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Energy questionsQuestion 1

Fossil fuel reserves in North America, Europe and China (in tonnes ofoil equivalent x108)

Coal Gas Oil Total fossil

fuelChina Use 10.4 0.00039 0.0032 10.40359

Reserve 589 16.4 32.38 637.78Europe Use 3.68 0.005 0.008 3.693

Reserve 1357.83 484.3 118.45 1960.58N.America

Use 6.1867 0.0069 0.0125 6.02061

Reserve 1253.3 62.09 64.93 1380.32

Fittingly, it appears that for each of the regions specified, their energyuse relates to how large their reserves are. For example, Chinas

largest area of use is coal which is by far its biggest reserve. Oilreserves are next in size followed by gas and that follows the usagepattern.

Refsoil informationhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/oilconsumption.htmlgas informationhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/gasconsumption.htmlthere is another reference but cant find itit was the trend thing, Juniacan you remember what it was? And you said have you had a look at

this and I said yup but neglected to write down the websitesomething to do with trends

Question 2

Question 3

There are two types of solar energy being used today. They are SolarThermal and Photovoltaic.

Solar Thermal uses energy from the sun to generate heat. Thismethod uses solar panels to store heat from the sun andtransfers this heat to buildings for space heating or to water fordomestic hot water use.

The second type of solar energy in use is Photovoltaic which isthe process used to turn energy from the sun into electricity.

(http://www.go-solar.net/ )

500-700kwh per sq m Sweden annually

http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/oilconsumption.htmlhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/gasconsumption.htmlhttp://www.go-solar.net/http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/oilconsumption.htmlhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/gasconsumption.htmlhttp://www.go-solar.net/

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2200-2500 sahara15%so a photovoltaic cell in Sweden generates (700kwh per sq m) 105kwhin Sweden, whereas in the Sahara, it will generate (2500kwh per sq m)375kwh (assuming 15% efficiency)

ref?Of all of these technologies the solar dish/stirling engine has thehighest energy efficiency. A single solar dish-Stirling engine installed atSandia National Laboratories National Solar Thermal Test Facilityproduces as much as 25 kW of electricity, with a conversion efficiencyof 30%.[62]

Solar parabolic trough plants have been built with efficiencies of about20%. Fresnel reflectors have an efficiency that is slightly lower (butthis is compensated by the denser packing).

The gross conversion efficiencies (taking into account that the solardishes or troughs occupy only a fraction of the total area of the powerplant) are determined by net generating capacity over the solar energythat falls on the total area of the solar plant. The 500-megawatt (MW)SCE/SES plant would extract about 2.75% of the radiation (1 kW/m;see Solar power for a discussion) that falls on its 4,500 acres (18.2km).[63] For the 50 MW AndaSol Power Plant [64] that is being built inSpain (total area of 1,3001,500 m = 1.95 km) gross conversionefficiency comes out at 2.6%

Furthermore, efficiency does not directly relate to cost: on calculating

total cost, both efficiency and the cost of construction andmaintenance should be taken into account.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy

Question 4

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is an arrangement underthe Kyoto Protocol allowing industrialised countries with a greenhousegas reduction commitment (called Annex 1 countries) to invest inprojects that reduce emissions in developing countries as analternative to more expensive emission reductions in their own

countries. A crucial feature of an approved CDM carbon project is thatit has established that the planned reductions would not occur withoutthe additional incentive provided by emission reductions credits, aconcept known as "additionally".The CDM allows net global greenhouse gas emissions to be reduced ata much lower global cost by financing emissions reduction projects indeveloping countries where costs are lower than in industrialized

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change#Annex_I_countrieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_projecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change#Annex_I_countrieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_project

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countries. However, in recent years, criticism against the mechanismhas increased.The first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol excluded forestconservation/avoided deforestation from the CDM for a variety ofpolitical, practical and ethical reasons]. However, carbon emissions

from deforestation represent 18-25% of all emissions, and will accountfor more carbon emissions in the next five years than all emissionsfrom all aircraft since the Wright Brothers until at least 2025. Thismeans that there have been growing calls for the inclusion of forests inCDM schemes for the second commitment period from a variety ofsectors, under the leadership of the Coalition for Rainforest Nations,and brought together under the Forests Now Declaration, which hasbeen signed by over 300 NGOs, business leaders, and policy makersAs the CDM is an alternative to domestic emission reductions, theperfectly working CDM would produce no more and no less greenhousegas emission reductions than without use of the CDM. However, it was

recognized from the beginning that if projects that would havehappened anyway are registered as CDM projects, then the net effectis an increase of global emissions as those "spurious" credits will beused to allow higher domestic emissions without reducing emissions inthe developing country hosting the CDM project. Spurious credits mayalso occur because of overstated baselines. Such a rejection is termeda "false positive".(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cdm)

Question 5

Question 6

Question 7

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cdm#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_for_Rainforest_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forests_Now_Declarationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cdmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cdm#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_for_Rainforest_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forests_Now_Declarationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cdm