Energy in the Earth SystemEnergy in the Earth System

Section 2:2Section 2:2

ObjectivesObjectives CompareCompare an open system with a closed an open system with a closed

system.system. ListList the characteristics of the earth’s four the characteristics of the earth’s four

major spheres.major spheres. IdentifyIdentify the two main sources of energy in the two main sources of energy in

the Earth system. the Earth system. IdentifyIdentify the 4 main processes in which the 4 main processes in which

matter and energy cycle on Earth.matter and energy cycle on Earth.

Earth-System ScienceEarth-System Science

A system is an organized group of related A system is an organized group of related objects or components (parts) that interact objects or components (parts) that interact to create a wholeto create a whole orderorder..

Synonyms (words with the same meaning)Synonyms (words with the same meaning) SchemeScheme networknetwork complexcomplex OrganismOrganism economyeconomy universeuniverse

Systems are linkedSystems are linkedMatterMatter

Anything that Anything that takes up space takes up space and has massand has mass• Protons, neutronsProtons, neutrons• Atoms & MoleculesAtoms & Molecules• Living Organisms, Living Organisms,

rocks even Planetsrocks even Planets

EnergyEnergy The ability to do The ability to do

workwork• Heat, light, Heat, light,

vibrations, wavesvibrations, waves

SystemsSystemsOpenOpen Energy and Energy and

Matter are Matter are exchanged with exchanged with the surroundingsthe surroundings

ClosedClosedEnergy but Energy but

NOTNOT matter is matter is exchangedexchanged

Systems are described by how matter and Systems are described by how matter and energy are transferred within them or to energy are transferred within them or to

and from other systemsand from other systems

Open SystemsOpen Systems

Energy Energy and matter and matter are are exchangedexchanged

Example:Example:

LakeLake• Water Water moleculesmolecules

• Streams, Streams, rainfall, rainfall, evaporation, evaporation, heat, wind, heat, wind, waves, waves, absorptionabsorption

Closed SystemsClosed SystemsA closed system is a system in A closed system is a system in which energy, but not matter is which energy, but not matter is

exchanged with the surroundings.exchanged with the surroundings.

MatterMatter on on EarthEarth Occurs as either a;Occurs as either a;

• SolidSolid

• LiquidLiquid

• GasGas

Earth, Open or Closed System?

WHY?

Earth is an open SystemEarth is an open SystemAlmost ClosedAlmost Closed

Matter enters as Matter enters as dust and rock dust and rock from spacefrom space

Matter leaves when we send satellites, probes or astronauts into space

Earth is made of 4 SpheresEarth is made of 4 Spheres

AtmosphereHydrosphere

Geosphere

Biosphere

Atmosphere: a mixture of gases that surround a planet or moon.

Venus

www.lesedwards.com/gallery/sf/atmosphere.htm

www.worldbook.com/.../venus/html/atmosphere.html

http://www.harmsy.freeuk.com/images/mars-atmosphere.jpg

Mars

Jupiter

Earth:78% nitrogen21% oxygen1% all others

Hydrosphere: All of the earth water except the water that is in gaseous form in the atmosphere

Approximately 70.8 percent (97% of it being sea water and 3% fresh water[1]) of the Earth is covered by water and only 29.2 percent is landmass.

Geosphere: This sphere includes all of the rock and soil on the surface of continents and on the ocean floor

www.brunowerneck.com/

www.agiweb.org

http://les.web.psi.ch/images/Mtebild4.gif

Biosphere : The part of the Earth where life exists; including all the living organisms on earth

http://www.countrysideinfo.co.uk/biospher_reserves/images/Small_Skipper_Thy7sm.jpg

http://www.foogle.biz/rainforest/rainforest_undergrowth.jpg

Earths Energy BudgetEarths Energy Budgetis predictableis predictable

11stst Law of Law of ThermodynamicsThermodynamics Energy is transferred Energy is transferred

between systems but between systems but cannot be created or cannot be created or destroyed.destroyed.

22ndnd Law of Law of

ThermodynamicsThermodynamics• When energy transfer When energy transfer

takes place, matter takes place, matter becomes less organizedbecomes less organized

with time.with time.

Internal Sources of EnergyInternal Sources of EnergyConvectionConvection & & Radioactive DecayRadioactive Decay

Convection: heat transfer through Convection: heat transfer through circulationcirculation

http://www.abtelectronics.com/images/products/GE-Convection-Oven.gif

http://www.mercator-ocean.fr/images/produits/buoc/buoc_n08/fig1.gif

Radioactive Decay: Radioactive Decay: The random break The random break down of an atom’s nucleus over time.down of an atom’s nucleus over time.

http://www.ieer.org/decay.gif

External Energy SourcesExternal Energy Sources

Solar radiation most Solar radiation most important. Generates important. Generates movement of air and movement of air and water masses, and water masses, and provides energy to fuel provides energy to fuel plant growth, the base plant growth, the base of the biosphere.of the biosphere.

Gravitational pull of sun Gravitational pull of sun and moon drive tides and moon drive tides and currents.and currents.

Cycles in the Earth SystemCycles in the Earth System

Reservoir: a place where matter Reservoir: a place where matter or energy is stored.or energy is stored.

Cycle: a group of processes in Cycle: a group of processes in which matter and energy move which matter and energy move through a series of reservoirs.through a series of reservoirs.

Time frames vary on storage.Time frames vary on storage.

Nitrogen CycleNitrogen Cycle

The nitrogen cycle is one of Earth's most The nitrogen cycle is one of Earth's most important nutrient cycles. important nutrient cycles.

78% of Earth's atmosphere is made up of 78% of Earth's atmosphere is made up of nitrogen in its gas phase. nitrogen in its gas phase.

Nitrogen CycleNitrogen Cycle

Nitrogen Needed ForNitrogen Needed For

Plants and animals to Plants and animals to make amino acids, make amino acids, proteins and DNA, but proteins and DNA, but the nitrogen in the the nitrogen in the atmosphere is not in a atmosphere is not in a form that they can form that they can use. use.

Nitrogen becomes Nitrogen becomes fixedfixed in two ways. in two ways.

The first is through bacteria (nitrogen-fixers) in The first is through bacteria (nitrogen-fixers) in the soil that form nitrates out of nitrogen in the the soil that form nitrates out of nitrogen in the air. They live in the soil and on the roots of air. They live in the soil and on the roots of certain plants.certain plants.

Nitrogen Must Be AlteredNitrogen Must Be Altered

www.ucar.edu/news/backgrounders/nitrogen.shtml

Nitrogen is united with water to produce an acid Nitrogen is united with water to produce an acid that falls to Earth in rainfall and deposits that falls to Earth in rainfall and deposits nitrates in the soil. nitrates in the soil.

22ndnd Way - Lightning Way - Lightning

www.ucar.edu/news/backgrounders/nitrogen.shtml

Plants take up the nitrates and convert them to Plants take up the nitrates and convert them to proteins that then travel up the food chain proteins that then travel up the food chain through herbivores and carnivores. through herbivores and carnivores.

When organisms excrete waste, the nitrogen is When organisms excrete waste, the nitrogen is released back into the environment. released back into the environment.

When they die and decompose, the nitrogen is When they die and decompose, the nitrogen is broken down and converted to ammonia. broken down and converted to ammonia.

Nitrogen CycleNitrogen Cycle

Nitrates and ammonia are converted back to Nitrates and ammonia are converted back to gaseous nitrogen and returned to the gaseous nitrogen and returned to the atmosphere, continuing the cycle. atmosphere, continuing the cycle.

DenitrificationDenitrification

The Carbon CycleThe Carbon Cycle

http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/C/CarbonCycle.html

CarbonCarbon Carbon is an element essential to life.Carbon is an element essential to life.

http://aspire.cosmic-ray.org/labs/star_life/images/carbon.jpg

The Carbon CycleThe Carbon Cycle Carbon (C) provides the foundation for the

organic molecules of all living things.

http://www.scsc.k12.ar.us/2000backeast/ENatHist/Members/Reynolds/mvc-002f.jpghttp://www.wallpaperbase.com/wallpapers/animals/cows/cow_1.jpg

http://www.phong.com/tutorials/mask.tree/tree.jpg

In The Carbon CycleIn The Carbon CycleCarbon interacts with all 4 of

the Earth’s major spheres.

Short-term cycleShort-term cycle

Carbon dioxide (CO2)is converted by plants into carbohydrates. Animals eat the plants, break down the carbos and release some of the carbon back as CO2. Carbon also released by organic wastes and the decay of organisms.

Long-term CycleLong-term Cycle

Stored in the geosphere in buried remains Stored in the geosphere in buried remains and in a type of rock called carbonates, and in a type of rock called carbonates, which forms directly from ocean water or which forms directly from ocean water or by making up the shells and bones of by making up the shells and bones of organisms.organisms.

The Phosphorus CycleThe Phosphorus Cycle

http://ridge.icu.ac.jp/gen-ed/ecosystem-jpgs/phosphorus-cycle.jpg

PhosphorusPhosphorus An essential nutrient, part of An essential nutrient, part of

molecules that organisms use molecules that organisms use to build cells.to build cells.

http://www.hsc.usf.edu/FAMILY/research/dna%20and%20skeleton.gif

http://www.smeddum.net/images/phosphorus.jpg

http://www.phimatrix.com/images/s-teeth.jpg

http://www.lenntech.com/phosphorus-cycle.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/phosphorus-cycle.htm

In the Phosphorus CycleIn the Phosphorus Cycle It moves through every It moves through every

sphere sphere exceptexcept the the atmosphere.atmosphere.

Enters soil and water Enters soil and water when phosphate rocks when phosphate rocks break down.break down.

Plants absorb it into Plants absorb it into their tissues and their tissues and animals get it from the animals get it from the plants and each other.plants and each other.

The Phosphorus CycleThe Phosphorus Cycle Phosphorus cycles through plants and animals Phosphorus cycles through plants and animals

much faster than it does through rocks and much faster than it does through rocks and sediments. sediments.

When animals and plants die, phosphates will When animals and plants die, phosphates will return to the soils or oceans again during decay. return to the soils or oceans again during decay.

Lets see some Lets see some phosphorus phosphorus released!!!released!!!

The Water CycleThe Water Cycle

The Water CycleThe Water Cycle The movement of The movement of

water, in one form or water, in one form or another, is always another, is always taking place.taking place.

www.urbanrivers.org/water_cycle.html

Earth’s WaterEarth’s Water IIs always changing s always changing

statesstates, from liquid to , from liquid to vapor to solid and back vapor to solid and back again. again.

http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercyclesummary.html

EvaporationEvaporation

The sun drives The sun drives the water the water cycle. Liquid cycle. Liquid water absorbs water absorbs energy and is energy and is turned into turned into vapor.vapor.http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercyclesummary.html

TranspirationTranspiration

The release of The release of moisture from moisture from plants. plants.

http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercyclesummary.html

CondensationCondensation

Water vapor Water vapor loses energy loses energy and forms and forms water dropletswater droplets

(clouds).(clouds).

http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercyclesummary.html

PrecipitationPrecipitation

Water returning Water returning to Earth’s to Earth’s surface (rain, surface (rain, dew, snow, dew, snow, etc.).etc.).

http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercyclesummary.html

Humans and the Earth SystemHumans and the Earth System

All natural cycles can All natural cycles can be altered by human be altered by human activities.activities.

Carbon: Use of fossil Carbon: Use of fossil fuels.fuels.

Nitrogen and Nitrogen and phosphorous: phosphorous: FertilizersFertilizers

Water: Obvious!!!!Water: Obvious!!!!

AssignmentsAssignments

Today: Key Terms, Graphing Skills, due Today: Key Terms, Graphing Skills, due BOP tomorrow.BOP tomorrow.

Tomorrow: Directed Reading due EOP.Tomorrow: Directed Reading due EOP.