2014) . SMI woul d c los ely track developments on th e fol l owing ORE aspec ts: “ t idal energy, stu dy of t idal pa tterns , of fsh ore su pport ( instal lation) vess el , t ra nsportat ions of energy bac k to land a nd integra tion of RE to th e exis ting power grid. ” Gover nment F unded R& D

2More information can be found on http://www.edb.gov.sg/content/edb/en/industries/industries/alternative-energy.html

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Th e Singa pore government has a wa rded S$15 mil l ion worth of res ea rch gra nts to devel op energy genera tion a nd mic ro-grid sys tems to res ea rc h ers in th e c ou ntry (Economic Development B oa rd , 2014) . This fu nding ini t ia tive aims to promote interdiscipl ina ry and commercial l y-rel eva nt R&D in th e energy s ec tor. One of th e projects fu nded is th e “DG- TISE: Flexibl e Distr ibu ted Generat ion using t idal in-s tream energy system for remote is land appl icat ions” by ER I@N’s Wind a nd Ma rine Renewa bl es Tea m. Th is projec t a ims to dev elop “a nov el s ensing a nd signal a nalysis system wh ich wil l provide a t idal energy res ou rc e measu rement meth od to accou nt for th e geogra phic al sea bed condit ions a nd t idal current measu rements ” . Su bs equ ently , a tu rbine wil l be developed for tropical s ea waters , whic h have lower t idal f lows tha n t idal energy h ots pots s u ch as Ca na da a nd th e N orth ern Eu ropea n regions. Bes ides this gra nt , a number of ER I@N’s on- going projec ts tha t ha ve th e government agencies ’ support a re detai l ed bel ow. As ide from ERI@N, th e Tropical Ma rine Studies Ins ti tu te ( TM SI) of th e Nat ional U niversi ty of Singapore (NU S) has also done stu dies on th e ma rine renewabl e energy res earc h a nd development ec osystem; th e Da nish Hydraul ic Ins ti tu te ( DHI ) a lso supports ma rine renewabl e valu e cha in in S ingapore a nd beyond. Tida l I n-Str ea m Ener gy (TISE) Resource A ssess ment in S ingap ore A mac ro-l ev el t idal in- strea m energy ass essment in Singapore waters has been done by ER I@N using data from th e TMSI . Th eoret ical ly , th e availabl e Tidal In- Strea m Energy (TISE) potent ial of S inga pore is a bout 3 TWh a nnual ly . Tech nical l y , th e extrac ta bl e energy with today ’s TI SE harv est ing tech nology (capac ity fa ctor of around 30% to 40%) is a bout 900 to 1,200 G W h/y r. Pra ct ical ly , th e l imit of extracta bl e energy from Singa pore waters , with ou t da maging the environment ( using a Signi f ica nt Impact Factor of 10%-20%) , is a bout 300- 600 G Wh per yea r . Th e ac tual potent ial wil l need to be determined th rou gh a deta i l ed resourc e a ss ess ment and environmental studies .

Mark ed out in th e t idal in-s trea m energy densi ty ma p sh own in Figu re 1 a re candida te s ites wh ere potent ial is rela tivel y high a nd si te ch aracterist ics ( depth , naviga tion & shipping traff ic , etc .) a re tech nical l y sui ta ble (s u bjec t to permitting and cons ent ing requir ements) . Th e potent ial peak power output of t idal power pla nts devel oped in th e res pect ive l ocat ions are ta bulated g iv ing a tota l of 250M W peak power corres ponding to a bout 364 G Wh of energy per yea r . Tha t sa id , a ny deployment of t idal power pla nts woul d als o be subjec t to pol icy , planning and ec onomic c onsiderations.

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F igu re 4 : S inga pore Tidal In- Strea m Energy Potential : R esourc e Ma p & Si te Es timates

Togeth er with th e Tec hnical U nivers ity of M unich (TUM) Ca mpus for R es ea rch E xc el l enc e and Tech nological E nterprise (C REA TE) C entre in S inga pore, ERI@N h as es tima ted that a total ins tal l ed capac ity of 250 M W of t idal power leads to ac hieva ble C O2 emis sion reduc tion of roughly 250 kt/ yr (or 1 .5 %) for el ec tr ic i ty produc tion a nd th e cal culated ma rginal aba tement cost is a bou t 75 S$/ tC O2. Sentosa -ERI @N T ida l T est S ite Su pported by M inis try of Tra de a nd Indus try’s C ore Innova t ion F und, a joint col la bora tion between Sentos a Development C orpora t ion ( SDC ) and ERI@N wa s set up . Th is Sentosa Tidal Test S ite projec t a ims to bu ild up th e c ompetency of R &D in NTU a nd Singapore on th e harv est ing of t idal energy, by providing th e opportunit ies to develop local tec hnol ogies a ble to harness th e energy ava ilabl e in th e na rrow c h annel between Singapor e and Sentosa . Th e Sentosa t idal project a ims to sh owc as e t idal energy extrac tion as a feas ibl e and sus ta inabl e energy generat ing tec hnology in S inga pore. Th e l ocat ion s el ec ted wa s the wa ter pa s sage between mainla nd Singapore a nd Sentosa is la nd (F igure 2) .

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F igu re 5 : L oca tion of the Tu rbine depl oyment : B oa rdwalk bet . S inga pore ma in la nd & th e is land resort of Sentosa . Th e projec t c ommenc ed with an in depth energy ass es sment of th e region wh ere th e devic e was to be s i tua ted . A fter th e energy potent ial o f various loca tions was studied, th e tea m, tak ing into accou nt depl oyment fa ctors a nd acc es sibil ity , determined th e f inal locat ion wh ere th e dev ic e coul d be l ocated. Vel ocity s pectru m da ta was th en us ed in th e opt imisa tion of th e turbine design, ini t ia l ly throu gh Compu tat ional Fl uid Dynamics (CFD) a nd later veri f ied by water tunnel tests a nd towing ta nk measu rements .

F igu re 6 : Projec t pla nning and work ca rried out in th e Sentosa project .

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Th e f inal design sh own in F igu re 4 was bas ed on a h igh s ol idi ty a erofoil des ign with meas ured power c oef f ic ient (C p) arou nd 0.35 . C onstru ction of th e f loa ting platform is c ompl eted (see Figu re 4) , a nd th e 1/3 scale ( 0.5k W) tu rbine s hown in F igu re 4 was ins tal led in Ma rch 2013.

F igu re 7 : Fl oa ting h inged tu rbine su pport fra me (L eft) & Scal ed (1 :3) t idal tu rbine in tow tank

(Right) In N ovember 2013, ER I@N a nd SDC of f ic ia l ly l aunc h ed th e Sentosa Tidal Tes t Si te (N TU, 2013) . Mar ine Renewa ble Ener gy at Ta nah M era h F err y Ter mina l Th e ERI@N Wind a nd Marine R enewa bl es Team ha s als o emba rk ed on th e “Tidal- In Strea m a nd Wav e E nergy Resource Ass ess ment” projec t tha t includes a feas ibil ity stu dy, dev ic e development a nd prototype instal la tion a t Ta nah M era h F erry Terminal in S inga pore. Th is project was fu nded under th e Marit ime Cl ea n E nergy R es ea rch Progra mme ( MCER P) between th e Ma rit ime Port Au th ority (M PA) and N TU.

F igu re 8 : Ta nah M erah Ferry Terminal

Th is projec t a ims to inves tigate th e potential ma rine renewa ble energy sourc es ava ila bl e a t Singapore’s jet t ies . Togeth er with S inga pore Cruis e Centre wh ich opera tes a nu mber of ferry terminals inclu ding Ta nah M erah F erry Terminal , ERI@N ’s Wind a nd Marine Team performed a resou rc e ass es sment of th e marine renewa bl e energy that can be harness ed in a terminal or

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jet ty s ett ing. Th e t idal energy potential ( using t idal ba rrage tech nology) a t th e terminal is 36 MWh/y r with a pool a rea of 18,000 s q. m. Th e wave energy potential is at l east 28 M Wh/yr for a 100m ca ptu re l ine . ERI@N envisions tha t energy ha rvested from ma rine renewa bl es in s uch ports/ jet t ies in Singapore can result in (1) sel f-powered jett ies/ ports , ( 2) provis ion of exc ess power to nearby ins tal la tion , and (3) s h ore power to berth ing boats . Renewa ble Ener gy I nt egrat ion Demonstrat or -S ingap ore (REIDS) REIDS wil l be th e f irs t hybrid mic ro-grid in th e region whic h wil l inc orpora te power genera tion from dif ferent renewabl e energy s ou rc es , incl uding s ola r ph otovolta ics ( PV) , wind, t idal -current , d ies el , s tora ge and power-to-gas tech nol ogies , a nd ens ure th es e energy s ou rc es opera te wel l togeth er ( NTU , 2014) . Th e mic ro -grid wil l be loca ted of fsh ore a t Semakau La ndf i l l and it is expec ted to produc e power in th e megawa tt ( M W) ra nge. The scal e of th e mic ro- grid (~1 M Wp) , whic h cou ld power a rou nd 250 hous eh ol ds , wil l be sui ta ble for s mal l is l ands, isola ted v i l lages a nd to funct ion as a back up emergency power su ppl y (N TU , 2014) .

F igu re 9 : A erial photo of th e Semakau Is la nd and th e pla nned l ocat ion of th e renewa bl es test-

bed . 3 REIDS is a pa rtners hip , structured as a c onsort iu m between: ( i) Singapore pu bl ic agenc ies ; ( i i) corporat ions act ive in the energy f ield with a focus on integra tion of broa d ra nge of energy sou rc es , end-us es and storage; and, ( i i i) academia a nd pu bl ic res ea rch inst itutes . Th e consortiu m wil l be l ed by ERI@N , with th e s upport of th e Ec onomic Development B oa rd . Ten energy a nd cl ea n tech industry lea ders are involved in th e projec t: Accentu re, Als tom, Cla ssNK, DLRE, G DF Su ez , R enewa bl e Energy Corpora tion, Sc hneider El ec tr ic , Trina Sola r, Va rta and Vestas . REIDS is expec ted to “a ttrac t $20 mil l ion worth of projec ts over th e next f ive y ears , in addit ion to th e init ia l $8 mil l ion investment in infras tructu re on th e Semaka u La ndfi l l ” ( NTU , 2014) . RE IDS was off ic ia l ly lau nch ed by M inister S Is wa ra n du ring the Singapore Interna tional Energy Week ( SIE W) in October 2014.

3 http:// www.ntu.edu .s g/A boutN TU/Pa ges/A c ademicHighl igh ts .as px

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F igu re 10: A rt is t ’s R endition of RE IDS 4

Sta ndar ds F or mat ion Part ic ipat ion for Ocea n Renewa ble Ener gy ERI@N has als o ini t iated pa rtic ipa tion in th e Internat ional El ec trotech nical Commis sion’s “Ma rine energy - Wa ve, t idal a nd oth er water cu rrent c onverters ” sta ndards tech nical committee IEC- TC114 th rough SPRING , th e off ic ia l body res ponsibl e for s ta nda rds with in Singapore. As a res ul t , s ta nda rds for OR E would be formula ted to accou nt for tropical condit ions . Marine energy converters devel oped in regions outs ide the tropics may need s ome tweak ing to s ui t th e tropical environment , e .g . relat ivel y lower resou rc es ( ie. t idal c urrents , t idal ra nges , wave h eigh ts) , s pat ial ly d istr ibu ted resou rc es a nd load c enters ( e.g . is l and ec osys tem); with s ome modificat ions , th e sys tems a nd c ompl ementa ry tech nologies – inclu ding depl oyment a nd ins tal l ation methods – wil l s omewhat va ry ac ross th e whol e val u e c hain . Trop ical Ma r ine Sc ience I nst it ut e (TM SI) : Pa rt o f the Mar ine RE R&D Ecos ystem Th e TM SI of th e Na tional U niversi ty of Singa pore (N US) is l ea ding th e nat ional res ea rch effort in hy drody na mic and wind wave model ing . TMSI is buil ding a G eogra phic Information Sys tems (GIS) da ta bas e of bathymetry (F igu re 8) a nd oth er information importa nt for est ima tion of t idal , wave, a nd oc ea n energy .

F igu re 11: Ba thymetry of S inga pore Stra it ( l ef t pa ne) and th e a djac ent s ea s ( r igh t pa ne) .

4 http:// www.edb.gov.s g/content/ edb/ en/ news-and- events /news /2014- news/s ou th eas t-asias-f irs t-and-la rges t- mic ro-grid- tes tbed- to- be- bu i l t-on-s inga pores-s ema kau-landf i l l .html

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Th e rec ently developed t idal h ydrodyna mic forecas ting s ystem 5 is us eful for th e est imat ion of t idal power ca paci ty in S inga pore Strai t (Figu re 9) .Th e extended regional vers ion is under development . R egional wind- wave model ha s been f it ted to cover ent ire Sunda Sh elf .

F igu re 12: C ompu ted c urrent vel oci t ies a nd vortic es nea r St Joh n’s is land ( Singa pore) at f l ood

t ide ( l eft) & ebb t ide (r igh t) . Th e models a re indis pensa bl e tools for optimal placing of t idal power a nd wave energy harvest ing fa rms. Other oc ea n energy resou rc es- expl oi t ing oc ea n c urrents , sal ini ty and temperature gra dients – can also be anal ys ed using wel l -cal ibra ted regional oc ea n models . (Figure 10) .

F igu re 13: C ompu ted cl ima tol ogical oc ea n tempera tu re (C 0) in July: s urfac e ( l ef t pa ne)

and a t 500 m ( righ t pa ne) . DHI : Supp ort ing the M arine RE Value Cha in in S ingap or e & Beyond 5 For more information, please see: http://www.porl.nus.edu.sg/forecast/public/

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DHI Wa ter & E nvironment ( Singapore) Pte Ltd has been ass ist ing t idal power developers in Singapore to ass ess th e overal l potential , a nd a number of s ites ha ve ca rried this throu gh into an environmental scoping study. Th e S inga pore s trai ts a re strongl y t ide-driven in terms of hydrodyna mics(s ee F igure 11 below) , bu t a re als o h eavily us ed for indu strial , s hipping and rec reat ional act ivi t ies . As a n extension to th es e studies a nu mber of arra y optimisat ion tools and web- bas ed onl ine decis ion su pport s ystems have been devel oped ( screen sh ot bel ow).

F igu re 14: Tidal f lows in S inga pore’s waters .

Th e t idal cu rrents of Singa pore a re very wel l mapped du e to extens ive monitoring over th e past eigh t y ea rs u sing a n array of Ac ous tic Doppl er Cu rrent Profi l ers (A DC Ps)– present ly 14 ins tru ments a re deployed and ma inta ined as part of oth er ongoing commercial a nd res ea rch activ it ies . Potential for res ou rc es have also been identi f ied in a nd a rou nd th e indus tr ial es tate of Ju rong Is la nd with a total discha rge of cool ing water a bove 1mil l m3/h r. DHI , whic h is ac tive in Singapore providing a variety of s ervic es to the Ma rit ime Port Au th ority , is col la bora ting with ERI @N in th e development of a novel Ma rine Spat ial Pla nning (MSP) softwa re for OR E, pa rt icula rly with devic e dependent energy ass es sment for various types of ORE resourc es . Part ic ipat ion in Col laborat ive I nter nat iona l Projects EMEC, E RI@N, a nd Cla s sNK Europea n Ma rine E nergy C entre (E MEC) and ERI@N wil l be c ol la borating to s upport th e fu rth er development of th e marine renewabl e energy indu stry in South ea st Asia . ERI@N wil l work togeth er with EME C a nd ClassN K to s et u p scale test fac i l i t ies in Singapore whic h offers a di f ferent c l imate a nd sea conditions to EMEC ’s own scal e test s i tes in Ork ney. Th is col la borat ion would be benefic ial to both pa rt ies by l everaging th e s trengths of eac h – “E ME C in boos ting th e devel opment of interna tional mark ets and c ommon standa rds a nd N TU’s with its strong expertis e in su staina bil ity res earch a nd its strategic l oca tion in S inga pore, acts as a gateway to Sou th eas t A sia” (E MEC , 2013) . South ea st As ia n C ol la bora tion for Oc ea n R enewa bl e E nergy ( SEAc OR E) To u ndersta nd th e regional energy needs a nd oc ea n energy tech nology chal l enges spec if ic to tropical conditions , E RI@N set u p th e Sou th eas t Asia n Col la boration for Oc ean R enewa bl e

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Energy ( SEAc ORE) with neigh bou ring c ountries , inclu ding Bru nei , Indones ia , Mala ysia , Myanma r, Ph il ippines , Tha iland a nd Vietna m. Th is col la borat ion is envisioned to be a pla tform for th e excha nge of ideas , in it iat ives , a nd experienc es from R&D, pol icymak ers , a nd indus try. I t forms a col la ted a nd ac tive c ore network of expertis e and tec h nical k now- how in South east Asia (SEA ) to s et , assis t , au gment, and fac i l i tate the adopt ion of OR E in th e region. I t a lso promotes th e di ffu sion of renewa bl es a nd crea tes new mark ets for pa rtner indu str ial f i rms. Joint projects in res ou rc e ma pping a nd as s ess ment are now being discuss ed.

F igu re 15: SEAc ORE members du ring th e Singa pore Interna tional Energy Week 2014

Th e A SEAN ( Assoc ia tion of Sou th eas t Asia n N ations) C entre for E nergy (AC E) has recognis ed th e efforts of ER I@N in l eading th e SEAc ORE ini t ia tive a nd off ic ia l l y made i t as ACE ’s tech nical work ing group for oc ean renewabl e energy in th e region. ERI@N-SEAcOR E togeth er with ACE wil l dr iv e projec ts , act ivi t ies a nd events that lead to inc reas ing a wareness and th e uptak e of oc ea n renewa bl es in South eas t Asia . Jo int Indus try Progra mme (J IP) Th e Joint Industry Programme is ma naged by ER I@N a nd involves Ph D s tu dents , NTU professors , a nd local a nd mult i-na tional c ompa nies wh o a re enga ged in c utting- edge res earch into va rious aspec ts of Offshore R enewa bl e Energy . Toda y, 23 doc toral projects are in progres s with res ea rch topic s s pa nning res ou rc e forecasting, su b- struc tu re stu dies , power genera tion, tra ns mission, gr id , instal lation , and ma intena nc e.

Regional N etwork a nd I nterna tional C onferenc es towa rds inc reas ing ORE U ptak e in SEA Th e E nergy Ma rk et Au thori ty (EMA ) of S inga pore orga nis es th e a nnu al S inga pore Internat ional Energy Week (SIE W) . I n 2013, a roundtable dis cuss ion on th e rol e of government in th e inc reas e of u pta ke in ocea n renewa bl e energy was orga nis ed a t SIE W. ERI@N conducted i ts annual conferenc e on of fsh ore renewa bl es ( inc ludes dif ferent sessions on of fsh ore wind, a nd ma rine renewa bl es , e .g . ocea n th ermal energy c onversion, wave, a nd t idal energy) at th e Asia Clea n E nergy Su mmit (ACE S) 2014 in Oc tober 2014. This conferenc e provided a n opportunity for ma rine energy experts , industr ies a nd orga nisa tions both within and beyond Singapore to gath er a nd sha re new a nd cu tt ing- edge res ea rch a nd devel opments in

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th e f iel d of ma rine renewabl e energy . A CES 2014 attracted 200 experts worl dwide to pa rt ic ipate in th e th ee- day event , a nd wil l continu e to be featu red at SIE W 2015. As a fu rth er dev el opment , S inga pore ha s been chos en to be th e next l ocat ion for th e Asia n Wave and Tidal E nergy C onferenc e (A WTEC) in 2016 (A WTEC , 2014) . I t wil l be th e f i rst t ime that an internat ional oc ea n renewa bl e energy c onferenc e is h el d in South east As ia . ERI@N , a long with experts from Ja pa n, Korea , U K and Au stral ia , wil l run th e c onferenc e, foc uss ing on th e c lea n energy needs of SEA c ountries a nd oth er tropical regions . TEC HN OLOG Y DEM ON STRA TI ON Hann- Oc ea n del iv ers th e world ’s f i rs t wave energy c onvertor arra y for smal l waves in Singapore With th e su pport of SPR ING Singa pore’s Tech nology Innovat ion Gra nt , Ha nn- Oc ea n Energy (HOE) has been devel oping a twin- cha mber wa ve energy convertor ( WEC ) “Drakoo” ( D ragon King of Oc ea n) s inc e 2008. Drakoo is ca pa bl e of genera ting ec onomic el ectric ity from al l s cales of waves ( 0.2m – 5.5m) a nd is h enc e depl oya bl e in both shal l ow wa ter and deep s eas .

F igu re 16: Test ing of Drakoo in S inga pore waters in November 2012. 6

Th e interna tional l y patented WEC tra nsforms waves into a c ont inuou s wa ter jet driving a hydro tu rbine genera tor onboard. Drak oo has been tested s ucc ess ful ly in NTU la b tes ts a nd in deep wav e f l ume test veri f ied by Na rec U K. Th e current Drak oo model has an overal l conversion eff ic iency ( waves to el ec tr ic i ty) of u p to 55%. 7 Hann- Oc ea n s ucc ess ful ly obtained th e f i rst c ommercial order to su ppl y fou r u nits of Dra koo-B0004 wa v e energy c onvertors to Jurong Shipya rd Pte. Ltd in Ju ne 2012. Th e Wave Energy Converter ( WEC) a rray (Drak oo-B 0016) has been instal l ed (s ee Figure 13) a t th e new Ju rong Mega yard a t Tuas View Sea, Singa pore in Augu st 2013. Th e Dra koo-B 0004 modul e is th e worl d ’s f irs t WEC tha t works under v ery s mal l wave conditions (0 .2m ~ 0 .6m) . Th is tech nology , wh ich is ful ly developed in Singapore, wil l demons trate th e ec onomic feas ibil i ty of generat ing el ec tr ic i ty us ing s mall wav e energy res ou rc es . 6 For more information, please see: http://www.hann-ocean.com/drakoo-b0016-array-launched-tuas-view-sea-singapore/

7 For more information, please see: http://www.hann-ocean.com/products/drakoo-wave-energy-converter/specifications/

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Atla nt is , S inga por e’s H ome -Gr own Comp any, Lea ding t he T ida l Power Industr y For more tha n a decade, A tla nt is has been ac tivel y involved in th e commercial isa tion of t idal power tec hnology a nd th e devel opment of t idal power projects arou nd th e world . Atl ant is es ta bl is h ed operat ions and s et u p its h ea dquarters in Singa pore in 2006, a ttrac ted by high qual ity R&D capa bil i t ies , as wel l as th e robus tness of th e intel l ec tual property protection regime. In 2011, EDB Inves tments (E DBI) bec ame a s tak eh older in A tlantis . “Atla ntis ’ expa nded pres enc e in i ts S inga pore hea dqua rters wil l a l low i t to fu rth er levera ge on Singapore’s vibra nt c lea n tec h nol ogy ecosystem a nd wel l - es ta bl ish ed l ocal engineering capa bil it ies to ac c elera te its produc t c ommerc ial isa tion a nd grow i ts bus i ness interna tional l y . 8”

F igu re 17: A tlantis ’ Sol on Tidal Turbine Tes ting in Singapore (L eft) and AR 1000 – 1M W u nit

(Right) 9

Over th e pas t few y ea rs , A tlantis ha s been foc uss ing on business stra tegy , project , a nd tech nol ogy devel opment . Toda y, A tla nt is domina tes th e t idal ma rk et by being th e owner of th e MeyG en projec t – with an ov eral l goal to del iver a ful ly opera tional renewabl e energy plant of a lmos t 400M W powered pu rely by t idal energy. Oth er projec ts of A tlantis incl ude t idal power development in F ORCE , Nova Sc otia , Ca nada , wh ere a devel opmental Feed-in- Ta ri ff o f C$530 (arou nd S$590) per megawa tt h ou r (M Wh) was awarded, which provides revenu e support for Atla nt is to depl oy a nd opera te up to th ree sta te-of-th e art AR- 1500 turbines at FORC E. A tla nt is a lso has projec ts in India , Ch ina a nd oth er pa rts of th e world .

8 For more information, please see: http://atlantisresourcesltd.com/about-atlantis/strategic-partners/edbi.html

9 For more information, please see: http://atlantisresourcesltd.com/about-atlantis/history.html

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THAILAND D R . C H A I W A T E K K A W A T P A N I T

D R . D U A N G R U D E E K O S I T G I T T I W O N G K I N G M O N G K U T ’ S U N I V E R S I T Y O F T E C H N O L O G Y T H O N B U R I

INTR ODUC TION The energy conservation has been an important pol icy for the Thai government s ince the enforcement of the Energy Conservation Promotion Act in 1992. Recently , the economic in Thailand has been increasing, especial ly in 2010. an economic growth rate of 7 .8% was found because of the ris ing up of a world economic growth rate. Due to this reason, the energy consumption in Thailand was found increasing continuously at an annual average rate of 4 .4%. In that year, the recorded actual power demand increased signif icantly higher than the forecast and tended to grow continuously . Although there has been continuous discovery of oi l and gas in Thailand, the domestic demand for energy sti l l has been growing result ing in energy import . Thailand has to mainly rely on 60 percent of energy import . I t was, then, real ized that in Thailand, there are potentials of natural energy resources in a l l parts of Thailand, for example solar energy, wind energy, hydropower, etc . These make Thailand renewable energy potentials are at very good level with opportunities to be promoted as energy sources and create the promising country energy security . Renewable energy would be a target fuel expected to substitute natural gas for power generat ion.

OCE AN ENERG Y POL IC Y Strat egy a nd Nat ional Targets In 1992, cogeneration and the production of power from renewable energy was introduced and implemented under the announcement of Small Power Producer Program (SPP regulation) . The SPP program al lowed private investment in the generation of electric ity using the cogeneration system and generation of electric ity using renewable energy. Later on, i t became a very effective pol icy instrument in promoting investment in renewable energy and cogeneration. In order to reduce some of the costs for SPP, the government in 2001 introduced the Very Small Power Producer Program (VSPP) which al lowed SPP with sale into the grid of less than 1 MW (Amranand, 2008) . Moreover, there are 3 important pol ic ies from governments that lead a strategic development of renewa bl e energy (Energy Pol icy and Planning Off ice, 2012) .

Re leva nt Legis la t ion a nd Regulat ion

1) Tha iland Power Dev el opment Pla n 2010 – 2030 ( PDP2010: R evis ion 3)

At the end of 2030, total capacity of renewable energy wil l be around 20,546.3 MW (or 29 percent of total generating capacity in the power system) comprising total existing capacity amounting 6,340.2 MW, total added capacity of renewable energy of 14,580.4 MW and deduction of the retired capacity of renewable energy total ing 374.3 MW. The 20,546.3 MW capacity of

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renewable energy can be c lassif ied into domestic renewable energy of 13,688 MW and renewabl e energy from neighbou ring countries of 6 ,858 MW.

2) The 20-Year Energy Eff ic iency Development Plan 2011 – 2030 (EEDP 2011 – 2030)

This pol icy is targeting on 25 percent reduction of energy intensity (ratio of energy consumption to GDP) of the country within 20 years (2011 – 2030) , result ing in the decrease of country’s power demand projection on account of energy saving programs and energy eff ic ienc y promotions.

3) Alternativ e Energy Development Plan: AEDP 2012-2021

It is regarded to use renewable energy and alternative energy by 25 percent instead of fossi l fuels by 2021. I t is a lso committed to the development of low-carbon society .

For al l pol ic ies about renewable energy mentioned above, the Alternative Energy Development Plan: AEDP 2012-2021, seems to have the c learest Strategy to promote renewable and alternative energy development for 25% in 10 years . Energy Ministry by the Department of Alternative Energy Development and Eff ic iency (DEDE) had the study work on new energy resources capable for electric ity generation with an expected potential in commercial development for the future through the fol lowing six strategic issues as fol low;

Promoting the community to col laborate in broaden producing and consuming renewable energy.

Adjusting the incentive measure on investment from private sector appropriated with the s ituation.

Amending the laws and regulations which do not benefit to renewable energy development .

Improving the infrastructure as system of transmission l ine, power distribution l ine, including a development towards Smart Grid System.

Public relations and building up comprehensive knowledge for the people. Promoting the research work as mechanism to develop the integrated renewable energy

industry.

Releva nt documents re leased Tidal and current energy is categorized as a new energy resource for power generation as shown in Figure 1. The target of t idal and current energy is at 2 MW but there is currently st i l l no power generation. The most important problems and barriers in development and promotion of energy from ocean wave and t idal current are lacking of data and assessment on wave and t idal energy potentials . Therefore, to solve this problem, it is necessary to speed up the study and research in order to capably identify the sources and technology types that can be appl ied for ocean energy production in Thailand. I t is expected primarily that potential areas are located under the Sarasin Bridge in Phuket and surrounding areas of Koh Sa Mui – Pa Ngan and Koh Tan. I t is a lso important to assess the development potential and readiness preparation for the pilot projects development in those potential areas (The Department of Alternative Energy Development and Eff ic iency, 2013) .

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Figu re 18: Target of renewa bl e energy by AEDP 2012- 2021 (Th e Depa rtment of Al ternat ive E nergy Development a nd Ef f ic iency , 2013)

RESE ARCH & DE VEL OPMENT

Gover nment F unded R& D

Res ea rch ers from Ma hidol U niv ers ity fou nd that th e ins tal lat ion of 4 u nits of power generators at 400 m fa r from coa stal area ca n genera te 1.2 k W of el ec tr ic power (Ph okha ra tkul , 2011) . Res ea rch ers from Ma hidol U niversi ty , aga in, u sed a perma nent magnet rota ry generator drive to genera te nea r s hore s ea wa ves in th e G ulf o f Tha iland. A hydra ul ic system c onsis ts of a 1 .2 m dia meter f loa ting buoy with vertical movement drives th e 320 watts perma nent ma gnet ic . Th e maximu m power generat ion ca n be devel oped by u sing th e appropria te coupl ed mec hanic models for generator a nd hydraul ic s ystem. A 1 k W prototype power unit has been performed at th e Sir indh orn I nternational E nv ironmental Pa rk Ph etcha bu ri ( Phaiboon a nd Phok haratkul , 2012) . Res ea rch ers from King Mongk ut ’s U niversi ty of Tec h nol ogy Th onbu ri devel oped coas t wav e’s power generat ion by u sing th e prototype in th e la bora tory . Th en, th e su ita bl e s iz e was ins tal l ed as a rol e model a t th e Sir indh orn Interna tional E nvironmental Pa rk , Ph etc ha bu ri , and Ao Ma na o, Na ra th iwat , Tha ila nd. Th e prototype machine siz e was 1 .5 m wide, 1 .4 m long, and 1.5 m h igh , buoy u p a nd down acc ording to sea wave as sh own in Figu re 2. I t wa s fou nd that genera tor s ta rted generat ing el ec tric with the wa ve h eight of 0 .1 m to 0.6 m wh ich is very sui ta ble in Thaila nd becau s e th e average wa ve h eigh t is 0 .4 m. Th e f ield tes t of 217 .56 watts was fou nd with th e condit ion of no loa d, wh ile th e high es t el ec tric power of 32.5 wa tts was fou nd u nder th e l oad c ondition of 50 watts ( Phomka eo a nd Pu nyas ompu n, 2013) .

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(a) Prototype (Sangkaew, 2012) (b) Diagram (Phomkaeo and Punyasompun, 2013)

Figure 19: Wave power generator prototype

Th e col la borated projec t between th e M inis try of Sci enc e a nd Technology (M OST) and Geo-Informatics Tec h nol ogy and Development Agency (G ISTDA) is th e development of Tha ila nd’s coastal radar s ystem. Th is projec t ma inl y aims to devel op a measu rement sys tem for wav e a nd current pa ttern for monitoring th e direc tion of wa ter mas s tha t f lows into th e Gul f o f Tha iland. Th e da ta wil l be us ed to su pport th e water a nd f lood ma na gement in areas covered downstrea m to th e coa st . Th ere a re currentl y 18 s ta tions, 13 HF ra da r sys tems a nd 5 X- band sys tems, in th e Gulf o f Tha ila nd as s hown in Figu re 3. Th e da ta produc ts a re wave cha rac ters , c u rrent , ba thy metry , and da ta in ASCII for th e a nalysis .

Figu re 20: Ra dar s ystem sta tions in th e Gul f o f Tha ila nd (Pruk pitik ul , 2013)

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VIETNAM C O M P I L E D F R O M T H E W O R K S O F

I N S T I T U T E O F E N E R G Y S C I E N C E ( I E S ) A N D H A N O I U N I V E R S I T Y O F S C I E N C E A N D T E C H N O L O G Y ( H U S T )

Vietnam has a populat ion of 87.84 mil l ion as of 2011 and GDP growth of 122 bil l ion US dol l ars . Th eir primary energy consu mption is 58, 370 KTOE and f inal energy consu mption of 46,774 KTOE as of 2009. Vietna m’s electric ity c ons umption is 108 bil l ion kWh (2011). As for their energy export , 12 .68 mil l tons are from cru de oil , coal is 24.99 mil l tons and el ectr ic i ty (to Cambodia) is 1087 G Wh (2011). E nergy import ( 2009) compos ed of petrol eu m produc ts is 13.37 mil l tons , c oal is 0 .908 mil l ton a nd electric ity from C hina 5 bi l l k Wh (2011) . 10 Vietnam has a reas with high potent ial for ocea n renewabl e energy. As ea rly as 1996, wave energy a nd t idal energy have been cons idered as potential energy s ou rc es in th e c ou ntry due to its wave, wind a nd geogra phy c ondit ions 11. Foreign inves tors have already sh own interes t in developing t idal power projec ts partic ula rly in Binh Th ua n Provinc e 12. For wave energy , Tru ong Sa (Khanh Hoa ) , Phu Quy (Binh Thua n) , Cu La o Cham ( Qua ng Nam) , Con C o (Qua ng Tri) , a nd Hon Me ( Tha nh Hoa) were identi f ied as potential s ites . 13 On rec ent reports , th e cou ntry pla ns to increa se i ts us e of renewa bl e energy from 5 per cent in 2020 to 11 per c ent by 2050. One of th e conc rete init ia tives to purs u e th e us e of renewa bl e energy in Vietnam is in Da Na ng ci ty wh ere th e c ity ca rried out a renewa bl e energy pilot projec t back in 2007 to 2011. Th ey c ut 12,000 tons of carbon emission th rough th e c i ty ’s p i lot project and sav ed VND 12 bil l ion according to Da Nang’s Depa rtment of Natu ral R esources an d Environment . I t was a lso mentioned in th e report tha t th e c i ty “has high potent ial for new energy s ou rc es , with a 90km c oas tl ine a nd over 2 ,000 h ou rs of su n per yea r a nd with a v erage wind speed of 3m per s ec ond ava ila ble for wind power s tat ions .” 14 Th e c ity has yet to devel op projects to us e energy from oc ea n wa ves and t ides a nd c oul d extrac t 4 .2 mil l ion c u bic metres of biogas from rura l areas . Du Va n Toa n from th e M inis try of Na tu ral

10 Pham, Hoang-Luong. Renewable Energy Technologies in Vietnam – Current status and their development perspectives. A paper presented in 5th Regional Conference on New and Renewable Energy 2012, Vietnam. 11 “Binh Thuan keen on tidal energy development.” VietNamNet Bridge, July 1, 2011, accessed June 18, 2013, http://english.vietnamnet.vn/en/environment/10128/binh-thuan-keen-on-tidal-energy-development.html and Van NC. A study of the potential of renewable energy sources and its application in Vietnam. Renewable Energy Research Center, Hanoi University of Technology. Renewable Energy, Volume 9, Issues 1-4, September-December 1996. 12 . Institute of Mechanics., Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology. “Study and Assessment the Potential of Ocean Energy in Vietnam and Proposing Some Solution to Use. National Project on Marine Technologies”. (Vietnam: Ministry of Science and Technology), 2010. and Institute of Mechanics, VAST. “Studies and Assessing the Potential on Using Marine Energy Resource in Vietnam.” VAST Project, 2003. 13 “Binh Thuan keen on tidal energy development.” VietNamNet Bridge, July 1, 2011, accessed June 18, 2013, http://english.vietnamnet.vn/en/environment/10128/binh-thuan-keen-on-tidal-energy-development.html 14 Conference Explores Renewable Energy. http://vietnamnews.vnagency.com.vn/social-issues/230188/conference-explores-renewable-energy.html

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Res ou rc es a nd E nvironment's Inst itute of Sea and Is la nds agreed th at Da Na ng has favou rabl e natu ral conditions for green energy. " Th e c ity can buil d power plants us ing wave a nd t idal power al ong th e l ong coas tl ine," h e sa id . "Th es e pla nts a ls o ca n play a rol e as tou ris t dest inat ions ." Vietnam’s high ec onomic and populat ion growth ra te has continued to inc reas e its energy dema nd. Pol ic ies on reducing environmental impac t have driven th e development of renewabl e energy that has a potent ial es tima ted a t 11 .73 TWh/yea r . Vietna m’s ta rget for R E sha re in th e total na tional primary energy c onsu mption is 5% for 2020 a nd 11% for 2050 15. In th e power sec tor , th e ta rget for R E sha re is 4 .5% by 2030 and 6% by 2050 16. Althou gh Vietnam is gea ring towa rds th e development of biofu els , res ea rch ins ti tu tions a nd ac ademic orga nizat ions st i l l pu rsu e s tu dies on th e ORE potential of s el ec ted a reas in Vietna m. #

For any inquiries regarding this repor t, please contact us at:

15 7. ASEAN-German Mini Hydro Project. Renewable Energy in Vietnam. http://agmhp.aseanenergy.org/focus-countries/2009/07/01/renewable-energy-in-vietnam. July 2009. And Do, TM, Sharma D. Vietnam’s energy sector: A review of current energy policies and strategies. 16 . Dr. Pham, Hoang Luong. “Presentation on Current Status of ORE in Vietnam.” (paper presented in Southeast Asian Collaboration for Ocean Renewable Energy Workshop, Feb 25-26, 2013).

Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N) 1 Cleantech Loop, #06-04 CleanTech One, Singapore 637141 erian.ntu.edu.sg https://blogs.ntu.edu.sg/seacore/ ORE-SEACORE@ntu.edu.sg