Energy Futures - MIT Energy Initiative · A LETTER FROM THE DIRECTORS 2 Update on the MIT Energy...
Transcript of Energy Futures - MIT Energy Initiative · A LETTER FROM THE DIRECTORS 2 Update on the MIT Energy...
Carbon-capturing enzyme: MIT chemists learn from nature
President Obama at MIT: Gives clean energy speech, tours energy labs
Harnessing the world’s collective intelligence to deal with climate change
Cleaner stoves, better health in rural India
MIT announces new energy minor
Energy FuturesM I T E N E R G Y I N I T I A T I V E A U T U M N 2 0 0 9
I N T H I S I S S U E
A L E T T E R F R O M T H E D I R E C T O R S
2 UpdateontheMITEnergyInitiative
S P E C I A L E V E N T
4 PresidentBarackObamaatMIT:Givescleanenergyspeech,toursenergylabs
R E S E A R C H R E P O R T S
6 Carbon-capturingenzyme:MITchemistslearnfromnature
8 Enlistingbacteriatomakebetterbiofuelsforvehicles
11 Cleancoal:Newplantdesignpromisescarboncapture,efficiency, noatmosphericemissions
14 Profile:TheEni-MITSolarFrontiersCenter
16 Energy-efficientlighting:Bringingindaylightwhilecontrollingheatandglare
19 Cleanerstoves,betterhealthinruralIndia
22 Harnessingtheworld’scollectiveintelligencetodealwithclimatechange
R E S E A R C H N E W S
25 DOEestablishestwoEnergyFrontierResearchCentersatMIT
26 MIT:Anengineofenergyinnovation
28 MITEIawardsfourthroundofseedgrants
E D U C A T I O N
29 MITannouncesnewenergyminor
31 SummerUROPscutacrossdisciplinestoaddressreal-worldenergyissues
34 MITEIhelpspre-froshgetintotheflowofenergyatMIT
35 NamedMITEnergyFellows,2009–2010
E D U C A T I O N & C A M P U S E N E R G Y A C T I V I T I E S
36 RecycledfryingoiltopowerMITshuttles
38 Flippingaswitchforenergysavings
C A M P U S E N E R G Y A C T I V I T I E S
40 Gainingvisibilityintobuildings’real-timeenergyperformance
O U T R E A C H
42 MITreleasesreportonretrofittingcoal-firedpowerplantsforCO2capture
43 MajorMITstudyexaminesthefutureoftheelectricgrid
LFEE • LaboratoryforEnergyandtheEnvironment
45 MartinFellowswadeintosaltmarshecology
46 UROPshineslightonenergyinruralAfrica
M I T E I M E M B E R S
48 MITEIFounding,Sustaining,Associate,andAffiliatemembers
Energy FuturesC O N T E N T S
Energy Futures ispublishedtwiceyearlybytheMITEnergyInitiative.Itreportsonresearchresultsandenergy-relatedactivitiesacrosstheInstitute.Tosubscribe,[email protected].
Copyright©2009MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology.Forpermissiontoreproducematerialinthisnewsletter,pleasecontacttheeditor.
NancyW.Stauffer,[email protected]
ISSN1942-4671(OnlineISSN1942-468X)
MIT Energy InitiativeTheMITEnergyInitiativeisdesignedtoaccelerateenergyinnovationbyintegratingtheInstitute’scutting-edgecapabilitiesinscience,engineering,management,planning,andpolicy.
MITEnergyInitiativeMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology77MassachusettsAvenue,E19-307Cambridge,MA02139-4307
617.258.8891web.mit.edu/mitei
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Update on the MIT Energy Initiative
MITEI’sresearch,education,campusenergy,andoutreachprogramsarespearheadedbyProfessorErnestJ.Moniz,director(right),andProfessorRobertC.Armstrong,deputydirector.
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Weliveininterestingtimes!Energyissuesandassociatedenvironmentalchallengescontinuetoholdcenterstageastheworldcommunitytransi-tionsfrompreparingfortheUNclimatechangetalksinCopenhagen(“COP-15”)tomappingtheroadfromCopenhagen.
NowherewasthecentralityoftheseissuesmoreinevidencethanatMITinOctober,whentheInstitutehadthedistincthonorofhostingPresidentBarackObamaforatourofcampusenergyresearchlaboratories,briefingsfromMITenergyfaculty,andanaddressonenergyatKresgeAuditorium.Inhistalk,thePresidentcounteredthe“pessimism”ofthosewhobelievethereislittlewecandotoaddressclimatechangerisksbyexpressingstrongsupportfortheroleoftechnol-ogyandinnovationinmeetingthechallenge.YoucanreadmoreaboutthePresident’svisitonpage4ofthisissueofEnergy Futures andaccessavideooftheentireeventattheMITEIwebsite(web.mit.edu/mitei).
TheadministrationbackedupthePresident’sfaithinthe“Americanspiritofinnovation”withitsannounce-mentofthewinnersforthefirstroundofawardsfromthenewAdvancedResearchProjectsAgency-Energy(ARPA-E).MITandrecentMITspinoffsintheBostonareawererecipientsof5ofthe37awardsforpotentiallytransformativeenergytechnologies.Massachusettsreceivedthelargestcombineddollaramountofanystateinthenation,demonstratingagainMIT’scontinuingtraditionofdrivingeconomicgrowth.Formoredetails,turntopage26.
Achievinganactionableglobalconsen-susonapathforwardformitigating
climatechangeriskswillbearduous.Closertohome,Washingtonisengagedincomplexlegislativetrade-offstobalanceregionalenergyinterests,economicimpacts,andenvironmentalimperatives.Theseglobalandnationaleffortsareoccurringagainstabackdropofsignificanteconomicuncertaintyandanxiety,lowerenergyprices,andflatconsumption.Suchnear-termtrendsdiminishthepoliticalwilltotransformtheglobalenergymarketplace,evenasgreenhousegasemissionscontinuetoaccumulateintheatmosphere,makingitessentialthatweacceleratethattransformation.Thereisanincreasinglyurgentneedforlow-carbonenergytechnologiesthatmeeteconomictestsinbothdevelopedanddevelopingcountriesandforpoliciesalignedwiththeirintroductionatscale.
Thisimperativeisclearlyrecognizedbythemanycompanies,foundations,governmentprograms,andMITalumniandfriendswhocontinuetosupportMITEI’sresearch,education,campusenergy,andoutreachprogramsinthese
economicallychallengingtimes.Thissteadysupportisessentialforpursuingourresearchandeducationalmissions.
Thisyear,wewerepleasedtowelcome22newMITEImembers,provide47newgraduatefellowshipsto20depart-ments,andsupport24early-stageseedfundprojects.Resultsfromfiveofourearlierseedfundprojects—onefromeachofMIT’sschools—arechronicledintheresearchsectionofthisissuestartingonpage6.Theseprojectshighlightboththediversityofenergychallengeswefaceandtheneedforhigh-impactsolutionsfromavarietyofdisciplines.
ThesponsoredresearchprojectssupportedbyMITEImembersresidein13departmentsandfourlaboratories.Takentogether,theseprojectsmakeupanextraordinarysetofinvestmentsintheenergyfutureandarejustwhatisneededforthelongroadfromCopenhagen.
Dramaticincreasesingovernmentsupportforsignificantandsustainedenergy-relatedresearchprogramsatuniversitiesalsohavecreatednewopportunitiesforMITfacultyandstudents.Thesehavecomeaboutthroughaconvergenceofnewadminis-trationpriorities,congressionalfocus,andtheeconomicstimuluspackage.MITisnowhometotwonewEnergyFrontierResearchCenters(EFRCs)fundedbytheUSDepartmentofEnergy(DOE)OfficeofScience(seepage25).MITisalsoacollaboratoronfourothers.Selectedafterahighlycompeti-tivesolicitation,theEFRCsaredesignedtoprovidescience-basedsolutionstosomeofthemostdifficultandintractableenergychallenges.MITEIcoordinatedthecampus-wideresponsetothisopportunityandlooksforwardasnovelDOEprograms—additional
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AtaMITEIcolloquiumonOctober29,TonyHayward,CEOofBPandamemberofMITEI’sexternaladvisoryboard,stressedthatthereisnomagicsolutiontotheworldenergysituationandthatgovernmentinvolvementwillbeneededtoresolvetheenergy/climatedilemma.(Moreatweb.mit.edu/mitei/news/spotlights/many-answers.html.)
DuringhisOctober23energyaddressatMIT,PresidentBarackObamacalledonthenationtoleadtheworldindevelopingnew,efficient,cleanenergytechnologies.AftervisitingseveralMITenergylabs,hesaid,“Extraordinaryresearch[is]beingconductedatthisInstitute.”(Moreonpage4.)
AtaMITEIcolloquiumonOctober7,FrancesBeinecke,presidentoftheNaturalResourcesDefenseCouncilandamemberofMITEI’sexternaladvisoryboard,describedsignsofglobalwarming,includingmeltingArcticseaice,risingsealevels,andincreasingacidityoftheseawaters.Sheurgedrapidpassageofclimatelegislation.(Moreatweb.mit.edu/mitei/news/spotlights/beinecke.html.)
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roundsofARPA-EawardsfundedthroughthestimuluspackageandtheEnergyInnovationHubsproposedbytheObamaadministration—areadvanced.Otheragencies,suchastheDepartmentofDefenseandtheNationalScienceFoundation,arealsoincreasingenergy-relatedprojectsupport.
Ontheoutreachfront,wecontinuetohelpbringtechnicallygroundedanaly-sistobearonnationalandinternationaldiscussionsaboutenergyandR&Dpolicies.MITEImembershavejoinedwithustosupportanewsymposiumseriesontimelyenergytopics,withagoalofinformingpolicycirclesabouttechnicalrealities.ThefirstsymposiumwasontheretrofitofcoalplantsforCO2emissionsreduction(seepage42),andthenextwillbeontheelectrifica-tionofthetransportationsystem.Also,fourmajorinterdisciplinaryintegrativestudies—theFutureofSolarEnergy,theFutureofNaturalGas,theFutureofNuclearFuelCycles,andtheFutureoftheElectricGrid—areatvariousstagesoftheirtwo-yearjourneys.
MITEI’sEnergyEducationTaskForcereachedasignificantmilestonebyestablishingtheInstitute-wideEnergyStudiesMinorforundergraduates(seepage29).Thedesignofthisprogramdrewontheexpertiseof16facultymembersfrom14departmentstodevelopacurriculumthatincludes10newandredesignedcourses.MITEI’scommitmenttoundergraduateresearchwasalsoexpandedtoincludesupportfor16UndergraduateResearchOpportunitiesProgram(UROP)studentsduringthepastsummer(seepage31).AnothergreatsignforthefutureofenergyeducationatMIT:almostathirdofthe50newfacultymembershiredinfall2009haveresearchinterestsdirectlyrelatedtoenergy.
Finally,inrecognitionoftheglobalnatureofenergyandclimatechallenges,wearemovingtowardenhancedcooperationwithcorrespondinginstitu-tionsinthemajoremergingeconomiesandindevelopingcountries.TogetherwithCambridgeUniversity,werecentlyenteredintoaLowCarbonEnergyUniversityAllianceagreementwithTsinghuaUniversity.Planningisintheearlystagesforseveralotherinternationalinitiatives.
MITEIhasbeenbuiltonthecontinuedhardworkofitsstaff,MITfacultyandstudents,andtheengagementofitsmembers,thebroaderenergytechnol-ogyandpolicycommunity,andalumniandfriends.Wearegratefulforyoursupportandvalueyourcontinuedinterestandinput.WehopeyouenjoythisfourtheditionofEnergy Futures.
Sincerely,
Professor Ernest J. MonizMITEIDirector
Professor Robert C. ArmstrongMITEIDeputyDirector
December2009
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President Barack Obama at MIT: Gives clean energy speech, tours energy labsProfessorPaulaHammond’sweekatMITstartedoutlikeanyother—teaching,meetingwithstudents,workingonherresearch.ItendedwithHammondandhercolleagueProfessorAngelaBelcherbriefingPresidentBarackObamaonanovelapproachtoenergystorage—batteriesthatcanbegrown,notmanufactured.
HammondandBelcherwerepartofateamofenergyresearchersatMITwhometwiththePresidentonhisvisittotheMITcampusonOctober23.ObamaalsoheardfromProfessorsAlexSlocumandMarcBaldoandtouredthelaboratoryofProfessorVladimirBulovic.TheywerejoinedinthebriefingsbytwograduatestudentsworkingwithHammondandBelcher,RebeccaLynnLadewskiandLt.Col.F.JohnBurpo,whohascompletedhissecondtourinIraqandwasanEni-MITEnergyFellowin2008–2009.
HammondhadthistosayaboutthePresident:“Heputeveryoneintheroomateasethemomenthewalkedintothelab.AsAngieandIexplaineddifferentaspectsofthescience,hewouldstopusandaskspecificques-tionsaboutthetechnology.…Hewantedtoknowwhentheseinnovationswouldbecomecompanies,startups,andultimatelynewjobs.ItwasclearthatthePresidentknewtheimportanceofscienceandengineeringbothforitspracticalcontributionsanditsdownstreameconomicvalue.”
BelchernotedthePresident’squickmindandquickwit.HeranswertoObama’squeryaboutherabilitytodoabillionexperimentssimultaneously—“yeswecan”—promptedthePresidenttorespond,“Hey,that’smycampaignslogan.”
MITPresidentSusanHockfield,Gover-norDevalPatrick,SenatorJohnKerry,andProfessorErnestMoniz,directoroftheMITEnergyInitiative(MITEI),joinedthePresidentonhistour.AfterhearingfromMITfacultyaboutseveralpromisingresearchprojectsinrenew-ableenergy,storage,andefficiency,PresidentObamadeliveredanaddressonAmericanleadershipincleanenergy.
Hockfieldopenedtheevent,emphasiz-ingtheimportanceofincreasedandsustainedfundingforenergyresearchanddevelopment.ShenotedthatPresidentObama’sstimuluspackageandotherfundingprioritiesunderscore“hisforcefulsupportoffederalfundingforenergyR&D.”
MonizintroducedthePresidenttoapackedaudienceatKresgeAuditorium.Attendeesincludednumerouslocal,state,andfederalofficialsandclean-techentrepreneurs,inadditiontomanyMITfaculty,students,andstaff.WelcomingthePresidenttoMIT,Monizsaid,“ThePresident’scommit-menttointegratingsoundscience
andcriticalanalysisintotheformulationandimplementationofpolicyacrosstheboardisprofoundlyimportant—andindeedessentialformovingustoasustainableenergyfuture.”
Monizadded,“ThePresidenthasre-establishedtheUnitedStatesasamemberofthecommunityofnationsthatarecommittedtomeetingthelinkedchallengesofclimatechange,economicdevelopment,andsecurity.”Inhisaddress,ObamapraisedMIT’scommitmenttoenergyresearch,singlingouttheMITEnergyInitiativeandmakingastrongcallforthenationtoleadtheworldinthedevelopmentofnew,efficient,andcleanenergytechnologies.ThePresident’saspiration:“Nationseverywhereareracingtodevelopnewwaystoproduceanduseenergy.Thenationthatwinsthiscompetitionwillbethenationthatleadstheglobaleconomy.I’mconvincedofthat.AndIwantAmericatobethatnation.”
Describinghistourearlierintheday,thePresidentsaid,“Extraordinaryresearch[is]beingconductedatthisInstitute.”AnappropriateexclamationpointtothissentencewasthePresi-dent’ssignatureonequipmentinBulovic’slabthatsaid,“Greatwork!”(Seephotoonbackcover.)
HereisanoverviewoftheresearchthatinspiredPresidentObama’spraise.
Solar.Baldoofelectricalengineeringandcomputersciencedemonstratedhisworkonluminescentsolarconcentra-tors,whichcollectsunlightforsolarcells.Theseconcentratorsreducethenumberofsolarcellsneededforagivenenergyoutput,therebyreducingthecostofsolar-generatedelectricity.Theluminescentconcentrators
PresidentObamagreetsmembersoftheaudienceafterhisspeech.OfhisvisittoMIThesaid:“Youjustgetexcitedbeinghereandseeingtheseextraordinaryyoungpeople....IttapsintosomethingessentialaboutAmerica.”Heassertedthatthenationhas“alwaysbeenaboutdiscovery.It’sinourDNA.”
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canbemountedonrooftopsandotherspace-andweight-sensitivelocationsthatcannotsupportconventionalsolarconcentrators.Baldo’sresearchisfundedbytheUSDepartmentofEnergy.
Wind.Slocumofmechanicalengineer-ingdemonstratedanoffshorerenew-ableenergysystem(ORES)inwhichexcesspowerfromawindturbinepumpswateroutofastoragevolumeanchoredtotheseabed.ORESoperatesbyhavingwaterflowpastaturbineintothestoragevolume,creatinganinverselakeonthebottomoftheocean.Thisstoragesystemhastwopurposes:itenablesoffshorepowergenerationwhenthewindisnotblowingandpowerisneeded;anditcanbeusedformooringafloatingwindturbine.Storageisakeyenablingtechnologyforintermittentrenewableenergysourcessuchaswind.ThisresearchwasfundedbyaseedgrantfromMITEI.
Batteries and solar cells. HammondofchemicalengineeringandBelcherofmaterialsscienceandengineeringandbioengineeringdemonstratedhigh-powerbatteriesandthin-filmsolarcellsthatweregrownandassembledatroomtemperatureusingbiologicalprocesses.Thematerialsinvolvedareinexpensiveandnontoxic,andtheprocessingtechniquesarelow-cost,water-based,andreadilycommercial-ized.Theirapproachaddressesoneofthemainchallengesingeneratinghighlyefficientsolarcells:combiningdifferentmaterialcomponentssothattheyinteractwitheachotheronthenanometer-lengthscale.Theirassem-bledbatterieshavethesamepowerperformanceastheverybeststate-of-the-artbatteries.Whenscaled,thesematerials—and,moreimportantly,thenextgenerationofmaterials—couldbeusedforcomputersorplug-inhybridvehicles.TheirresearchisfundedbytheNationalScienceFoundation,Eni,MITEI,andtheArmyResearchOffice.
LED technology. Bulovicofelectricalengineeringandcomputersciencedemonstratedquantumdotlighting,whichisapotentialreplacementforexistingincandescentorfluorescentbulbsthatcombineswarm,richcolorwiththehighefficiencyofLEDtechnol-ogy.Theremarkablyhighwhite-lightefficiencyofthisdeviceiscombinedwithalifespanofmorethan20years,whichcouldchangetheparadigmoflightingtechnology.Theselightscanbefabricatedinasimplemoldingprocess,enablingmanufacturabilityandlarge-scaledeployment.Artificiallightingconsumes8%ofallUSenergyand22%ofUSelectricity.TheefficiencyofpresentlightsourcescanbedoubledoreventripledwiththeLEDwhitelightsourcesthatBulovicandcolleaguesaredeveloping.
ThisresearchwasperformedjointlywithProfessorMoungiBawendiofchemistryandwassponsoredbytheNationalScienceFoundationthroughMIT’sCenterforMaterialsScienceandEngineering,theArmyResearchLaboratorythroughMIT’sInstituteforSoldierNanotechnologies,andthePresidentialEarlyCareerAwardforScientistsandEngineers.ThelightingsamplesBulovicshowedwerefabri-catedbyQDVisionofWatertown,MA,anMITstartupfoundedbyBawendiandBulovic’sgraduatestudents.
• • •
By Melanie Kenderdine and Rebecca Marshall-Howarth, MITEI
For links to a webcast of President Obama’s address and printed copies of his address and of introductory remarks by President Hockfield and Professor Moniz, please go to web.mit.edu/mitei/news/spotlights/obama.html.
Inherwelcomingcomments,MITPresidentSusanHockfieldsaid,“ThatPresidentObamahascometoMITtotalkaboutAmerica’spotentialtoleadincleanenergyisatributetothegroundbreakingworkofourfacultyandstudents,includingmanyinthisroom.”
Inhisintroduction,ProfessorErnestMoniz,directorofMITEI,praisedPresidentObama,stating:“ThePresidenthasexpandedourenergyvisionandisfocusedoncreatingtheconditionsforenergyinnovationtoflourishacrossthecountry—atafasterpace,atascalelargeenoughtomatchthechallenge.”
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Carbon-capturing enzyme: MIT chemists learn from natureEachyear,microorganismscontainingacertainenzymeremoveanestimated100milliontonsofthepollutantcarbonmonoxide(CO)fromtheenvironment.Now,MITresearchershavenewinsightsintohowtheygoaboutit—happynewsforinorganicchemistswhohavelongbeentryingtosynthesizecompoundsthatcandothesamethingwithoutthelivingcreature.
“Microorganismssuchasbacteriacandolotsofchemistrythatpeoplewouldliketodo,”saysCatherineL.Drennan,professorofchemistryandaHowardHughesMedicalInstituteinvestigator.“Theycanformandbreakcarbonbonds,splitnitrogen,andbreakaparthydrogenandoxygen—allthingsthatwecan’tdoorcandoonlywithgreatdifficulty.”
Keytothemicroorganisms’abilitytoperformsuchfeatsarelarge,powerfulenzymesthatcatalyze(speedup)reactions.Formanydecades,researchersworldwidehavebeenworkingtoreplicatethatchemistryusingsmallermoleculesinanartificialratherthannaturalsetting.Successcouldmeantheabilitytomakehydrogenforfuelcells,toremovethegreenhousegascarbondioxide(CO2)fromtheatmosphere,tocleanupCOinpollutedurbanareas,andmore.
Buttheresearchers’besteffortsarefrequentlyunsuccessful—andDrennanisnotsurprised.“Ifwe’regoingtocopywhatmicroorganismsaredoing,weneedtohaveaclearunderstandingofhowtheydoit—atthemolecularlevel,”shesays.Sheandherresearchgroupaimtodevelopthatunderstandingbyactuallyobservingthephysicalstructureofthekeymoleculesinvolvedandseeinghowtheychangewhenareactiontakesplace.
Recently,herworkhasfocusedonanenzymethat—dependingonitschange-ablestructure—cantakeupCOandreleaseCO2,ortakeupCO2andreleaseCO,orusetheCOtomakeaformofacetatethatplaysakeyroleinmetabo-lism.“Unlikehumans,theseorganismsareveryflexible,”saysDrennan.“They’lltakewhateverisaroundthemandfindawaytoliveonit.”
Tostart,shehasbeeninvestigatingthereactionwherebyCOispickedupbytheenzyme,whereitreactswithwatertoformCO2.ThatchemistrycanbetracedtoasmallsectionwithintheenzymeknownastheC-cluster—anunusualandpossiblyquiteancientcombinationofmetalsandinorganiccompoundsincludingiron,nickel,andsulfur.
TohelpinorganicchemistsreplicatetheabilitiesoftheC-cluster,Drennan
R E S E A R C H R E P O R T S MITEIseedgrantproject
hasbeenexploringitsstructuraldetails.Usingcrystallineenzymesamples,shehaslookedatwheretheatomsarelocated,howtheyareoriented,andwhereemptysitesareneededforotheratomstoattachandcatalyzechemicalreactions.
Using X-rays to “see” atoms
Atomsaretoosmalltoseewithanopticalmicroscope,soDrennanturnstoX-rays,whichhaveawavelengthathousandtimesshorterthanthatofvisiblelightandcomparabletothespacingofatomsinacrystal.Thetechniquesheuses,calledX-raycrystallography,involvesbeamingX-raysthroughacrystalsample.AtomsinthesamplediffracttheX-rays,creatingadiffractionpatternthatacrystallographer—withthehelpofmathematicalmethods—convertsintoanelectrondensitymapand
Thisdiagramshowstheoverallstructureofanenzymethatenablesmicroorganismstocapturelargequantitiesofcarbondioxide(CO2)andcarbonmonoxide(CO)fromtheenvironment.UsingX-raycrystallography,MITresearchershavesolvedtheenzyme’sthree-dimensionalstructuretoatomicresolution.Thecolorsinthis“ribbon”diagramindicatethefourproteinchainsthatmakeuptheenzyme.Thegroupedspheresareclustersofmetalatomsthatplaykeyrolesinthecarbonchemistry.
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ultimatelytoanimage,or“snapshot,”thatshowswheretheatomsinthesamplearelocated.
Forthesestudies,Drennanreceivessamplesoftheenzymefromcollabora-torStephenRagsdaleattheUniversityofMichiganMedicalSchool,whohasalaboratoryspeciallyequippedtogrowthemicroorganismofinterest.Themicroorganismsgrowrapidlyatroomtemperature,andtheenzymeisabun-dantandstable—exceptthatthemetalclustersaresensitivetooxygen,soallworktakesplaceinchambersfilledwithargonornitrogen.
KeepingtheirenzymesawayfromoxygenisaminorinconveniencecomparedwiththechallengesinvolvedinusingX-raycrystallographytostudythem.First,theresearchersmustgettheenzymetoformacrystal—ataskthatDrennandeemsthe“hardpart,”whichcantakemanyyearsoftryingdifferentmaterialsandmethods.Inthiscase,herteamusessaltathighconcentrationstoforcetheenzymemoleculesoutofsolutionandintoacrystallinestate.Theindividualenzymeslineupinaregularlyrepeatingpatterninathree-dimensionalcrystal,present-ingenoughsampletobeanalyzed.
Thenextchallengeistostopthereactionjustbeforeithappens.“WithX-raycrystallographyyouonlygetsnapshotsintime,”saysDrennan.“Ifyougivetheenzymeeverythingitneedsforthereaction,it’llreact—andyoursnapshotwillshowtheendresultbutnothowithappened.”Testsshowedthatprovidingtheenzymewithcyanide(CN)ratherthanCOdoesthetrick.CNissimilartoCOinstructureandwillbindatthesamesitewheretheCOwouldbind—butitwon’treact.Theenzymewillbepoisedforactionbutfrozenintime.
Atomic-level insights
Theirexperimentsworkedwell.Theynowhaveaclearimageofthearrange-mentofthemetalatomsintheC-clusterjustpriortothereaction.TheycanseewheretheCOwouldbind,andtheyknowthelocationofthenearbywatermoleculethatparticipatesinthereaction.Fromthoseobservations,theycanpredicthowthereactionwouldproceed.
Theresearchers’resultssettledalong-standingdebateaboutthepres-enceorabsenceofasinglesulfuratom.AnothergrouphasarguedthatthereisasulfuratomatthesitewheretheCNlatchedon.ButDrennan’sresultssuggestthatifasulfuratomwerethere,itwouldblocktheCOfrombinding.Mostexpertsinthefieldnowagreethatthe“active”formoftheC-clusterhasnosulfurinthatposition—afindingsignificantforinorganicchemistsas
theymanipulatematerialstomimicthecluster’sCO-removalaction.
ResultsfromHolgerDobbekandhisresearchgroupattheMax-Planck-InstitutfürBiochemie(Germany)bothverifyandsupplementtheMITfindings.ThatgroupproducedanimageoftheC-clusterwithaCO2moleculeinplace—astructurethatcanbeinter-pretedasapost-reactioncounterparttoDrennan’spre-reactionimageswithCN(thestand-inforCO).Indeed,thestructuresfromthetwogroupssuper-imposeremarkablywell,andinneithercaseisthedisputedsulfuratominevidence.“Soatanatomicresolution,wehaveimagesthatenableustounderstandoneoftheimportantchemicalreactionsthathappensonthismetalsite,”saysDrennan.“It’sreallyveryexciting.”
Drennanandhercolleaguesarenowinvestigatingothermetalclustersinthe
Basedontheiranalyses,theresearchersdeterminedtheabovestructureoftheC-cluster,ametalclusterwithintheenzymethatcapturesCO,whichthenreactswithwatertoformCO2.Intheseexperiments,cyanide(CN)wasusedasastand-inforCObecauseitwouldbindatthesamesiteasCOwouldbutnotreact.ThestructurethereforeshowswhereCOandwatermoleculesareboundtothemetalclusterjustbeforethereactionoccurs.Knowingwheretheatomsbind—andwhereemptybindingsitesarelocated—willhelpguideinorganicchemistsastheymanipulatematerialstomimictheC-cluster’sremovalofCO.
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sameenzyme,inparticular,onethatcontrolstheacetate-formingreactions.But,shewarns,thereisalwaysthechancethat—evengettingtherightstructure—human-madecopiesofthemetalclustersmaynotwork.Forexample,itmaybeimpossibletomakeasmallversionthatisstablebutstillflexibleenoughtodochemistry.(IntheCOreaction,forexample,thecarbonatomneedstorotatetoreactwiththewater.)Orthereactionmayrequireotherelementsintheenzyme,notjustthemetals.Asaresult,itmaybenecessarytousethewholeenzymeorperhapseventhewholemicroorganismtoachievethedesiredeffect.
Fromacommercialperspective,thisparticularenzymeisattractivebecauseitcanbemadeinlargequantitiesandatroomtemperature.Theonlydown-sideishavingtokeepitawayfromoxygen—aproblemDrennanthinksshecanfix.“IthinkIknowthesourceoftheproblemwithoxygen,”shesays.“Wemaybeabletoredesigntheenzymetomakeitmorestableinanoxygenenvironment.”
• • •
By Nancy Stauffer, MITEI
This research was funded by the National Institutes of Health and by a seed grant from the MIT Energy Initiative. More information can be found in:
Y. Kung, T. Doukov, J. Seravalli, S. Ragsdale, and C. Drennan. “Crystallographic snapshots of cyanide- and water-bound C-clusters from bifunctional carbon monoxide dehydrogenase/acetyl-CoA synthase.” Biochemistry, vol. 48, no. 31, 2009, pp. 7432–7440.
Enlisting bacteria to make better biofuels for vehiclesUsingspeciallyprogrammedbacteria,MITresearchershaveproducedbiofuelsthat—unlikeethanol—containalmostasmuchenergypervolumeasgasolinedoesandcanbeusedintoday’svehiclesandpipelineswithoutthreatofcorro-sion.Inrelatedwork,theresearchershavefoundmaterialsthatcaneffectivelyremovetheproductasitforms—acriticalroleastheproductcanbetoxictothebacteriathataremakingit.
Thesearchforbiomass-derivedfuelsfortransportationhasledtonewinterestinethanol.Indeed,annualdemandforethanoltripledbetween2000and2006.Butethanolisnotwellsuitedtothetask.Pureethanolhasonly60%theenergydensityofgasoline,sotravelingagivendistancerequiresmoreethanolthangasoline.Also,ethanoltendstoabsorbwater,soitcanpotentiallycausecorrosioninthecurrentUSpetroleuminfrastructure.
ThefocusonethanolraisesconcernsforKristalaJonesPrather,theJosephR.Mares(1924)AssistantProfessorofChemicalEngineering.“Weshouldn’tdoethanoljustbecauseweknowhowtodoethanol,”shesays.“Ifwe’regoingtohavealong-terminvestmentandrealcommitmenttousingbiomass-derivedfuels,thenweshouldtakethetimetofindalternativesthatmakesense—moleculesthathavethebestphysicalandchemicalcharacteristicsandwillbecompatiblewithtoday’scars,pipelines,andotherinfrastructure.”
Pratherpointstobutanolasapoten-tiallybetteroption.Itsthermodynamicandphysicalpropertiesaremuchlikethoseofgasoline;ithas95%theenergydensityofgasoline;anditismuchlessmisciblewithwater.Anevenbettermoleculemaybepentanol,whichhasstillhigherenergydensityandmorefavorableproperties.“Asageneralrule,
energydensitygoesupwiththenumberofcarbonatomsinamolecule,”shesays.“Ethanolhastwo,butanolhasfour,andpentanolhasfive.”
Asafirststeptowardproductionofhigher-carbonbiofuels,Pratherandhercolleagueshavebeenfocusingonbutanol.AbacteriumcalledClostridiumacetobutylicumcanfermentrenewablesubstratessuchasglucosetoformbutanol.ButClostridiumisnotalwaysstable,andatarelativelylowconcen-trationthebutanolitproducesistoxictothebacterium.PeoplehavetriedtoimprovethebutanolproductionefficiencyofClostridiumbutwithoutrealsuccess.
Pratheristhereforeturningtootherbacteria—onesthatdonotnaturallymakebutanolbutmightwithsomegeneticengineering.“GiventhegenesthatcauseClostridiumtoproducebutanol,someotherbacteriummightproducelargerquantitiesandmightbemorestable,”shesays.
Workthusfarhasfocusedonthreeorganisms:E. coli,Bacillussubtilis,andPseudomonasputida.(Eachoftheseorganismshasbeenusedsafelyinindustrialprocesses.)ThoughotherinvestigatorshavestudiedbutanolproductionfromE. coli,Pratherandhercolleaguesbelievethattheothertwobacteriahavenotpreviouslybeenusedforthispurpose.Asastartingmaterialtheyuseglycerol,whichiscloselyrelatedtothesugarsincelluloseandisabyproductofbiodieselproductionsoisnowbecomingabundantlyavailable.
Thefermentationtoproducebutanolrequiresaseriesofsixenzymaticreactions,eachoneinvolvingtheproductsofthepreviousreactionplusaspecificenzyme.Sotoreconstruct
MITEIseedgrantproject
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the“butanolsynthesispathway”intheirthree“host”organisms,theyinsertedallofthegenesthatencodeforthoseenzymes—genesforeigntotheneworganisms.“Andwegotthemalltomakebutanol,”Prathersays.
Lessons learned
Thosefindingsdemonstratethatavarietyoforganismscanbeusedtoproducebutanol—amongthem,organismsthatpreviouslywereconsideredwithoutpotential.Accordingtotheliterature,oneoftheenzymesintheresearchers’butanolpathwaydoesnotfunctioninthepresenceofoxygen.ButtheirgeneticallyalteredPseudomonas—anorganismthatrequiresoxygentogrow—generated10timesmorebutanolthanpreviouslyachievedinanoxygenenvironment.
Theresearchershavebeenabletocharacterizemostofthestepsintheirbutanolsynthesispathway.Oneobservationofnoteisthattruncatingthestepspartwaythroughtheseriesyieldsproductsthatarenotfuelsbutareofvaluetothechemicalindustry.Also,basedontheirfindings,theresearchershavenewideasabouthowtoproduceevenmoredesirablemolecules—onesthatcontainmorecarbonatomsandbetterpropertiesforuseasabiofuel.
Whileallthreeoftheirhostorganismsproducedbutanol,theydidnotmakealotofit.ButthatdoesnottroublePrather.“We’reprettysuretheproblemisthatourenzymesaren’tverygood,”shesays.“Buttheworldisabigplace,andthere’slotsofbiologicaldiversityoutthere.Withpersistenceandsometechnologicalinnovation,weshouldbeabletofindbetteralternatives.”
Tohelpinthatprocess,PratherislookingtocollaboratewithBruceTidor,MITprofessorofbiologicalengineeringandcomputerscience.Tidorisformulat-ingcomputationalmethodsforpre-dictingtheimpactsofspecificenzymesonorganismsandsystems.“Gettingguidanceonwhichenzymeswillgiveusthedesiredoutcomewillbeenor-mouslyhelpful,”saysPrather.“Accesstobetterenzymeswillallowustobroadentherepertoireofmoleculesthatwecanmake—whetherfuelsorvaluablechemicals.”
Practical concerns
Thefinalcomponentoftheworkfocusesonanotherpracticalproblem:thechemicalsthatthebacteriamakecanharmandevenkillthem.“It’sbeennearly100yearssinceabutanol-producingfermentationwasfirstdiscoveredandcommercialized,”saysDavidR.Nielsen,apostdoctoralfellowinchemicalengineeringwhoworkswithPrather.“Butthedevelopmentofeconomicallyviablesystemshasbeenlimitedlargelybecauseevenfairlylowconcentrationsofbutanolinhibit
Protecting butanol-producing organisms from toxicity
Thisgraphdemonstratestheabilityofpolymerresinbeadstoadsorbbutanol,therebyprotectingthebacteriathataremakingitfromitstoxicity.Inaculturewithoutbeads(triangles),theadditionofconcentratedbutanolat7hoursstopsthegrowthofbutanol-producingE. coli.Whenbeadsofamaterialwithmoderateaffinitytobutanolarepresent(circles),cellgrowthalsostopsbutatahigherlevel.Whenthebeadshaveahighaffinitytobutanol(diamonds),cellgrowthcontinuesevenafterthebutanolisadded.Indeed,growthfollowsalmostthesamepathwayexhibitedbycellsinacontrolexperimentwithouttheaddedbutanolortheresinbeads(dashedline).Measurementsofbutanolconcentrationsat9hoursconfirmtheeffectivenessofthehigh-affinitybeadsinremovingbutanolfromthesystem.
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organismsthatnaturallyproducebutanolfromproducingmore.”
Tosolvethatproblem,hehasbeenlookingatwaystoremovethebutanolfromtheproductmixassoonasitforms.Hehasbeenexperimentingwiththeuseofsmallbeadsofpolymerresinsthatselectivelyadsorbbutanolinsolutions.
Inonesetofexperiments,hetestedtheeffectivenessoftwoofthoseresinsinremovingbutanolfromgrowingcultures.Asamodelorganism,heusedthebacteriumE. coli,geneticallyengineeredtomakebutanolandculturedinglucose.Hemeasuredthebacteria’sgrowthovertime(incelldensitypervolume),withandwithouttheadditionofbutanol(20g/L)after7hours.Forreference,healsoranacontrolexperimentthatshowshowthecellsgrowwithouttheaddedbutanolortheresinbeads.(Inthatexperiment,growthlevelsoffatabout10hoursbecausethecellshaverunoutoftheirgrowthsubstrate,glucose.)
Resultsareshowninthefigureonpage9.Inthesamplewithnoresinbeads(triangles),thebacteriastoppedgrowingassoonasthebutanolwasadded,andcelldensitythendeclinedovertime.Insamplescontainingbeadswithamoderateaffinitytobutanol(circles),growthalsostoppedonadditionofthebutanolbutatasome-whathighercelldensity.Butinthesamplescontainingthehigh-affinitybeads(diamonds),thebacteriacontin-uedtogrow,followingalmostthesamepathwayassamplesgrownwithouttheaddedbutanol(dashedline).Measurementsofbutanolconcentra-tionsat9hours—2hoursafteradditionofthebutanol—showthatonlythehigh-affinitybeadsreducedthebutanoltowellbelow10g/L,thelevelatwhich
theresearchersbegintoobserveimpactsonthegrowthandviabilityofE. coliinotherexperiments.
Inotherwork,NielsenmeasuredhowmuchbutanolClostridiumproducedinsampleswithandwithouttheaddedresinbeads.Intheabsenceofthebeads,thebacteriaproduced170mgofbutanol.Butwhenthebeadswerepresent,butanolproductionwasashighas487mg—nearlyatriplingoftheproduct.Becausethebeadssuccessfullyremovedthebutanolfromthesolution,thecellswerenotinhibitedintheirproduction.
Furtheranalysisshowsthatthebutanol-ladenpolymerbeadscaneasilybeseparatedfromtherestoftheculture,thebutanolremovedbyvaporization,andthebeadsreinsertedintosubse-quentcultures—atleastthreetimeswithnodegradationinperformance.Preliminaryestimatessuggestthatremovingthebutanolfromthebeadsshouldtakeroughly80%lessenergythanexpendedwhenusingaconven-tionaldistillationprocess.
OnelimitationofNielsen’sstudywasthatheusedonlycommerciallyavailablematerials.“Infutureworkwe’dliketotailorthechemicalandphysicalcharacteristicsofpolymerstobestdealwithspecificmoleculesofinterest,”hesays.Developingalibraryof“designer”polymerswouldbeanexpensiveundertaking,butitwouldprovidepowerfultoolsfortheinsiturecoveryofproducts—ausefulcapabilityforresearcherswhoaredevelopingneworganismsandnovelprocessesformakingbiofuelsandothervaluablechemicals.
• • •
By Nancy Stauffer, MITEI
This research was supported by the Synthetic Biology Engineering Research Center funded by the National Science Foundation as well as by a seed grant from the MIT Energy Initiative. David R. Nielsen received fellowship assistance from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. More information can be found in:
H-C. Tseng, C. Martin, D. Nielsen, and K. Prather. “Metabolic engineering and Escherichia coli for enhanced production (R)- and (S)-3-hydroxybutyrate.” Applied and Environmental Microbiology, May 2009, pp. 3137–3145.
D. Nielsen, E. Leonard, S-H. Yoon, H-C. Tseng, C. Yuan, and K. Prather. “Engineering alternative butanol production platforms in heterologous bacteria.” Metabolic Engineer-ing, 2009, doi:10.1016/j.ymben.2009.05.003.
D. Nielsen and K. Prather. “In situ product recovery of n-butanol using polymeric resins.” Biotechnology and Bioengineering, v. 102, no. 3, February 15, 2009, pp. 811–821.
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Clean coal: New plant design promises carbon capture, efficiency, no atmospheric emissionsMITresearchershavedesignedanovelcoal-firedpowerplantthatcancaptureessentiallyallofitscarbondioxide(CO2)andotheratmosphericemissions;canproducemorewaterthanitconsumes;andismorefuelefficientthananycomparablecoalplantnowrunningorbeingplanned,withorwithoutcarboncapture.Thenewplant,whichcombinescoalgasificationandsolidoxidefuelcells(SOFCs),willbeexpen-sivetobuild;butifnewfederalpoliciesputevenalowpriceoncarbonemis-sions,thenewdesignwouldbecomecostcompetitive.
“Large-scaleimplementationofourdesignshouldbepossiblewithinafewyears,”saysresearcherPaulI.Barton,professorofchemicalengineering.“WheretostorethecapturedCO2andhowmuchstoragespaceisavailablearestillmajorissues.Iseeourdesignaspartofamedium-termsolutionthatwillletuskeepusingcoalwhilewedevelopcarbon-freeenergytechnologies.”
Theworld’srelianceoncoaltomeetitsenergyneedsisexpectedtocontinueforsometime.Buttoday’scoal-firedpowerplantsgeneratesignificantquantitiesofgreenhousegases.IntheUnitedStates,forexample,suchpowerplantsareresponsibleforfullyathirdofthenation’stotalCO2emissionsfromfossilfueluse.Astheworldwideconstructionanduseofcoal-firedplantscontinuetogrowrapidly,findingawaytorestrictthoseemissionsiscriti-cal.Asdescribedinthe2007MITstudyThe Future of Coal(web.mit.edu/coal/),theanswerliesincapturingCO2frompowerplantsandothersourcesandthenstoringitindeepgeologicalbasins—atechnologyknownascarboncaptureandsequestration(CCS).
CapturingtheCO2is,however,achallenge.Inconventionalcoal-fired
powerplants—includingthosenowbeingbuiltinChina—pulverizedcoalisburnedinair,generatingelectricityplusexhaustthatcontainsCO2,water,andnitrogen.ButseparatingrelativelysmallamountsofCO2fromnitrogenisextremelyenergyintensive.Toreducetheenergyintensity,theintegratedgasificationcombinedcycle(IGCC)process—anoptionfavoredbymanyexperts—removestheCO2beforecombustionoccurs.Coalisgasified,theCO2isremovedbyabsorption,andhydrogencombustioninairpowersanelectricity-generatinggasturbine.However,theequipmentusedtoabsorbandregeneratetheCO2ismassive,expensive,andenergyconsuming.
Ayearago,BartonandhiscolleagueThomasA.AdamsII,apostdoctoralassociateinchemicalengineering,decidedtotryadifferentapproach:generatingelectricitywithoutevermixingtheairandthefuel.“I’dbeenworkingwithsolidoxidefuelcellsandsuddenlyrealizedthatthosefuelcellscandojustwhatweneed:mixoxygenwiththefuelbutkeeptherestoftheair—includingthenitrogen—separated,”Bartonsays.
“ByreplacingthecombustionsectionofthepowerplantwiththeSOFC,wecanactuallychangetheentiresystemsothatwe’reabletorecovertheCO2veryeasily,”saysAdams.Moreover,theelectricityisgeneratedbyelectro-chemicalreactions,aprocessthatisinherentlymoreefficientthanburningfueltopoweraturbine.
TheMITdesignisshownonpage12.ThefirstfewstepsarethesameasintheIGCCprocess.Coalpluswaterandoxygenenteragasifier,wheretheyareconvertedto“syngas,”amixturethatislargelycarbonmonoxide,hydrogen,water,andCO2.Nextcomes
thewater-gasshiftreaction,whichproduceshydrogengasandmoreCO2.IntheIGCCprocessthoseproductswouldthenentertheabsorptionsystem,butinBartonandAdams’sdesigntheyinsteadenteranSOFC.
Likeallfuelcells,theSOFCconsistsoftwochambers—hereseparatednotbyaporousmembranebutratherbyasolidoxideelectrolyte.Productsofthewater-gasshiftreactionenteronechamber(theanodeside)whileairisinjectedintotheother(thecathodeside).Inmostfuelcells,thefuelwouldthenmigratethroughamembranetotheairontheotherside.ButinanSOFC,oxygenionsareconductedinthereversedirectionthroughthesolidelectrolytetothefuel,leavingtherestoftheairbehind.Theoxygenandfuelreact,generatingelectricityandawastestreamconsistinglargelyofCO2andwatervapor.Thoseproductsthenenteracondenserandaseriesof“flashdrums,”wherechangesintemperatureandpressurecauseliquidwatertosettletothebottomandCO2vaportorisetothetop,whereitentersapipeline.Ontheothersideofthefuelcell,theexhauststreamissimplyair,somewhatdepletedinoxygen.Innovations and benefits
Otherresearchershaveproposedsystemsthatcombinecoalgasificationandfuelcells.ButtheMITSOFCdesignincludestwoinnovations.Firstistheinclusionofthewater-gasshiftreaction.Withoutthatstep,carbonmonoxidegoesdirectlyintothefuelcell.Overtime,blackcarbondepositswillbuildupandinterferewithfuelcelloperation.WhileMIT’sSOFCprocesscanbebuiltwithexistingtechnology,otherdesignswillhavetowaituntilcarbon-resistantfuelcellmaterialscanbetestedanddemonstrated.
12 | Energy Futures | MIT Energy Initiative | Autumn 2009
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ThenewMITdesignreplacesthecombustionsectionofaconventionalpowerplantwithasolidoxidefuelcell.Benefitsincludeeasyrecoveryofcarbondioxide,removalofallatmosphericpollutants,littleornowaterconsumption,andhighplantefficiency.
Anothermajorinnovation—usefulinmanytypesofprocesses—isanimprovedmethodofseparatingtheCO2andwater.AccordingtoAdams,thegeneralassumptionthatasuddendropintemperaturewillachieveacleanseparationisincorrectbecauseofthehighpressuresprevailingingasifica-tion/fuelcellsystems.UnlesstheCO2andwatervapormixtureisatatmo-sphericpressure,thedropintempera-turewillleaveexcessiveCO2intheliquidwaterthatforms.ButadroptoatmosphericpressurewillleavewaterintheCO2—acorrosivemixturethatcandamagethepipeline.Worsestill,itwilltakeconsiderableenergytocom-presstheCO2backuptothehighpressureneededforinjectionintothe
pipeline.SoAdamspreparedanewdesigninvolvingacondenserandaseriesofflashdrums,eachoneatalowerpressurethantheonebeforeit.Thesystemrequireslittleenergytooperate,andtheproductswillbenearlypurestreamsofwaterandofCO2—withmostoftheCO2stillathighpressure.
TheresearchershaveperformeddetailedsimulationsoftheirSOFCprocess,andthepotentialbenefitsitoffersaremany.TheSOFCplantshouldcapturemorethan99.95%ofthecarboninthecoalasCO2,whichiswellabovetheoften-soughtgoalof90%CO2capture.Indeed,thetotalatmosphericemissionsfromtheSOFCsystemareessentiallyzero,saysAdams.
Asecondbenefitoftheprocessisitshighefficiency.Usingsimulationsplussurveysofexistingplants,theresearchersestimatedefficienciesfortraditionalpulverizedcoal(PC),IGCC,andSOFCplants,withoutandwithcarboncapture.Thecoolingstrategyusedaffectsoverallefficiency,sotheanalysesconsideredtwooptions:coolingtowers(asysteminwhichwaterisconsumedforcooling)andaircooling(asystemthatusesairinsteadofwater).
Assumingcoolingtowersbutnocarboncapture,theSOFC-basedpowerplantachievesabout45%efficiency—significantlyhigherthanaPCplantat36%–39%andanIGCCat38%–41%.
Gasifier
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(Thesenumbersdependonthetypeofcoalusedandhowitisgasified,amongotherfactors.)WhenCCScapabilityisincluded,thePCefficiencydropsby9–12percentagepointsandtheIGCCby4–7,whiletheSOFCefficiencyisreducedbylessthan1percentagepoint.Evenwiththewater-savingair-coolingsystem,theSOFCplantismoreefficientthantheotheroptions,withorwithoutcarboncapture.
AnotherbenefitoftheSOFCisitsminimalwaterconsumption.Assumingtheuseofcoolingtowers,conventionalPCplantsconsumingabout5,500tonnesofcoalperday(roughly600–700MWofpoweroutput,depend-ingonthetechnology)useasmuchas11billionlitersofwaterperyear—aseriousprobleminregionswherewaterisavaluable,fought-overcommodity.AnIGCCplantrequires30%lessfreshwater,whiletheSOFCplantrequiresnearly50%less.
Buttherealreductioncomeswithaircooling.Indeed,usingaircooling,theSOFCcanbeanetwaterproducer.Evenafterrecyclingwatertomeetalltheneedsoftheplant,therewillbeasurplusofabout1billionlitersperyear—andaccordingtoAdams’scalcu-lations,thatwatershouldbealmostpureenoughtodrink.
Costs and timing
TheresearchersarestillworkingtodevelopreliablecostestimatesfortheirSOFCpowerplant—ataskmadedifficultbystill-evolvingcostprojec-tionsfortheSOFCfuelcelltechnology.BuildingtheSOFCplantwillbeexpensive,butthehighefficiencyandresultinglowoperatingcostsmaycombinetomaketheoverallcostofgeneratingelectricitylowerwiththeSOFCtechnologythanwiththeIGCC.
Ifbothtechnologiesincorporatecarboncapture,theSOFCistheeconomicwinner.Andifacap-and-tradepolicygoesintoeffect,theSOFCprocesswouldbeeconomicallycompetitiveatcarbonpricesof$5–$10pertonne—muchlowerthantheroughly$50–$60pertonnenowbeingdiscussedinCongressandbeingrejectedastoohighbymostpowercompanies.
Althoughlarge-scalesolidoxidefuelcellshavenotyetbeenbuilt,companiesarenowcompetingtoproducea1MWfuelcellunit—agoalthatAdamsthinkswillbeachievedinthenexttwoyears.Theseunitscaneasilybestackedandinterconnectedtoproducea500MWpowerplant.“Insteadofhavingafewgiganticgasturbines,you’dhavehundredsofthesefuelcellunitsinstacksandrows,”saysAdams.“Andifafewofthefuelcellsfailed,youwouldn’thavetoshutdowntheplant,asyouwouldifthemaingasturbineinyourplantmalfunctioned.”
“We’rereallyexcitedaboutthisnewdesign,”saysAdams.“We’vecrunchedallthenumberstothepointthatwecanbeconfidentthatwecanactuallydothisinpractice.”
• • •
By Nancy Stauffer, MITEI
This research was supported by BP under the BP-MIT Advanced Conversion Research Program. The program is part of the agree-ment under which BP became the inaugural Founding member of the MIT Energy Initiative.
14 | Energy Futures | MIT Energy Initiative | Autumn 2009
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Profile: The Eni-MIT Solar Frontiers Center
TheEni-MITSolarFrontiersCenter(SFC),establishedinJuly2008,isthecenterpieceofaclosecollaborationbetweenEniandMITthatwasformal-izedinFebruary2008whenEnibecameaFoundingmemberoftheMITEnergyInitiative(MITEI).SFCresearchfocusesondevelopingadvancedsolartech-nologies,withprojectsrangingfromnovelphotovoltaicmaterialstosolarhydrogenproductiontothedesignofoptimizedsolarpowerplants.SnapshotsofongoingSFCprojectsbegininthenextcolumn.
TheresearchactivitiesoftheSFCareoverseenbyitsco-directors,VladimirBulovic,theKDDAssociateProfessorofCommunicationsandTechnologyintheDepartmentofElectricalEngineer-ingandComputerScience,andDanielG.Nocera,theHenryDreyfusProfessorofEnergyandprofessorofchemistry.Eni’son-campusrepresentativeisMITVisitingScientistNicolaDeBlasio,vicepresidentforR&DInternationalDevelopment.
TheSFCrecentlyannouncedtheappointmentofCliftonG.FonstadJr.,theVitesseProfessorofElectricalEngineering,asexecutivedirector.Fonstadisresponsiblefororganizingthecenter’son-campusactivities,includingsettingupanongoingsemi-narseriesandidentifyingandrunningotheroutreachevents.HeisalsoparticipatinginMIT-Enidiscussionsaboutestablishingsharedresearchfacilitiesoncampus.
InadditiontotheSFC,EnisupportsMITresearchprojectsthatspantheenergyspectrumfromtraditionaloilandgastomethanehydratestoglobalchangetotransportationoptions.
Nanostructured thin-film photovoltaicsVladimirBulovic,Electrical Engineering
and Computer ScienceMoungiBawendi,ChemistrySilvijaGradecak,Materials Science
and EngineeringFrancescoStellacci,Materials Science
and EngineeringMichaelStrano,Chemical EngineeringTimothySwager,Chemistry
Thisprojectaimstodeveloptechniquesforfabricatinglow-costphotovoltaic(PV)devicesatroomtemperatureoverlargeareasthatcanachieve12%conversionefficiency.Thedevicesconsistofthinfilmsofquantumdots,polymers,organicmolecules,metaloxides,orothermaterialscontrolledatthenanoscale.Insomecases,thePVcellshavemultiplelayers,eachtunedtocaptureaspecificportionofthesolarspectrumandassembledtominimizeenergylosswithinthecell.Someversionsaresyntheticstructuresthatmimicnaturalbiologicalfunctionssuchasself-assemblyandself-repair.Theoverallresultshouldberobustthin-filmPVdevicesthatcombineefficientperformance,low-costmanu-facturing,andlonglifetimes.
Materials genome: Materials design for solar energy technologyGerbrandCeder,Materials Science
and EngineeringNicolaMarzari,Materials Science
and EngineeringDonaldSadoway,Materials Science
and EngineeringTroyVanVoorhis,Chemistry
Thedevelopmentofnewtechnologiesforsolarenergycaptureandstoragedependscriticallyonthedevelopmentofnew,innovativematerials—aprocess
thatistypicallyextremelyslow.Tohelpacceleratethatprocess,thisprojectisformulatingacomputationalmethodologyforpredictingtheelec-tronic,structural,andthermodynamicpropertiesofmaterialsforsolarenergycaptureandstorage.Thenewmethod-ologycombinedwithanenvironmentforvirtualdesignandtestingwillpermithundredstothousandsofmaterialsandstructurestoberapidlyandsystem-aticallyevaluatedfortheirpotentialperformanceindevices.CollaboratingexperimentalteamsworkingonEni-MITprojectswillusethenewmethodologytoacceleratethedesignofviablematerialsanddevicesforsolarenergy.Whilethisprojectfocusesonsolartechnology,themethodologywillprovevaluabletomaterialsinnovationwellbeyondthatfield.
Paper-thin solar cellsKarenGleason,Chemical EngineeringTonioBuonassisi,Mechanical
EngineeringVladimirBulovic,Electrical Engineering
and Computer ScienceJingKong,Electrical Engineering
and Computer ScienceMichaelStrano,Chemical Engineering
Polymersprovideextraordinaryoppor-tunitiesforcreatingconductingandsemi-conductingthinfilmsthatcanbeintegratedintoflexible,paper-thindevices.Thisworkusesnew,scalablechemicalvapordepositiontechniques—developedatMIT—tofabricatesolvent-freepolymerthinfilmsandusethemincombinationwithinorganicmaterialstocreateprototypesofefficientandenvironmentallystablePVs.Usingthesenoveldepositionmethods,theresearchteamwillsystematicallytunepropertiesofthedepositedthinfilms;createcoatingsofuniformthicknessoverlargeareas,includingtheirregularsurfacesofflexiblesubstrates;and
Research projects in the SFC
Autumn 2009 | MIT Energy Initiative | Energy Futures | 15
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achievehighpurityofmaterialsandpreciseinterfacedefinition.Thislow-cost,low-temperature,low-energy-consumptiontechniquecanalsobeusedtodepositfilmsthatareintegratedintodevicesinwhichlayersofnano-materialscombinetoboostefficiency.
Self-assembly of nanomaterials for low-cost, flexible, large-area solar cellsPaulaHammond,Chemical EngineeringAngelaBelcher,Biological Engineering
and Materials Science and Engineering
Thin,lightweightsolarcellsthatcanbeincorporatedatlowcostonvarioussubstrates,particularlyflexiblesubstratessuchasplasticfilmsorfabrics,arepromisingforcommercialapplicationsforportableoreasilydeployablepowersourcesaswellasstationaryenergyneeds.Promisingoptionsareorganicandorganic-inorganichybriddevicessuchasdye-sensitizedsolarcellsandbulkhetero-junctioncells.However,achievingthefullpotentialofsuchdevicesrequiresengineeringthemwithnanometer-levelcontroltooptimizetheinterfacesandmaterialspropertiesforhighpowerefficiencies.Thisprojectwillconstructsuchdevicesusingbio-inspiredself-assemblymethods,inexpensivematerials,andlow-cost,facileprocess-ingtechniquesthatcanbereadilycommercialized.Thetechniquescanbeappliedtobothlarge,macroscalesystemsandmicrofabricatedstructuresonsurfaces.
Water splitting: The artificial leafDanielNocera,ChemistryChristopherCummins,ChemistryKlavsJensen,Chemical EngineeringYangShao-Horn,Mechanical
Engineering
Thisprojectaddressesoneoftheoutstanding“holygrails”ofscienceinthe21stcentury—theefficientandeconomicalstorageofsolarenergyintheformoffuels.Thegoalistoimitatephotosynthesis,theprocessbywhichplantsseparatewaterintohydrogenandoxygenusingsolarlightastheenergyinput.TheproposeddeviceusesaPVtocaptureandconvertabsorbedlightintocharge-separatedholesandelectrons.Speciallydesignedcatalystswillcapturetheholesandelectronsandusethemtotransformwaterintoitschemicalconstituents,hydrogenandoxygen.Theenergyofthoseproductswillbereleasedinafuelcell,whichrecombinesthehydrogenandoxygentoformwatertostarttheprocessagain.Thisadvancewilldeliverwater—withsolarlightasaninput—asarenewable,environmentallybenignstoragevehicleforthefuture.
Maximizing return on investment in solar thermal plantsAlexanderSlocum,Mechanical
Engineering
Thisprojectwillcreateanovelparabolictroughconcentratedsolarpower(CSP)systemthatiseconomicaltobuild,install,andoperate,allowingahigherreturnoninvestmentcomparedtoaconventionalCSPplant.Itusesstampedmetaltroughsectionswithareflectivecoating,wherethetroughitselfactsasthestructure.Smallelectricmotorsrotatethetroughstokeepthempointedatthesun.Forstorage,aconventionalnitratesalttanksystemcanbeheatedbythermaloilfromthereceivertubes.
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Lefttoright,NicolaDeBlasio,vicepresidentforR&DInternationalDevelopmentatEniandMITvisitingscientist;ProfessorErnestMoniz,directoroftheMITEnergyInitiative;andProfessorCliftonFonstadJr.,executivedirectoroftheSolarFrontiersCenter.
16 | Energy Futures | MIT Energy Initiative | Autumn 2009
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Energy-efficient lighting: Bringing in daylight while controlling heat and glare
MITEIseedgrantproject
Architectsanddesignerscouldsignifi-cantlyreducethefutureenergyneedsoftheirnewandrenovatedbuildingsbyusingnovelwindowsystemsthatbringinmoredaylight,filteroutheat,controlglare,andmore.Butdetailedinforma-tionaboutsuchsystemscanbehardtofindandevenhardertounderstand.MITresearchersarenowdevelopinganonline“searchandselection”toolthatwillcontainreadilyunderstandableinformationonwelloverahundredwindowsystemsandanavigationtoolthatwillguideuserstothosethatbestsuittheircurrentproject.
BuildingsconsumemorethanathirdofalltheenergyusedintheUnitedStates,and25%–40%ofthatthirdisusedforlighting.Increasingtheuseofnaturallighting(daylighting)inplaceofelectriclightingcouldbringsignificantenergysavings.“Dependingonthesituation,agooddaylightingstrategycanreducetheneedforenergy-consumingelectriclightingby20%to80%,accordingtocurrentresearchliterature,”saysMarilyneAndersen,associateprofessorofarchitectureandamemberofMIT’sBuildingTechnologyProgram.
Butitisnotsosimple.Withthedaylightcancomesolarradiationandglare,whichcanmakeoccupantsuncomfort-ableenoughtoturnuptheaircondi-tionerorpulldowntheshadesandturnonthelights.
Manynew“fenestrationsystems”havebeendesignedtosolvethoseproblems,buttheyarenotwidelyused,largelybecausearchitectsanddesignershaveahardtimefindingoutaboutthem,accordingtoAndersen.Inthepast,architectswereactivelyengagedinthedevelopmentofbuildingsystemsandmaterials.Butinrecentdecades,suchsystemsandmaterialshavereliedmoreandmoreonsophisticatedtechnologi-
caladvances.Asaresult,thecharacter-isticsandperformanceofnewproductsareoftendescribedintechnicalpublica-tionsusingnumericaldata—notwellsuitedtoarchitectsanddesigners,whoareusedtoworkingwithmorevisualrepresentations.
Andersen’scolleagueRosaUrbano—anarchitect,PhDcandidateatEscuelaTécnicaSuperiordeArquitecturadeMadrid,andvisitingstudentinMIT’sDepartmentofArchitecture—experiencedthisproblemfirsthand.“AtthebeginningofmyresearchIhadtoworkonafaçadeprojectanddidn’tknowwhatadvancedlight-controlmaterialstouse,”saysUrbano.“WhenIstartedtoread,Irealizedthatalltheinformationwasnotonlywidelydispersedbutalsogenerallycrypticandhardtounderstandifyouarenotaphysicist.”
TogetherAndersenandUrbanodecidedthattheywouldpullinformationonlightand“sun-control”productstogetherandpresentitinawaythatarchitectsanddesignerscanuse.Theirtool,calledDatabaseofLightInteractingTechnologiesforEnvelopes,orD-LITE(www.d-lite.org/),includesacompre-hensivedirectorythat—whendataentryiscompleted—willcontainextensiveinformationon160products.
Tomaketheinformationuser-friendly,theyhavedevelopedvisualmethodsofexpressingtechnicalaspectsandperformancedata—apresentationthatisintuitiveandwellmatchedtothedecisionsthatanarchitectislikelytomakeinarealisticdesignprocess.Finally,theyhavecreatedaninteractivenavigationtoolthatcanguideausertoalimitedsetofoptionsthataresuitablefortheprojectathand.
Navigating the database
Thefiguretotherightshowsthe“searchinterface”fornavigatingthedatabase.Thebuttonsinthetwocolumnsattheleftactasfilterstonarrowdowntheavailableoptions.The“mainfunctions”choicesaddressthelikelyreasonsthatadesignerwouldbeconsideringanadvancedfenestrationsystemratherthanstan-darddouble-glazedwindows.Theymaywanttoreduceglare,getdaylighttocomefartherintotheroom,controlsolarheating,ensuretheoccupants’privacy—ortheymaywanttoachieveacombinationofthosegoals.Therestofthetwo-columnlistcontainsotheraestheticandpracticalconsider-ationsthatthearchitectcanselectasimportantinhisorhercurrentproject.
Eachofthe53hexagonsattherightrepresentsafamilyofproductsthatfulfillthesamesetoffiltersandhavesimilarfunctionandapplicationcharac-teristics.Thecolorsofthehexagonsshowwhichofthemainfunctionstheproductsinthatfamilyfulfill.
Tobegin,theusermakesselectionsamongthefunctionsandfilters.Assearchfiltersgetactivated,hexagonsrepresentingproductsthatdonotmeettheneedsareeliminatedfromthematrix.“Themorerequirementstheuserstipulates,themoreaccuratetheoutcomewillbe,hencethemoresuitablefortheparticularapplication,”saysAndersen.
Havingcompletedtheselectionprocess,theusercanclickonanyofthehexa-gonsthatremainandgetapop-upwindowpresentingpicturesofseveralproductsthatqualify.Byclickingoneofthosepictures,theusergetstothedescriptionpageforasinglelight-interactingproduct,repletewith
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Search interface that enables users to find suitable products in the Database of Light Interacting Technologies for Envelopes (D-LITE)
informationpresentedinahighlyvisualandintuitivefashion.
Thepageincludesadetaileddescriptionoftheproduct;linkstothecompaniesorresearchinstitutesthatdevelopedandsupplyit;anddrawingsthatshowhowitlooks,howitworks,andhowitshouldbeinstalled.Wherepossible,casestudiesshowexamplesofprojectswheretheproducthasbeenused,withdescriptions,photos,andlinkstothearchitecturalfirmsordesignersinvolved.Finally,aninteractivegraphenablestheusertocomparetheselectedproducttoothersinthematrixonsuchmeasuresascost,lighttrans-mission,lightreflection,thermalbehavior,andpowerconsumptionorproduction.
Ahighlightoftheproductdescriptionpageisaseriesofphotosshowinghowthewindowsystemaffectslightenteringaroom.Totakethephotos,theMITresearchersusedspecialequipmentintheMITDaylightingLabthatenablesthemtotestscalemodelswithincominglightreplicatingthesunatthreepositions.Onthewebsite,theusercanclickonthephotostoseehowtheangleofincidence—25,50,or75degrees—affectsthepathwayoftheincominglight,sometimesaimingitdownwardandsometimessendingitdeepintotheroom.
Photosfromonesuchtestappearonpage18.Inthisseries,theleftandcenterphotosshowlightenteringawindowattheleftoftheroom.Theangleofincidenceis50degrees.Inthe
leftphoto,thewindowcontainsclearglassasareferencecase.Inthecenterphoto,thewindowisasampleofaproductprovidedbyitsmanufacturer.Thechangeinthedistributionoflightwithintheroomisstriking.
Theright-handphotoshowstheviewlookingthroughthewindowsystematatree.Withthisproduct,thetreeappearsquiteclear.However,withotherproductsitcanlookhazyordistorted.Althoughthatinformationisimportanttoadesigner,itisseldomavailablebecausecapturingitinacomputersimulationisdifficult.Withthedatabase,adesignercangetafirsthandlookatthe“viewout.”
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Performance of advanced window system in scale model
Theinformationpageforeachwindowsysteminthedatabaseincludesaseriesofphotosshowingtheproduct’simpactonthedistributionofincominglightinascalemodelroom.Inthesamplesabove,theleftphotoshowsthereferencecasewithclearglassandanincidentsunangleof50degrees.Thecenterphotoshowsthesameconditionsbutwiththelightenteringthroughasampleproductprovidedbyamanufacturer.Theright-handphotoshowstheviewoutthroughthesampleproduct.
“Wehopethatourdatabaseandsearchtoolwillleadtowideruseofadvancedwindowsystems,whichcansaveenergy,reduceemissions,andensurethecomfortandwell-beingofbuildingoccupants,”saysUrbano.“Andbymakingthesearcheasy,wehopetoencouragearchitectsanddesignerstostartplanningtheirlightingfromthebeginningsoit’swellintegratedintotheoveralldesignprocess.”
Other perspectives, opportunities
D-LITEisjustoneavenuethatAndersenandherstudentsarepursuingtoencouragetheuseofadvancedwindowsystems.TheyarealsodevelopingLightsolve(daylighting.mit.edu/research.php),aninteractivesimulationtoolforanalyzingandincreasingthedaylightingpotentialofproject-specificdesigndecisions,suchaswindowtype,arrangement,shadingstrategy,andmaterialchoice.Takingintoaccountthelocation-specificclimateandchangesinlightthroughouttheyear,thesimulationgeneratesinformationthatwillhelpdesignersachievethedelicatebalancebetweenilluminationandvisualand
thermalcomfort.Theresearchersarealsoworkingtodevelopnewperfor-mancemetricsandcalculationmethodsthatwillenablearchitectsandotherstogeneraterealisticestimatesofthepotentialforadvancedwindowsystemstoreduceenergyuseforlighting,heating,andcoolingaswellastoproduceotherbenefitssuchasvisualandthermalcomfort,health,andproductivity.
Finally,incollaborationwiththeMITMuseum,AndersenandUrbanohavebeendevelopinganovelconceptforamuseumexhibitionthatwillletarchitects,designers,andthegeneralpublicexperiencefirsthandavarietyofstate-of-the-artfaçadetechnologiesforadvanceddaylightingcontrol.Theexhibitionwillconsistofaseriesofroundenclosureshousinginstallationsofthesematerials.Visitorswillbeabletowalkthroughthespace,interactingwiththetechnologieswhilelearningthebasicprinciplesofdaylightinganditspotentialforsavingenergyandincreasingsustainability.“Peoplewillbeabletoexperienceandcomparetheeffectsofmanynewsystemsonlight
forthefirsttime,”saysUrbano.“Lightisveryperceptual,andthisexhibitionwillprovidepeoplewithanimmersiveandsensibleexperience.”
• • •
By Nancy Stauffer, MITEI
Research on D-LITE was supported by MIT, the Fulbright Program, Harvard University’s Committee on General Scholarships, a seed grant from the MIT Energy Initiative, and the Fundación Caja Madrid. MITEI seed funds are also supporting the work to develop new performance metrics for assessing the energy-savings potential of leading-edge façade technologies. More information is available on the Building Technology Program at bt.mit.edu/ and on the Daylighting Lab at daylighting.mit.edu/.
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InpoorruralregionsofIndia,traditionalcookingstoves(left)burningfirewoodordunginsidehomeswithlittleventilationcausedangerouslyhighlevelsofindoorairpollution.Topreventsuchpollutionandassociatedhealthimpacts,aruraldevelopmentorganizationhasbeenprovidingsmokelessstovestothousandsoffamiliessince2006.Thenewstove—shownaboverightwithsimmeringfood—ismoldedoutoflocalmudandincludesachimneythatventspollutantsoutdoors.
Cleaner stoves, better health in rural India
EarlyresultsfromanMIT-ledstudyconfirmthataprogramprovidingcleancookingstovestothousandsoffamiliesinIndiaisimprovingtherespiratoryhealthofwomenandchildren.Byventingsmokeandunburnedparticlesoutdoors,thenewstovesreduceindoorairpollution,aleadingcauseofillnessanddeathinpoorruralregionsofmanydevelopingcountries.
On-the-groundworkinIndiaidentifiedtwowaystoimprovetheprogram’seffectiveness:bychangingthestovedesigntoreducethehighfrequencyofbreakageandbyidentifyinga“gooduser”ineachvillagewhocanteachothervillagershowtouseandmaintaintheirnewstovesproperly.
“Thestudy’sfindingswillbeparticularlyimportantforpolicymakersbecauseitisanassessmentofarealprogramthatalreadyexistsandcouldbescaleduporeasilyreplicated,”notesprojectleaderEstherDuflo,theAbdulLatifJameelProfessorofPovertyAlleviationandDevelopmentEconomicsatMIT.
Halftheworld’spopulationcontinuestorelyonfirewood,dung,andcropresidueforcookingandheating.Inpoorcountries,upto95%ofpeopleusethosefuels,frequentlyburningthemintraditionalcookingstovesinsidetheirhomeswithlittleventilation.Theresultisdangerouslyhighlevelsofindoorairpollutionthatposeaserioushealththreat,especiallyforwomenandchildren,whospendconsiderabletimenearthecookingstove.
Tocombatthatproblem,manyorgani-zationsandgovernmentsadvocatethedistributionofimprovedcookingstoves.InIndia,forexample,GramVikas,aruraldevelopmentorganization,beganastovedistributionprogramin2006inOrissa,oneofthepooreststatesinthe
country.The“smokeless”stovesintheirprogramhavebeenshowntoburnlessfuelthantraditionalstovesdo,andtheyincludeachimneythatventsthesmokeoutdoors.
“Inprinciple,you’dthinkthatjustputtingachimneyinandtakingthepollutionoutsidewouldhelpalot,”saysDuflo.“That’sthetechnologysolutiontotheproblem.Butdoesitactuallydoanygood?Dopeopleusethestovesandmaintainthemproperly?Andisthereactuallyanyimpactonhealth?”
DesigningandperformingcontrolledfieldexperimentstoanswersuchquestionsisaspecialtyoftheAbdulLatifJameelPovertyActionLaboratory(J-PAL)atMIT.Co-foundedbyDufloin2003,J-PALseekstoprovidescientificevidencethatcanhelpassessandpotentiallyimprovepoliciestocombatpoverty.“Toshapegoodpolicy,wemustunderstandwhatcausestheprob-lemswe’retryingtocureandwhichcureswork,”notesDuflo,whoinSeptemberreceiveda2009MacArthurFellowship—theso-called“genius”grant—forherinnovativeapproachtohelpingalleviatepovertyworldwide.
Toevaluatetheeffectivenessofthecookingstoveprogram,DufloisworkingwithRemaN.Hanna,assistantprofessorofpublicpolicyattheJohnF.KennedySchoolofGovernment,HarvardUniversity,andMichaelB.Greenstone,the3MProfessorofEconomicsatMITandnowchiefeconomistoftheWhiteHouseCouncilofEconomicAdvisers.Theyareteam-ingupwithcollaboratorsatGramVikasandattheInstituteforFinancialManagementandResearch(IFMR)inChennai,thehomeofJ-PAL’sresearchpartnerforsouthAsia.
Scientific evidence of better health
Toestablishabaseline,GramVikasandtheCentreforMicrofinanceattheIFMRsurveyedalmost2,400householdsin40villagesinOrissa.Thesurvey,performedbetweenJanuaryandJuly2006,includedarangeofquestionsaboutwealthandincome,stovedesignanduse,andpeople’shealthstatusduringtheprevious30days.Eachpersonwasgivenashortphysicalexamination,includingmeasurementsofvariouslungfunctionsusingaspirometerandacarbonmonoxide(CO)analyzer.
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Inanalyzingthecollecteddata,Duflo,Hanna,andGreenstonefoundevidenceofaveryhighincidenceofrespiratoryillness.Aboutone-thirdoftheadultsandhalfofthechildrenhadexperiencedsymptomsofrespiratoryillnessinthe30daysprecedingthesurvey,with10%oftheadultsand20%ofthechildrenhavinghadaseriouscough.
Theanalysisshowedastrongcorrela-tionbetweenusingastovewithhighemissionsandimproperventilationandhavingsymptomsofrespiratoryillness.However,theresearcherscouldnotsayconclusivelythatthenegativehealthimpactswereduesolelytothepollutingstoves.Householdsthatchoosetouseacleanstovearealsolikelytobewealthier,toeatbetter,andtobemorehealthconscious—factorsthatwouldalsocontributetobetterhealth.
Todisentanglethoseeffects,J-PALisusinganapproachcalledrandomizedtesting.Itworksasfollows.Takealargegroupofpeopleandrandomlychoosesomeofthemtoreceive(forexample)cleanstoves.Afteraperiodoftime,testthehealthofeveryone.Withalargeenoughstudypopulation,thetwogroupswillbestatisticallyindistinguishable—exceptthattheonegroupwillhavehadthenewcookingstoves.Asaresult,anyobserveddifferenceinhealthcanbeattributedtouseoftheimprovedstoves.
ThedistributionofsmokelesscookingstovesbyGramVitaspresentedanidealopportunitytoperformthistypeoftesting.Withinagivenvillage,theorganizationdistributesstovesbasedonalottery.Winnersinthefirstlotteryreceivedtheirstovesin2006,winnersinthesecondroundin2008,andthe
remainingthirdofthevillagersaregettingthemnow.Becausethethreegroupsarefundamentallythesame,householdsinthethirdgroupcanserveasacomparisonforhouseholdsinthefirstgroup.
In2008,GramVikasandtheCentreforMicrofinanceperformedafollow-upsurvey.AlthoughDufloandhercol-leaguesarestillanalyzingdatafrombothsurveys,preliminaryresultsonthehealthimpactsofthenewstovesareencouraging.Inthisstudy,theconcentrationofCOinthebreathservesasameasureofrecentexposuretoairpollutionfrombiomasscombustion.(Becausethestudyareahasfewvehicles,industrialplants,orothersourcesofsuchpollution,theresearch-erscanassumethatelevatedCOinthebreathisduetocookingstoveemis-sions.)InitialfindingsshowthatwomenwhohavethecleanstovesarelesslikelytohavehighCOreadingsthanarewomenwhodonot—andthedifferenceisstatisticallysignificant.
Practical steps for greater benefits
The2008surveyalsopointstosomepracticalproblemsthatcanbeaddressedtomakethestoveprogrammoreeffective.Forexample,ofallthestovesthatwereinstalled,only60%werestillingoodoperatingcondition.Theresthadbroken.
Toinvestigatethatproblem,StephenRay,anMITgraduatestudentinmechanicalengineering,spentthesummeratGramVikasexaminingstoves.“Aftervisitingnumerousvillagesandobservinglotsofstoves,Istartedseeingpatternsinhowtheywerebreaking,”saidRay.“Mostoftenthechimneyswerebroken.They’dbeenknockeddownbychildrenoranimals,orthey’dcomeapartwhile
RepresentativesfromGramVikastestthelungfunctionsofachildinavillageinOrissa,India,wherecleancookingstoveshavebeendistributedtosomefamilies.ResultsfromsuchtestsareamongthescientificdatathatMITresearchersareusingtodeterminewhetherthestovedistributionprogramisactuallyimprovingpeople’shealth.Earlyresultsfromtheiranalysesareencouraging.
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beingcleaned.Sothere’dbeabrokenpipestickingoutofthestove,sendingallofthesmokeandotheremissionsrightintothekitchen.”Typicallytheproblemwaslackofsupport.Thechimneys—someofthem10feettall—weremadeofmultiplesectionsheldtogetheronlybyaclaycompound.
Basedonhisobservations,Raycameupwithdesignchangesthatwouldhelp.Forexample,whenmakinganewstove,hesuggestedrunningbamboopolesdownthebackofthechimneyandintotheclayatthebackofthestove.Foralreadyinstalledstoveshedevelopedseveraldesignsforattachingthechimneytosupportstructuressuchasthewallofthehouse.BeforeheleftIndia,hewasabletoretrofitanumberofstoves;andsixmonthslatertheywerestillingoodworkingorder.
Anotherproblemidentifiedinthesurveywasthatpeoplewhohadsmokelessstovesdidnotalwaysuseandmaintainthemproperly.Forexample,theymightputapotononlyoneofthestove’stwoopenings,leavingthesecondoneuncoveredsothatsmokecouldescape.Sometimestheydidnotcleanthechimney,anditbecameclogged.Andsometimestheyjustcontinuedtousetheirtraditionalstove,arguingthatthosestovescookedfasterandrequiredlessfuel.
Thecollaboratorsarenowdevelopinga“gooduser”systeminwhichtheyidentifyonewomanineachvillagewhoknowshowtouseandmaintainthestoveproperlyandiswillingtoteachotherstodothesame.Thegooduseralsoidentifiesandreportsprob-lemswiththestovestoGramVikas.
Duflosaysthereisstillmuchworktobedone.Inadditiontoanalyzingthedatafrombothsurveysforhealth
impacts,shealsowantstoexaminetheprogram’seffectsoneconomicwell-being.“Ifpeopleareinbetterhealth,householdsshouldhavetospendlessmoneyonmedicalcare,andtheyshouldbemoreproductive,withadultsmissingfewerdaysofworkandchildrenmissingfewerdaysofschool,”shesays.“Knowingtheeconomicbenefitsaswellascostsofthisprogramwillhelppolicymakersastheyconsiderhowaidmoneycanbeusedmostefficientlyandwhatkindsofprogramscanhavelong-termpositiveeffectsinthedevelopingworld.”
• • •
By Nancy Stauffer, MITEI
This research was funded by a seed grant from the MIT Energy Initiative; Institut Veolia Environnement; and ICICI Social Initiative Group. More information can be found in:
E. Duflo, M. Greenstone, and R. Hanna. “Indoor air pollution, health and economic well-being.” Surveys and Perspectives Integrating Environment & Society, v. 1, no. 1, January 1, 2008, pp. 1–9.
E. Duflo, M. Greenstone, and R. Hanna. “Cooking stoves, indoor air pollution and respiratory health in rural Orissa.” Economic & Political Weekly, v. 43, no. 32, pp. 71–76, 2008.
StephenRay,anMITgraduatestudentinmechanicalengineering,spentasummerexaminingsmokelesscookingstovesinpeople’shomestoseewhytheyhadsuchatendencytobreak.Hefoundthatmostoftenthechimneyhadcollapsed(left).Tocorrecttheproblem,hedevelopeddesignchangesthatwouldhelpsupportthechimney,suchasrunningbamboopolesdowntheback(right)orattachingittothewallofthehouse.
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Harnessing the world’s collective intelligence to deal with climate changeMITresearchersareaskingyoutohelpdeviseaplanfordealingwithclimatechange.
Attheironlineforum,youcanreviewtheimpactsofplansnowbeingdis-cussedanddebatedinternationally—andyoucantrytodesignaplanthatmightbebetter.
Basedonassumptionsinyourplan,youcanruncomputersimulationstotestitsimpactonglobaltemperatureandsealevelanddetermineitseco-nomiccostsandbenefitsoutto2100.Youcanalsotakepartinorganizeddebateswithothersandultimatelyvoteonwhichplansyoubelievewouldbemosteffectiveandmostfeasible.
Nomatteryourlevelofexpertise,youwouldbehelpingMITachieveitsgoal:toharnesstheworld’scollectivehumanintelligenceandcomputerpowertoaddresswhatisviewedbymanyastheworld’smostimportantandchallengingproblemtoday.
Collective intelligence
Researchersworldwidearetacklingclimatechangeinvariousways,buttheproblemissovastandcomplexthatnoindividualorgroupcanhaveallthesolutionsorevenunderstanditall.Moreover,traditionalmethodsofcommunicating—conferences,journalarticles,publicmedia,andsoon—arenotcapableofgatheringandsynthesizingthedistributedknowledgeaccuratelyandquickly.
ThomasW.Malone,thePatrickJ.McGovernProfessorofManagement,believesthatitistimetoaddresstheclimatechangeproblemusingcollectiveintelligence.“Weneedtoconnectpeopleandcomputerssothatcollec-tivelytheyactmoreintelligentlythan
anyperson,group,orcomputerhaseverdonebefore,”hesays.
Makingsuchconnectionsisnowpossibleonanunprecedentedscale,andtheoutcomecanbepowerful.Toillustrate,MalonecitesnotonlyWikipediaandLinuxbutalsopopularInternetsiteswherethecombinedwisdomofthousandsofusershasprovedsurprisinglyaccurateatpredict-ingtheoutcomesoffutureelections,sportingevents,andmore.
Toapplycollectiveintelligencetotheclimatechangeproblem,Malone,whoisdirectorofMIT’sCenterforCollectiveIntelligence(CCI);RobertLaubacher,CCI’sactingexecutivedirector;andtheirCCIcolleagueshavedevelopedanonlineforumcalledtheClimateCollaboratorium(www.climatecollabo-ratorium.org),acombinationofsoft-waretoolsonawebsiteandabroadcommunityofpeoplewhousethem,includingpolicymakers,business-people,educators,students,activists,andotherconcernedcitizens.
Computer models
KeytotheCollaboratoriumisthenotionof“radicallyopencomputermodeling.”Manycomputermodelsarenowavailablethatcansimulatekeyprocessesandrelationshipspertainingtoclimatechange.However,mosthavebeenwrittenandusedbysmallgroupsofpeoplewhodecidewhatassumptionstomake,whatpossibilitiestoexamine,andhowtointerprettheresults.
TheMITteamisdevelopingalibraryofsuchmodelsthatuserscanrun,tryingouttheirownassumptionsandgeneratingresultsthatothervisitorscanexamineandevaluate.Overtime,theteamhopesthatmanyvisitorstothewebsitewilladdmore
modelsandmodifymodelsthatarealreadythere.
Forexample,thefirstweb-accessible,interactivesimulationmodelintheCollaboratoriumwasC-LEARN—amodeldevelopedbyJohnSterman,theJayW.ForresterProfessorofManagement,graduatestudentJuanMartin,andtheircolleaguesinaconsortiumcalledClimateInteractive.
TotryoutaplanwithC-LEARN,usersselecttargetvaluesforfuturegreen-housegas(GHG)emissionsoverthecomingdecadesinthreeregionsoftheworld:industrialcountries;large,rapidlydevelopingcountries;andotherdevelopingcountries.UsersalsosetfuturechangesinlandusethatwillaffectGHGremoval.Specifically,theydefinetherateofdeforestation(cuttingtreesfordevelopmentoragriculture)andtherateofafforestation(plantingtreestocreatenewforests).Foreachsetofvalues,C-LEARNcalculatestheresultingchangesinatmosphericconcentrationsofGHGsandintempera-tureandsealeveltotheyear2100anddisplaysthemonthesamepagewhereusersentertheirinputs.
Throughothermodelsincorporatedinthesite,userscanalsoassesstheeconomicsoftheirchoices.Forinstance,foragivenplan,howmuchwillwehavetoinvesttoreduceemissions,and—ontheothersideofthebalancesheet—howmuchwillwesavebynothavingtorepairoradapttothedamagethatwouldhaveoccurredhadwenottakenaction?TheCollaboratoriumquantifiessucheconomictrade-offsbydrawingonresultsfromexistinglarge-scalemodels—withoutactuallyrunningthem.
Forexample,severalresearchgroupshaveusedtheirmajormodelsto
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Harnessing the world’s collective intelligence to deal with climate change
examinedifferentstabilizationtargetsforatmosphericcarbondioxide(450ppm,550ppm,andsoon).Themodelsdeterminedtheemissionslevelsandpoliciesthatwouldberequiredtomeeteachtargetandthencalculatedtheresultingdropingrossdomesticproduct(GDP)associatedwitheachstabilizationlevelascomparedto“businessasusual”(thecontinuationofcurrentemissiontrends).
LaubacherandtheCollaboratoriumteamusedtheresultsfromthesemodel
runstocreate“responsesurfaces”—simplifiedmodelsthatcanquicklyshowtherelationshipbetweenselectedstabilizationlevelsandthereductioninGDPassociatedwitheachandthenmathematicallyinterpolatebetweenthosediscretepointssothatuserscanchooseanyvaluestheylike.
Usingthesameapproachwithresultsfromothermodels,theresearchersalsoproducedresponsesurfacesthatshowtheGDPlossesthatcanbepreventedbyavoidingthedamageassociatedwith
specificincreasesintemperature.Withthosetools,usersoftheCollaborato-riumcangetfast,approximatepredic-tionsoftheeconomiccostsandbenefitsofanyproposedplan.
TheCollaboratoriumalsoaddressesnon-economicissuesthatmustbeconsideredwhenjudgingclimateplans.DrawingonqualitativeresultsfromstudiesbytheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeandothers,theresearcherspreparedtablesthatshowtheimpactsofeachdegreeofwarming
Sample page from the Climate Collaboratorium
Thisplan,basedontheInternationalEnergyAgency’s450ppmscenario,showstheactions(leftcolumn)andprojectedimpacts(rightcolumn),ascalculatedbytheCollaboratorium’ssimulationmodels.Notethattheusercaneasilychangetheactionsandseehowtheimpactschange—ormakeupanentirelynewplan.
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onwatersupply,agriculture,coralreefs,andotherfactorsindifferentregionsoftheworld.
“Withthosecapabilities,peopleareusingtheCollaboratoriumtoassesstheimpactsandtrade-offsoftheplansandproposalsbeingdiscussedattheUNclimatetalksinCopenhagen,”saysLaubacher.Moreover,notesMalone,withthousandsofpeopletryingoutdifferentcombinationsofassumptionsandpossibleactions,theCollaborato-riummayactuallyyieldbettersolutionsthanthosenowonthetable.
Discuss, debate, vote
Likemostonlineforums,theCollab-oratoriumhostsopen,informaldiscus-sionamongitsvisitors.Butitalsoprovidesa“debatesummary,”whichoffersaconciselookatkeyissuesanddifferentpositionsonthem.Thedesignisbasedon“argumentmapping,”anapproachdevelopedbyteammemberMarkKlein,CCIprincipalresearchassociate.Discussionisorganizedaroundissues,positions,andarguments.
Toillustrate,onekeyissueis,howshouldwedivideuptheemissionsreductiontaskamongthedifferentregionsoftheworld?Positionspostedbyusersmightincludemakingthesamepercentagereductioneverywhere,achievingthesamepercapitauseeverywhere,andhavingthedevelopedcountriescutemissionsbeforethedevelopingcountriesdo.Userscanthenpostargumentsforandagainstthosepositions,basedonscientificstudies,economicevidence,moralgrounds,andthelike.
Thesiteorganizesthediscussiontobeproductiveandsystematic.“Everypointorargumenthasalocation,andonceit’sthere,there’snopointinsaying
itagain,”saysMalone.“Thisapproachreducescounterproductivebehaviorslikerepeatingcommentsandchangingthesubject,whichmakemanyonlinediscussionforumsunhelpful.”
Thecombinationofaccessiblemodelsandconstructivedebatepermitsuserstoexploreissuesandpossibilitiesingreatdepth,butevenwiththesetoolsinplace,thereisstillariskthattheexercisewouldneverconvergeonaresult.TheCollaboratoriumthereforeletspeopleexpresstheirpreferencesbyvoting.
Theycanvotefororagainstspecificplansthatareposted,includingthosebeingdiscussedinCopenhagen.Andtheycanvotefororagainstcommentsmadebyothervisitors.Onscientificissues—forexample,whatfractionofcarbondioxideemissionsendsupintheupperatmosphere—participatingexpertsmaysometimesagreeonthe“right”answer.Whentheydon’t,otherparticipantscanlearnfromtheirdiscussionanddebate.
Permittingpeopletovoteprovidesapowerfulmeansoffocusinginonpossibilitiesthatarethemostplausibleormostpromising.“Werefertothisapproachas‘electronicdemocracyonsteroids’becauseitletsmany,manypeopleexpresstheiropinionsaboutevenfairlydetailedissuesiftheycareto,”saysMalone.
Iftheydonotcareto,theywillbeabletoappointotherstovoteontheirbehalf.Anindividualmight,forexample,givehisorherproxytotheNationalAcademyofSciencesforscientificissuesandtotheSierraClubforpoliticalissues—butretaintherighttovoteasanindividualonissuesrelatedtothedivisionofresponsibilitybetweenindustrialanddevelopingcountries.
Building the online community
Theresearchersspentconsiderabletimeandeffortrecruiting,motivating,andorganizingtheCollaboratorium’sfirstcontributorsandmoderators.Sincethewebsite’slaunchinNovember2009,thenumberofparticipantshasgrown.Butthepressureisontoengageaneverlargercommunityofbothexpertsandnon-experts—largeenoughtoachievethewisdomofcollectiveintelligence.
“Intheextremeform,”saysMalone,“youcanimaginetheClimateCollabo-ratoriumasakindofsocietalinstitutionwheremanytensorevenhundredsofthousandsofpeoplearoundtheworldareactivelyinvolved,contributinginformation,expressingtheiropinions,andhelpingtoformulatethebestpossibleplanfortheworldtodealwithclimatechange.”
• • •
By Nancy Stauffer, MITEI
This research was supported by a seed grant from the MIT Energy Initiative. Other sponsors included Sustainability@MIT and the Argosy Foundation. More information can be found at cci.mit.edu/research/climate.html and in the following publications:
T. Malone and M. Klein. “Harnessing collective intelligence to address global climate change.” Innovations, summer 2007, pp. 15–26 (www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/itgg.2007.2.3.15).
T. Malone, R. Laubacher, J. Introne, M. Klein, H. Abelson, J. Sterman, and G. Olson. The Climate Collaboratorium: Project Overview, MIT Center for Collective Intelligence Working Paper No. 2009-003 (cci.mit.edu/publications/CCIwp2009-03.pdf).
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DOE establishes two Energy Frontier Research Centers at MITMITishometotwoof46newmulti-million-dollarEnergyFrontierResearchCenters(EFRCs),theWhiteHouseannouncedonApril27,2009.Oftheuniversitiesselected,onlyMITwillbeleadingtwosuchcenters.
TheEFRCs,whichwillpursuebasicscientificresearchonenergy,arebeingestablishedbytheUSDepartmentofEnergy(DOE)OfficeofScienceatuniversities,nationallaboratories,nonprofitorganizations,andprivatefirmsacrossthenation.
TheEFRCprogramwillprovide$19milliontofundtheCenterforExcitonicsatMIT,whichisdirectedbyMarcA.Baldo,associateprofessorofelectricalengineeringandaprincipalinvestigatorintheResearchLaboratoryforElectronics.Thiscenteraimstounderstandexcitedstatesknownasexcitons,whichconsistofaboundelectronandapositivelychargedhole.Excitonsunderpintheoperationofanewgenerationofsolarcellsandsolidstatelightingtechnologies.Theresearcherswillinvestigatethefundamentalpropertiesofexcitonsincomplexnanostructures.ThisEFRCincludescollaborationswithscientistsatHarvardUniversityandBrookhavenNationalLaboratory.
TheEFRCprogramalsoplanstosupply$17.5milliontofundtheSolid-StateSolar-ThermalEnergyConversionCenteratMIT,whichisdirectedbyGangChen,theCarlRichardSoderbergProfessorofPowerEngineering,directorofthePappalardoMicroandNanoEngineeringLaboratories,andaprincipalinvestigatorintheMaterialsProcessingCenter.ThisEFRCaimstoadvancethefundamentalscientificunderstandingofthermoelectricandthermo-photovoltaicmaterialsandtodevelopnovelmaterialsanddevicesto
harvestenergyfromthesunandterrestrialheatsources.Researcherswillstudythefundamentalsofphoton,phonon,andchargecarrierinteractionsinthermoelectricmaterialsandwillalsousephotoniccrystalsandmeta-materialstomanipulatethesolarandthermalradiationspectruminanattempttoprovideanidealmatchtothebandgapofphotovoltaicmaterials.ThisEFRCincludescollaborationswithscientistsatBostonCollege,OakRidgeNationalLaboratory,andBrookhavenNationalLaboratory.
MITisalsoacollaboratoronfourotherEFRCs:theCenterforNanoscaleControlofGeologicCarbonDioxideatLawrenceBerkeleyNationalLaboratory;theEnergyFrontierResearchCenterforCombustionScienceatPrincetonUniversity;theCenteronExtremeEnvironment-TolerantMaterialsviaAtomicScaleDesignofInterfacesatLosAlamosNationalLaboratory;andtheNortheasternChemicalEnergyStorageCenterattheStateUniversityofNewYork,StonyBrook.
An unprecedented federal commitment
“Asglobalenergydemandgrowsoverthiscentury,thereisanurgentneedtoreduceourdependenceonfossilfuelsandimportedoilandcurtailgreenhousegasemissions,”saidUSSecretaryofEnergyStevenChu.“Meetingthischallengewillrequiresignificantscientificadvances.Thesecenterswillmobilizetheenormoustalentsandskillsofournation’sscien-tificworkforceinpursuitofthebreak-throughsthatareessentialtomakealternativeandrenewableenergytrulyviableaslarge-scalereplacementsforfossilfuels.”
The46EFRCs,eachtobefundedat$2millionto$5millionperyearforaplannedinitialfive-yearperiod,wereselectedfromapoolofsome260applicationsreceivedinresponsetoasolicitationfromtheDOEOfficeofSciencein2008.Selectionwasbasedonarigorousmeritreviewprocessusingoutsidepanelsofscientificexperts.
ProfessorErnestJ.Moniz,directoroftheMITEnergyInitiative(MITEI),noted,“WeatMITareextremelypleasedtohavebeenawardedleadershipoftwoEFRCsandtobenamedassub-awardeeforfourmore.TheEFRCprogramreflectsanunprecedentedfederalcommitmenttothebasicresearchneededforcontinu-ingenergytechnologyinnovationandwasbuiltuponanexemplaryprocessthatengagedthenationalscientificcommunitytosetpriorities.”
TheDOEsolicitationhadspecifiedthatanyinstitutioncouldsubmitnomorethanthreeproposals,soMITEIdevelopedandimplementedaninternalreviewprocessforMIT.MITEIinformedMITfacultyabouttheopportunity,solicitedconceptpapersfrominterestedfacultyteams,andworkedwithVicePresidentforResearchClaudeCanizaresandthedeansofscienceandengineeringtoselectandstrengthenthethreeMITsubmissions.
Ofthe46EFRCsselected,31areledbyuniversities,12byDOEnationallaboratories,twobynonprofitorganiza-tions,andonebyacorporateresearchlaboratory.SixteenEFRCs,includingBaldo’s,arefundedthroughtheAmericanRecoveryandReinvestmentAct,withtheobjectiveofcreatingjobsandpro-motingeconomicrecoveryinadditiontolayingthefoundationforfutureenergytechnologies.Numerouspostdoctoral,graduatestudent,andtechnicalstaffpositionswillbecreatedtosupporttheworkoftheEFRCs.
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MIT: An engine of energy innovation
Question:Whatdoliquid-metalbatteries,water-splittingcatalysts,wafersfrommoltensilicon,nanotube-enhancedultracapacitors,andplantcellwall-degradingenzymeshaveincommon?
Answer: Thesenovelcleanenergytechnologieswererecentlydeemedtobepotentially“transformative”bytheUSDepartmentofEnergy(DOE).ThetechnologiesarethefocusofresearchawardsbyDOE’snewAdvancedResearchProjectsAgency-Energy(ARPA-E).Theseawards—whichsupportkeylinksintheenergyvaluechain—highlightthecriticalroleMITplaysasanengineofenergyinnovation.
TheselectedprojectswereforoneMITresearchlabandfourstartupswithstronglinkstoMIT.Thesuccessfulproposals—submittedbyMITProfessorDonaldSadowayofmaterialsscienceandengineering,SunCatalytix,1366Technologies,FastCAPSystems,andAgrivida—willreceivecombinedfundingof$24.8millionfromthenewprogram’sinauguralroundoffunding.AsixthMassachusettsawardee,FloDesignWindTurbineCorporation,wasanearlierrecipientofanMITprizeforenergyentrepreneurs.
Sadoway’s“LiquidMetalGrid-ScaleBatteries”projectwasdescribedbyDOEasatechnologythat“couldrevolutionizethewayelectricityisusedandproducedonthegrid,enablinground-the-clockpowerfromAmerica’swindandsolarpowerresources.”Sadoway’sproposal,fundedat$6.9million,woulduselow-cost,domesticallyavailableliquidmetalstostoreenergyatgrid-scale.Whenhelearnedoftheaward,Sadowaysaid,“Thisisfantasticnews.Thesenewfundswillallowustoacceleratetherateofdiscovery.”
Henotedthatthefundswill“enableustoenlargeourteamandtoexpandourcollaborationwithotherresearchersoncampus.Theadditionofnewandcomplementaryskillstotheprojectwillhelpusmovethisnovelenergy-storageconcepttoareality.”
Anothersuccessfulproject,submittedbySunCatalytixCorporation,astartupthatemergedfromMIT,hasthepoten-tialto“greatlyenhancetheefficiencyofsplittingwaterintohydrogenandoxygen,”accordingtoDOE.Thecompanywillreceive$4milliontocontinueitsgroundbreakingworkonthedevelopmentofacatalystthatmimicsaplant’sstoragesystem,withthepotentialtobeakeyenablerforliquidfuel-baseddistributedenergy-storagesystems.SunCatalytix,startedbyMITProfessorDanielNoceraofchemistryin2008,isfocusedoncommercializingcatalysttechnologyoriginallydevelopedinNocera’slaboratoryatMIT.
1366TechnologiesInc.—astartupinitiallylaunchedfromthelabofMITProfessorEmanuelSachsofmechanicalengineeringandtheonlyphotovoltaicscompanytoreceiveastampofapprovalfromARPA-E—wasselectedtoreceive$4milliontopursuethedevelopmentofhigh-efficiencymonocrystalline-equivalentsiliconwafersdirectlyfrommoltensilicon.Thesewafershavethe“potentialtohalvetheinstalledcostofsolarphotovoltaics.”ProfessorTonioBuonassisi’sLaboratoryforPhotovoltaicResearchwillteamwith1366tosupporttheproject.1366Technologieswasformedin2008,anditsboardofdirectorsconsistsentirelyofMITalumni.
ResearchthatunderpinstheproposalofFastCAPSystems—anotherstartupwhosegenesiswasinMIT-generatedresearch—beganattheLaboratoryforElectromagneticandElectronicSystems(LEES)in2003underthedirectionofProfessorJoelSchindallofelectrical
ProfessorDonaldSadoway(right),recipientofoneofDOE’sARPA-Eawards,andgraduatestudentDavidBradwell,bothoftheDepartmentofMaterialsScienceandEngineering,areworkingonliquidmetalbatteries,atechnologythatcouldmakepossiblegrid-scaleenergystorage.
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Autumn 2009 | MIT Energy Initiative | Energy Futures | 27
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engineeringandcomputerscience.Thenovelultracapacitorsbeingdevel-opedapproachtheenergydensityofconventionalbatteriesbutdonotsimilarlydegrade.AccordingtoSchindall,theyhaveanessentiallyindefinitecyclelife.DOE,initsselectionofthe$5.3millionproject,notedthatitcould“greatlyreducethecostofhybridandelectricvehiclesandofgrid-scalestorage.”FastCAPwasformedin2009byMITalumniRiccardoSignorelliandJohnCooley.SchindallandLEESwillpartnerontheproject.TheMITEnergyInitiativeprovidedaseedgrantforSchindall’sworkonultracapacitors.
Agrivida—yetanotherstartupwithstrongtiestoMIT—wasselectedtoreceivea$4.6milliongrantfromARPA-Etodeveloptheabilitytogrowcellwall-degradingenzymeswithinplantsthatareactivatedafterharvest.DOEselectedthisprojectbecause“thetechnologyhasthepotentialtodramaticallyreducethecostofcellu-losicbiofuelsandchemicals.”Agrividawasformedin2003byMITalumniMichaelRaabandJeremyJohnson.AtleastfiveotherMITalumniareinvolvedinthecompany,whichrou-tinelyhiresMITstudentsassummerinterns.Agrividaisanagriculturalbiotechnologycompanydevelopingenergycropsdesignedtoproducechemicals,fuels,andbioproductsfromnon-foodcellulosicbiomass.
Finally,FloDesignWindTurbineCorpo-rationofWilbraham,MA,receivedanawardofmorethan$8milliontodevelopanadvancedwindturbine,theMixerEjectorWindTurbine,orMEWT.WhilenotanMITspinoff,FloDesignreceivedtheMITCleanEnergyEntrepreneurshipPrizein2008,supportedbyN-STARandDOE.
ThefiveMIT-affiliatedawardsandFloDesignwereselectedfromatotalofmorethan3,600initialconceptpapers,ofwhichapproximately300wentontotheproposalstage.Ultimately,DOEselected37projectsforfundingfromARPA-E.Inahighlycompetitivefield,MITdemonstratedonceagainthatitisthe“go-to”placefordevelopingenergysolutionswithaneyetowardcommercializationandthepotentialtotransformhowweproduceandconsumeenergy.
MITPresidentSusanHockfieldsaid,“TheARPA-EawardsreflectMIT’strackrecordofinventinginspiredsolutionstoreal-worldproblems,andonlyreinforceourconfidenceintheCommonwealth’sgrowingenergytechnologyinnovationcluster.”
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By Timothy Heidel G and Melanie Kenderdine, MITEI
28 | Energy Futures | MIT Energy Initiative | Autumn 2009
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MITEI awards fourth round of seed grants
InOctober2009,theMITEnergyInitia-tive(MITEI)announceditsfourthroundofseedgrantssupportinginnovative,early-stageresearchprojectsacrosstheInstitute.Thelistofawardsattherightdemonstratesthecreativityanddiversityofthefundedresearch.
Totalfundinginthisroundofseedgrantsexceeded$1.7million.Theawardsspanninedepartments,andhalfoftheprojectsinvolvecollabora-tionsacrossdepartments.Onceagain,manyoftheawardswenttojuniorfacultyandtofacultynewtoenergy-relatedresearch.
Theresponsetothecallforproposals—issuedinmid-July—wasasstrongasever,with55submissionscomingfromacrosstheInstitute.
FundingforthenewgrantscomeschieflyfromMITEI’sFoundingandSustainingmembers(seelistonpage48)supplementedbyfundingfromtheChesonisFamilyFoundation,DougandBarbaraSpreng,theSingapore-MITprograms,andMITEI.
Todate,MITEI’sseedgrantprogramhassupported54early-stageresearchproposals,withtotalfundingofmorethan$6.5million.Inaddition,eightindividualsorgroupshavereceivedignitiongrantsforjuniorfacultyorplanninggrantstohelpgeneratenewideas.
Foracompletelistingoftheseedgrantawards,gotoweb.mit.edu/mitei/research/seed-funds.html.Theresearchsectionofthisissue(startingonpage6)reportsonresultsfromfiveprojects—oneineachoftheMITschools—thatwerefundedinthefirstroundofawardsinJanuary2008.
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Recipients of MITEI seed grants, October 2009
Theory of ultrafast Li-ion battery materialsMartin BazantChemical Engineering
Efficient solid-state lighting based on III-nitride nanowires and catalyst engineeringKarl BerggrenElectrical Engineering and Computer Science Silvija GradecakMaterials Science and Engineering
Designing new materials for sunlight—thermal energy storageJeffrey GrossmanMaterials Science and Engineering
Development of nanoparticle-laden molten salts for heat transfer in high-temperature solar and nuclear applicationsT. Alan HattonChemical EngineeringJacopo BuongiornoNuclear Science and Engineering
Genetic identification and expression of efficient cellulose degrading complexes from fungiChris KaiserBiology
Innovation policy, innovation prizes, and the energy economy: analyzing the role of prizes as a policy mechanism for energy innovationFiona Murray Management
Learning from nature: design principles for resilient bioenergy systemsMartin Polz Civil and Environmental Engineering
Integrated ribbons for solar cell applicationsMarin Soljacic PhysicsYoel Fink Materials Science and Engineering
Understanding and controlling the flow of thermal energy in nanostructured materials for energy conversionEdwin Thomas, Martin Maldovan Materials Science and Engineering
Processing of nanostructures for electrochemical energy storageCarl Thompson Materials Science and EngineeringYang Shao-Horn Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering
Nanoscale hetero-interfaces for reversible solid oxide fuel cells in energy storageHarry Tuller Materials Science and EngineeringBilge Yildiz Nuclear Science and Engineering
Nanoengineered surfaces for subsea separation of fluid-fluid (oil-water) mixturesKripa Varanasi, Gareth McKinley Mechanical EngineeringRobert Cohen Chemical Engineering
Autumn 2009 | MIT Energy Initiative | Energy Futures | 29
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MIT announces new energy minor
Startingthisyear,allMITundergraduatestudentshaveanewacademicoptionavailabletothem:aminorinenergy,whichcanbecombinedwithanymajor.ThenewEnergyStudiesMinor,unlikemostenergyconcentrationsavailableatotherinstitutions,andunlikeanyotherconcentrationatMIT,explicitlyintegratesscience,socialscience,andengineering,andencompassesallfiveschoolsatMIT.
TimothyGrejtak’11couldhardlywaittosignupforthenewminor,andbecamethefirststudenttodoso—literallyminutesaftertheregistrationformwasfinalizedinlateSeptember.Hehopesalsotobethefirstpersontograduatewiththeenergyminor,buthehasthreesemestersleftsoheknowsthatsomeoneelsecouldbeathimtothatfinishline.
“It’sgoingtobeverypopular,Ihaveafeeling,”saysGrejtak,whothreeyearsagostartedtheannualdormitoryenergycompetitionatMIT—atwo-monthcontesttoseewhichdormcanloweritselectricityusagethemost—andhasbeenrunningiteachyear.“Iknowofmanystudentswhoareveryinterested”intheenergyminor,hesays.
ThenewenergyminoristheproductoftwoyearsofworkbytheMITEnergyInitiative’sEnergyEducationTaskForce,co-chairedbyVladimirBulovic,theKDDAssociateProfessorofCommunicationsandTechnologyintheDepartmentofElectricalEngineeringandComputerScience,andDonaldLessard,theEpochFoundationProfessorofInternationalManagementattheMITSloanSchoolofManagement,whohadagreatdealofsupportfromnumerousfacultymembersandadministratorstogetthenewcurriculumapprovedandinplace.Bulovicnotesthat“therequiredcoreclassesandwidearrayofapproved
electivesfortheenergyminorreflectthemultidisciplinarynatureofenergyscience,technology,andpolicyandcovertherangeofenergychallenges,includingenergy-relatedclimatechange,pollution,andassociatedpovertyissues.Theyalsoincludesubjectsonenergyefficiencyandsustainablesourcesofenergy.”
Dr.AmandaGraham,whowilladmin-istertheminorasdirectoroftheEducationOfficefortheMITEnergyInitiative,hassupportedthetaskforce’sworkontheenergyminorsince2007.Fromthestart,shesays,itwasclearthatwhattheywantedwasabalancethatincludedthreeareas:energyscience,energytechnologyandengi-neering,andenergysocialsciences.
So,forexample,asolarenergyprojectmightrequiredetailedknowledgeoftheinherentphysicallimitstothesystem’spossibleefficiency(abasicsciencematter),thespecificengineeringchallengesassociatedwithbuilding
thesysteminaspecificdesignandlocation(amatteroftechnology),andtheissuesassociatedwithgainingthenecessaryfinancing,permitting,andpublicsupporttoallowtheprojecttogoforward(mattersofpolicyandeconomics).Thisrangeofdisciplineswasseenasessentialinordertopreparestudentstodealwiththefullrangeoftechnical,scientific,political,andeconomicissuesthatsurroundmostenergy-relateddecisions.“Inordertobeproficientinenergy,youhavetobeabletocrossoverthesethreeareas,”Grahamsays.Thosewhochoosecareersinenergypolicyneedtounderstandthescienceandtechnol-ogy,tounderstandwhat’spossibleandfeasible,shesays;andthoseworkingonenergytechnologyneedanunderstandingofthepoliticalandeconomicrealitiesthatdeterminewhatbecomesarealisticoptionforsociety.“Wewantedtomakesuretheenergyminorwassuitabletocomplementanymajor,inanyoftheschools.”
ThefacultytaskforcespecificallychosetodevelopaminorratherthanamajorinthebeliefthatanMITstudentfocus-ingonenergyshoulddevelopexpertiseindepthinaspecificdiscipline,andthencomplementthatwiththebreadthofunderstandingofferedbytheenergyminor.WhiletherearesomeotherinterdisciplinaryminorsatMIT,theyareallbasedinoneortwooftheschools.Incontrast,theenergyminorwasconceivedfromthestartasaprogramthatwouldbeaccountabletoallfiveschoolsinordertoensureamulti-disciplinarycurriculumandenrollment.
New academic structure
Theconceptwasunanimouslyapprovedlastyearbythefaculty,whichcreatedanexperimentalnewbody,
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theInter-schoolEducationalCouncil,towhichthenewminorreports.AnewEnergyMinorOversightCommittee,withrepresentationfromthefiveschools,wasformedtodirectlymanagetheprogram.Atthemoment,theenergyminoristheonlyprogramthathasthisnewreportingstructure.
ThisbroadstructuremakesMIT’sprogramunusual,ifnotunique,inhighereducation,saysGraham.Inotherschoolsthathaveenergymajorsorminors,shesays,“theprogramsthatI’mawareofareeitherscience-orpolicy-focused.Oursisdistinctiveinitsthree-domainstructure.”
MITDeanforUndergraduateEducationDanielHastingssaysthenewminor“canberegardedaspartoftheongoingtransformationoftheMITcurriculumforthe21stcentury,inthatitcreatesanoptionforourstudentswhichusesapproachesandknowledgefromallcornersofMIT.ThisshowsthepowerofMITworkingtogethertoharnessitsactivitiesinservicetotheworld.”Headdsthatthecreationofthisnewprogram“allowsanMITstudenttoobtainadegreeinamajordisciplinewhilealsolearningaboutandshowingcompetenceinoneofthepressingproblemsofourtime.”
AccordingtoRichardSchmalensee,theHowardW.JohnsonProfessorofEconomicsandManagementandamemberoftheEnergyMinorOversightCommittee,theEnergyStudiespro-gram“reflectsthehardfactthattheenergychallengeismulti-dimensional.Forstudents,theminorunitespeopleofdiversebackgroundsandinterestsinthisimportanteffort.Forfaculty,ithelpsuspreparethenextgenerationofleadersatMITandelsewhere.”
Aspartofthedevelopmentofthecurriculumforthenewminor,sevennewundergraduateclasseswerecreated,andthreeexistingclassesweresignificantlyrevised.Amongthenewofferingsareasocialsciencesclasscalled“EnergyDecisions,Markets,andPolicies,”andanewclassinEarth,Atmospheric,andPlanetarySciencescalled“EarthScience,Energy,andtheEnvironment.”
Thelistofelectivesavailableforstudentsintheenergyminoris“quitelong,andwe’dliketoseethatlistgrow,”Bulovicsays.
Asurveyofstudentsearlierthisyearfoundahighlevelofinterestintheenergyminor,with23%ofsophomoresand19%ofjuniorssayingtheyhadsomeinterestinit.
Grejtak,whoismajoringinmechanicalengineeringwithafocusonenergyconversionengineering,likesthefactthatthenewminorprovidesastructuretoenhancethatmajorwithcoursesdealingwiththeeconomicsandpolicyofenergy.“Itgoesthroughthewholegamut,andthat’soneofthereasonsIthinkit’ssuchagreatidea,”hesays.
Hehopestofindworkdevelopingcompleteenergysystems,includingworkingonthepoliticalaspectstomakethemsociallyfeasible,theeconomicstomakethempractical,andtheengineer-ingtomakethemsuccessful.“Therearemanywaysoftacklingproblemsinenergy,”hesays,“andthisisamulti-prongedapproach.”
“Energyissuchanimportanttopicnow—it’sthelargestcrisisthatmygenerationwillface,”hesays.“It’sgoingtobeamajorproblemforus,andthisenergyminoracknowledges
thatandgivesusawaytobequalifiedtoaddresstheseproblems.”
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By David L. Chandler, MIT News Office, with reporting by Sarah Wright, MITEI correspondent
Autumn 2009 | MIT Energy Initiative | Energy Futures | 31
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Summer UROPs cut across disciplines to address real-world energy issuesElizabethTurner’schildhoodinterestinrockscouldeasilyturnintoacareer.Aseniorinenvironmentalengineeringwithafocusongeology,Turner’10planstocontinueasummerresearchprojectontheuseofrareelementsinnewenergytechnologiesbywritingaseriesofarticlesfocusedonindivid-ualelements.
“Iaminterestedinpolicyandgeology,”saysTurner,whosefatherisageologist,andwholikestorockclimbandhike.“Ireallylikethisresearch.I’vewrittentwopapersandhopetowritethreeorfourmore.”
Studententhusiasmandcross-disciplin-aryresearchcharacterizethissummer’sUndergraduateResearchOpportunitiesProgram(UROP)projectssupportedbytheMITEnergyInitiative(MITEI),withfundscomingfromfourMITEIAffiliatemembers,aprivatedonor,andtheMITFutureofNaturalGasstudy.FifteenUROPstudentsandoneinternfromsevenMITdepartmentsworkedon12researchprojects(seeboxonpage33).Inmanycases,thestudentandhisorherfacultyadvisorwerefromdifferentMITschools,ensuringtheinterdisciplin-arynatureoftheexperience.Topicsaddressedincludedsolarenergy,electricvehicles,oilandnaturalgascosts,carbonsequestration,andtoolsforassessingclimatechangepolicies.
“Diversityisthemostimpressivefeatureofthissummer’sgroupofUROPs,whichinvolvedstudentsandfacultyfromacrossMIT,”saysRobertC.Armstrong,deputydirectorofMITEIandtheChevronProfessorofChemicalEngineering.“Thisreflectsthecomplexandinterdisciplinarycharacteroftheenergyfield.”TheUROPsalsocanhavefar-reachingimpactoutsidetheMITcommunity,hesays.
Forexample,Turner’spaperscouldbeusedtoeducatethegovernmentandothersaboutthecomplexityofusingrareelementsinnewenergytechnolo-gies,accordingtoRobertJaffe,herfacultyadvisorontheprojectandtheJaneandOttoMorningstarProfes-sorofPhysicsatMIT.“Shecoulddothisforaliving,”hesays.“MITstudentsaredynamite.”
Turner’sUROPprojectinvolvedcomb-ingthescientificliteratureandnews-papersforinformationonrareelementsthatarecriticaltoenergytechnologies,suchaslithiumforbatteriesandtelluriumforhigh-efficiencyphoto-voltaics.Turnercompiledalistofthosematerialsandthenstartedtoexaminethemintermsoftheiravailability,mineralogy,extraction,reserves,potentialforrecycling,economics,andscalability.Shealsobegandeveloping
aseriesofcasestudiesonthemostcriticalelementssuchastelluriumandneodymium(usedinmagnets),whichChinaisreportedlystockpiling.(Seethegraphabovefortrendsinglobalproductionofrareearthoxides.)
“Ifweareshortoncriticalmaterials,weneedtofindawaytoaddressthatavailability;otherwisewewon’tgettoofarindevelopingnewenergytech-nologies,”saysWilliamChao’78,whoholdsanSBinelectricalengineeringfromMITandwhosponsoredfivesummerUROPprojects,includingTurner’s.
Seeding the next generation
“ItisreallycooltobeabletofundmultipleUROPprojectsinparallel,”saysChao.“TheUROPshelpsowtheseedsforthenextgenerationofgraduatestudents.”
Global production of rare earth oxides, 1950–2000
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Therareearthelements,studiedalongwithotherenergy-criticalelementsbyUROPstudentElizabethTurner,arekeytoenergytechnologiesincludingbatteries,photovoltaics,andmagnets.Thegraphaboveshowstheglobalproductionofsuchelements(intheiroxideform)fromtheUnitedStates,China,andallothercountriescombined.WhiletheUSwasoncelargelyself-sufficient,ithasbecomeincreasinglydependentonimportsfromChina—asituationthatraisesconcernsastheUSworkstodevelopandcommercializenewenergytechnologies.(Source:USGS Fact Sheet 087-02.)
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GraduateschoolispartoftheplanforJuliaDay’10,aseniorinmechanicalengineering.HerUROPprojectfocusedontheapplicationofmicro-andnano-engineeredsurfacestoincreasetheefficiencyofexistingpowerplants.Expandingoutputfromthosefacilitieswillbecomeincreasinglyimportantwiththeexpectedrapidgrowthindemandforelectricityindevelopingcountries,whichmaylackthecapitaltobuildnewpowerplants.
Dayresearchedsuper-hydrophobic(water-repelling)andsuper-hydrophilic(water-attracting)technologiesthatcanbetailoredtoimprovedifferentpartsofsteamturbines,condensers,andboilers.
“AUROPisagreatwaytogetinvolvedinresearch,”shesays.“MyprojectcoveredalotofsubjectsIaminterestedin,likemanufacturing,micro-andnano-technology,energy,andhowtobetteruseenergywealreadyhave.”ShealsowasexcitedtoworkwithKripaVaranasi,d’ArbeloffAssistantProfessorofMechanicalEngineering,helpingtosetuphisnewlab,developlabprocedures,anddeviseexperiments.
Daywasdrawntomicro-andnano-applicationswhenshewasyoung,includinganinterestinquantumphysicsinhighschool.“Theideaoftinyparticlesandreallylookingathowthingsinteractontinylevelsisreallycool,”shesays.“There’sagreatworldwidepotentialtohelppeopleandsavelives.MyUROPalsohadfar-reachingimplicationsfortheenviron-ment.Plus,IcoulddothegeekystuffthatIlove.Iwouldliketoworkonthistopicforalongtime.”
Inherpost-UROPreport,Daysays,“Oneofmyfavoritepartsofthelabisthatthereisalotoffocusoncollabo-
ration,whichmeansthatIhadtheopportunitytoformlotsofconnectionswithotherresearchgroupsandprofes-sors.”Sheaddsthatshelearnedhowtobemoreproactiveingettinghelpandnetworkingwithotherlabs.
Helping urban planners
GraftonDaniels’11andChristosSamolis’12,bothelectricalengineeringandcomputersciencemajors,wereabletohonetheirprogrammingskills—andtolearnfirsthandhowacademicresearchisconducted.Thetwocollaboratedonaprojectattempt-ingtoadapttheUrbanSimmodeltotheLisbonmetropolitanarea.UrbanSimformsacorecomponentofOpus,theOpenPlatformforUrbanSimulation—aninitiativeofaninterna-tionalgroupofresearchersworkingonintegratedsimulationsoflanduseandtraveldemand.UrbanSimaimstosimulatewherehouseholdsandbusinessesarelikelytomovewithinacityand,forexample,helpplannersensurethatadequatepublicutilitiesandotherservicesareavailableinthoseareas.
Thestudentsexaminedthesoftwareandaddedcommentstothecodetohelpeducatenewcomersusingtheprogram.Inaddition,theyexaminedwaystoimproveUrbanSimbyinclud-ingmorebehaviorallysophisticatedmodelsofpassengertravel.
“Onethingwetriedtodowastouseawidersample,tomodelawholecity,”saysSamolis.Theoriginalsoftwaresamples30possiblelocationswhensimulatinglocationchoices.Thestudentsexaminedthecomputationalimplicationsofexpandingthesamplesizetothousandsoflocationsoreliminatingthesamplingapproachaltogether.Thepurposewastoincrease
thetheoreticalrigoroftheapproachandimprovetheforecastingaccuracy.
“It’saworkinprogress,”saysChris-topherZegras,thestudents’facultyadvisorandtheFordCareerDevelop-mentAssistantProfessor,Transporta-tionandUrbanPlanning,abouttheeffortstoapplyUrbanSimandOpusinPortugal.“It’spartofalargeresearchprojectthatspansseveraldepartmentsatMITandanumberofPortuguesepartneruniversities.”TheprojectispartoftheMIT-PortugalProgram,andDanielsandSamolisworkedwithpartnersattheUniversityofCoimbrainPortugal.ThemodelsarenowbeingadaptedforpilotapplicationinLisbonstartinginJanuary.
Zegrasnotesthatthestudentsare“intheearlystagesoftheirintellectualformation.”TheirworkwithUrbanSimandtheOpusplatform“getsthemtothinkintrans-disciplinarywaysandseehowoneskillisvaluableinanotherarea,”hesays.Inaddition,inthefuturetheywillbeabletoseetheresultsoftheirworkhelpingreal-worlddecisionmakersdesigntransportationandland-developmentpoliciesandmakeinvestmentsforurbanrevitalization.
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By Lori Fortig, MITEI correspondent
Autumn 2009 | MIT Energy Initiative | Energy Futures | 33
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Student name Project title Sponsor Faculty supervisor(s) Department Department(s)
YieuChyan’11 Dibenzocyclooctatetraene- GreengEnergy TimothySwager Chemistry based electronic polymers Chemistry
GraftonDaniels’11 Computer programming for NthPower ChristopherZegras Electrical Engineering and OPUS/UrbanSim enhancements Urban Studies and Planning Computer ScienceChristosSamolis’12 Electrical Engineering and Computer Science JuliaDay’10 Application of micro- and MITEnergyInitiative KripaVaranasi Mechanical Engineering nano-engineered surfaces Mechanical Engineering to increase power plant efficiency
IanFischer‘12 Concentrated solar power for WilliamChao’78 AlexSlocum Aeronautics and Astronautics Experimental Study Group Mechanical Engineering
DanielKelly’12 MIT Electric Vehicle Team vehicle NatalieGivans’84 YangShao-Horn,JohnHeywood, Mechanical Engineering modeling and testing WaiChengKwadwoNyarko’12 Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Engineering Yet-MingChiang Materials Science and Engineering HaitaoMao’12 Climate Collaboratorium WilliamChao’78 RobertLaubacher Electrical Engineering and Center for Collective Intelligence Computer Science ThomasMalonePatrickYamane’11 Management Electrical Engineering and Computer ScienceNikhilPradhan’09 Climate Collaboratorium intern MITEnergyInitiative RobertLaubacher Chemical Engineering Center for Collective Intelligence ThomasMalone Management
AnyaShafiro’10 Natural Gas Study MITNaturalGasStudy ErnestMoniz,TonyMeggs,DanielCohn Economics MIT Energy Initiative
AnnaShcherbina’11 Biofilms and carbon sequestration WilliamChao’78 RomanStocker Electrical Engineering and Civil and Environmental Engineering Computer ScienceJoshSiegel’11 Fuel efficiency monitoring in WilliamChao’78 SanjaySarma Mechanical Engineering modern vehicles Mechanical Engineering
ElizabethTurner’10 Rare elements and scalability WilliamChao‘78 RobertJaffe Civil and Environmental of energy technology Physics Engineering
JulianaVelez’11 Data center cooling MillennialNet LeonGlicksman Mechanical Engineering Architecture
JoshuaVelson’10 Fermentation of used vegetable MITEnergyInitiative Jean-FrançoisHamel Chemical Engineering oil biodiesel-derived raw glycerin Chemical Engineering to 1,3-propanediol using clostridium butyricum
MITEI Undergraduate Energy Research Projects, Summer 2009
34 | Energy Futures | MIT Energy Initiative | Autumn 2009
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MITEI helps pre-frosh get into the flow of energy at MIT
PeterCooper(right),managerofsustainabilityengineeringandutilityplanningintheMITDepartmentofFacilities,explainsMIT’selectricaldistributionsystemtostudentsinthebasementoftheStataCenterduringatourofhowenergyflowsatMIT—fromgenerationtoenduse.
MattAlvaradoSB’00,PhD’08leadsawalkingtourhighlightinghistoricallandmarksandpointingoutareasthatmaybeinundatedaccordingtosomeclimatechangescenarios.
JaclynWilson(left)andKalebAyalewestimatetheirpersonal“carbonfootprints.”
Todemonstratefundamentalprinciplesofenergyflow,ProfessorStevenLeebSB’87,SM’89,PhD’93ofelectricalengineeringandcomputerscienceshowsJuliaKimmerly(center)andCarlosGreaveshowtomakeasimplebattery-poweredmotor.
InAugust,theMITEnergyInitiativeEducationOfficeenrolled24studentsinitsfirstFreshmanPre-OrientationProgram.Theweek-longprogram—called“DiscoverEnergy:Learn,Think,Apply”—featuredactivitiestoacquaintnewstudentswiththerangeofenergy-relatedopportunitiesatMIT,introducethemtoimportanttopicswithintheenergyarena,andconnectthemwiththeMITenergyandenvironmentstudentcommunity.
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Named MIT Energy Fellows, 2009–2010
ABB Matthias BahlkeElectricalEngineering
andComputerScienceDavid LiuPhysics
b_TECNan-Wei Gong MediaArtsandSciencesJae Jin Kim MaterialsScience
andEngineering
Bosch Sophie Ni Sisi MaterialsScience
andEngineeringAdam Paxson MechanicalEngineering
BP Andres Cubillos-Ruiz BiologyPearl DonohooEngineering
SystemsDivisionRoberto Guererro-CompeanUrban
StudiesandPlanningJonathon HardingChemicalEngineeringChristopher Love MechanicalEngineeringSigurdur MagnussonCiviland
EnvironmentalEngineeringKawika Pierson ManagementJoseph ShapiroEconomicsMark SmithBiologyJason Sussman MaterialsScience
andEngineeringLaken Top Chemistry
Chevron Phech Colatat ManagementAndrew Shroll MechanicalEngineering
Constellation Ibrahim Toukan Technologyand
PolicyProgram
EDF Saaransh Gulati
NuclearScienceandEngineering
EnelBhavya Daya ElectricalEngineeringand
ComputerSciencePaul LewisCivilandEnvironmental
Engineering
Eni Michael Bikard ManagementShamel Merchant ChemicalEngineeringDeepak Mishra BiologicalEngineeringSteven Shimizu ChemicalEngineeringMohit Singh NuclearScience
andEngineeringGeoffrey Supran MaterialsScience
andEngineeringNathaniel Towery Science,Technology,
andSocietyAndrew Ullman ChemistryDi Yang Earth,Atmospheric,and
PlanetarySciencesMetodi Zlatinov Aeronautics
andAstronautics
Entergy Maximilian Parness Technologyand
PolicyProgram
Hess Michael Kearney Technologyand
PolicyProgram
Lockheed Martin Tom Heaps-Nelson Engineering
SystemsDivisionMax Solar MaterialsScience
andEngineering
Ormat Michelle Vogl MechanicalEngineering
Saudi Aramco Kwabena Bediako ChemistryDavid Borrelli ChemicalEngineering
Schlumberger Samantha Gunter ElectricalEngineering
andComputerScienceRonan Lonergan MechanicalEngineering
Siemens Karen Welling ArchitectureBrandon Reizman ChemicalEngineering
Total Paul Murphy Engineering
SystemsDivisionSreeja Nag Earth,Atmospheric,and
PlanetarySciences/EngineeringSystemsDivision
Jonas Nahm PoliticalScience
TheSocietyofEnergyFellowsatMITwelcomed47newmembersinSeptember2009.TheEnergyFellowsnetworknowtotals87graduatestudentsandspans20MITdepartmentsanddivisions.Thenewgraduatefellowshipsaremadepossiblethroughthegeneroussupportof17MITEImembercompanies.
NamedEnergyFellowsfor2009–2010.
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36 | Energy Futures | MIT Energy Initiative | Autumn 2009
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Recycled frying oil to power MIT shuttles
IfyoucatchawhiffoffrenchfrieswhenanMITshuttlerollspast,itwon’tbeacoincidence.Partofthefuelinitstankmayhavecomeoutofakitchendeepfryerjustafewweeksearlier.
Thestudentgroupbiodiesel@MIT,formedthreeyearsago,hasbeenworkingdiligently—andofteninanuphilleffort—tosecurethespace,equipment,andsafetyapprovalstobeginturningleftovercookingoilintofuelthatcanbeblendedwithregulardieselfueltohelppowerMIT’sfleetofshuttles.ThatlongeffortfinallycametofruitioninAugustwhenthegroupsucceededinmakingitsfirstbatch:30gallonsofgolden-coloredfuel.InearlySeptember,theyfinishedasecondbatch.
Beforethefuelcanactuallybepouredintothetankofashuttlebus,though,ithastobetestedunderstandardssetbyASTMInternational(originallyknownastheAmericanSocietyforTestingandMaterials),anindependentsafetystandardsandtestingorganiza-tion,toassurethatit’sfreeofcontami-nantsandhasthecorrectflashpointforignition.“Ifitpassesthat,”saysbiodiesel@MITVicePresidentKyleGilpin,agraduatestudentinElectricalEngineeringandComputerScience,“thenwewillpassitofftoFacilitiestouseintheirequipment.”
Theinitialbatches,cookedupbyGilpinandNatashaJensen’12,mightgointolawn-mowingequipment,butafterthispilotphasethesystemshouldbereadytostartadding20%biodieseltothefuelsupplyforthecampusshuttles.ThefuelwillbemadefromusedoilcollectedinitiallyfromtheStudentCenterandeventuallyfromallofMIT’sdiningfacilities.Whenthesystemisinfullswing,producingaboutone55-gallondrumofbiodieselperweek,
itshouldbeawin-winfortheInstitute:Itwillsaveupto20%offuelcosts(theamountofbiodieselthat’sblendedin),sincetherawmaterialisfreeandthelaborisdonated.Atthesametime,itwillsaveonthedisposalcostandenvironmentalimpactofdumpingtheusedcookingoil.Anditwillevenmaketheexhaustfumessmellbetter.
Theequipmentusedtoprocesstheusedoil—whichinvolvesfirstfilteringitandthenmixingitwithmethanolandacatalyst—wasengineered,designed,andconstructedbyMBPBioenergy,abiodieselproductioncompanybasedinNorthConway,NH.PrincipalsAlLandanoandJimProulx,undercontractwiththestudent-ledgroup,haveworkedwiththestudentsandMIT’sEnvironment,Health,andSafetyOffice(EHS)toinstalltheprocessorthatproducesthebiodieselfuel.Aspartofthecontract,MBPwillensurethatthefuelfromMIT’scustomizedprocessorisASTMcertifiedtobeusedontheroad.
Asthestudentsactuallyoperatetheequipmentoverthecomingmonthsandyears,learningtoadjustthesystem
astheygoalong,theymaywellfigureoutsomemethodsthatcouldhelpimprovebiodieselmanufacturingingeneral,Gilpinsuggests.
Thebiodiesel@MITgroupwasformedin2006andhasbeenworkingeversincetodrawupdetailedplansandgetthesysteminstalledandrunning.Twostudentswhohavesincegradu-ated,MatthewZedler‘07andJosephRoy-Mayhew‘08,originatedtheproject,andthegroupiscurrentlyledbySaraBarnowski’10.
Finding a place
Thehardestpartturnedouttobefindinganappropriateplaceoncampustoinstallthefacility,giventhesafetyissuesassociatedwithproducingflammablefuelandusingsometoxicchemicals.NiamhKellyofEHShasbeenworkingcloselywiththegrouptohelpthemgetthesysteminstalledandrunninginBuildingNW14.
Gilpinhasbeenanavidadvocateforbiodiesel.Lastsummerhemadeacarefullyplannedcoast-to-coasttrip
Biodieselisproducedfromwastevegetableoil(left).Afterinitialprocessingwithalcoholandastrongbase,theoilistransformedintobiodieselfloatingonmuchdenserwasteglycerol(center).Afterremovingtheglycerol,thebiodieselisfilteredandwashedtoproducethelight,clearliquid(right)thatcanbeusedinplaceofdieselfuelinmanyengines.
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inhisdieselengineVWsedan,using100%biodieselthewholeway.Becausesuppliersarehardtofindinsomepartsofthecountry,thatoftenmeanthavingtohaulalongcansofthestuffinhiscar.“Itwasachallenge,butwellworthit,”hesays.
Thestudentshopetostudy“howbesttogoaboutproducingthefuel,howtoproduceitmostefficiently,andhowbesttohandlethewaste,”whichcanincludesometoxicmaterials,hesays.“Therearealotofprocessvariationsthatcanbetried.”
Eventually,thebiodiesel@MITgroup,whichduringtheacademicyearhaseighttotenactivemembers,wouldliketoincreaseproductionbycollectingoilfromlocalrestaurants.There’snoreasonitcouldn’tbecollectedfromsuchsources,Gilpinsays,althoughthedrumsofusedoiltendtobe“big,heavy,andkindofmessy.”
Thecostsofbuyingandinstallingtheequipmentwerecoveredbya$25,000firstprizethegroupwonin2006inacompetitionrunbyGEandmtvU,calledtheEcomaginationChallenge.TheCampusSustainabilityFundhasalsoprovidedsupportbypayingstudentsthroughtheUndergraduateResearchOpportunitiesProgramtoworkontheproject.Theoperatingcostsofthesystemarerelativelysmall,Gilpinsays,mainlyforthepurchaseofthemethanoladditive.Thesystem“willdefinitelypayforitself,”hesays.
• • •
By David L. Chandler, MIT News Office
TheMITbiodieselreactoriscapableofprocessing70-gallonbatchesofwastevegetableoilintoalmostthesameamountofbiodiesel.Herethemainprocessortank(topcenter)containsabout20gallonsofbiodieselthatwasproducedfromoilcollectedina55-gallondrum(bottomright)attheStudentCenter.
38 | Energy Futures | MIT Energy Initiative | Autumn 2009
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Flipping a switch for energy savings
Feelingresponsible?Altruistic?Howaboutguilty?MITstudentshopingtogetpeopletoturnofflightsbytellingthemhowmuchenergythey’reusingaren’ttooconcernedaboutexactlywhichemotiondoesthetrick—justaslongasthatswitchgetsflippedto“off.”
LightsOut16-56isapilotprojectexploringtheeffectivenessofcomputer-aidedfeedbackinchangingbehavior.InSeptemberandOctober2008,camerassetupintheStataCenterweretrainedonBuildings16and56—persquarefoot,thesecond-andthird-highestenergyconsumersoncampus—tomonitorhowoftenlightswereleftburningafterconventionalworkinghours.Acomputerprogramanalyzedtheimagesandsentweeklye-mailstolaboratorystaffandstudentsparticipatinginthestudywithasummaryoftheirrooms’energyuse.
Themessage,forexample,mightinformtheoccupantsthattheirlightingwason20outof49hours,equaling25kilowatt-hoursandproducing25poundsofcarbondioxide(CO2).
Sureenough,afterafewweeksofe-mails,all-nightlightingin16and56decreased.Ofthe56north-facingroomsmonitoredbycamera,fiveroomswithmorethantwooccupantswhovolun-teeredtoparticipateinthestudyshoweddeclinesofbetween1.4and2.4hourspernightbetweenearlySeptemberandlateOctober,whileroomswithoutstudyparticipantsshowednodecline.“Thisisverypreliminaryevidencegiventhesmallsample,butitprovidessomeencour-agement,”saysJialanWang,agradu-atestudentinfinancialeconomics,whohelpedspearheadtheprojectthroughthestudentorganizationClosingtheLoop.
Climatechangeandeconomicwoesbothpointtothenecessityofscalingbackenergyconsumption.Greenbuildingsoutfittedwithsustainablematerialsandenergy-efficientfixturesonlygosofar,becausethebuckstopswiththepeoplewhoactuallyturnthedevicesonandoff.Whytargetlighting?It’seasytotelliflightsareburningatnight,andrelativelyeasytomeasuretheenergysavingsfromcuttingbackontheiruse.
“Lightingaccountsforaboutone-thirdofallelectricityuseoncampus,accountingforapproximately$8millionayear,”saysStevenM.Lanou,deputydirectorforenvironmentalsustainabil-ity.“Thisisacompellingreasonforpeopletoturnofftheirlights.”
TheLightsOut16-56projectwassupportedbystafffromtheMITEnergyInitiative(MITEI);theEnvironment,Health,andSafetyHeadquartersOffice;theDepartmentofFacilities;andtheDepartmentofArchitecture.(TheprojectreceivedapprovalfromtheMITCommitteeontheUseofHumansasExperimentalSubjectstoensureappropriatepractices.)ItwasdevelopedbythestudentgroupClosingtheLoop,whichwasfoundedin2005toincreaseawarenessofMIT’sresourceusebyindividualsandthecommunity.Inadditiontolighting,ClosingtheLoopinitiativeshavetargetedrevolvingdoors,fumehoods,paperconservation,andgreenpurchasing.
ForLightsOut,WangandformerinternShyamShrinivasan,nowattheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnology,installedsmalldevicescalleddataloggerstorecordoccupancyandlightinguseinBuildings16and56.Theycanvassedthebuildingsforparticipantsandsetupwebcams.FundedbyMITEIandMIT’sEnviron-
mentalProgramsOffice,Shrinivasanworkedontheinitialalgorithmandcamerasetup.WiththehelpofStephenS.Intille,aDepartmentofArchitectureresearchscientist,theydevelopedsoftwarethatanalyzedthephotostomatchwindowstoroomsandsende-mailstoparticipants(seediagramtotheright).
“Researchshowsthattimely,highlytailoredmessagespresentedatso-calledteachablemomentsareoftenwell-receivedandcanmotivatepeopletochangetheirbehavior,”Intillesays.“Computersystemsmaybeabletodetecttheseteachablemomentsautomaticallyandrespondinrealtime.”
WhentheprojectwasturnedintoanUndergraduateResearchOpportunitiesProgram(UROP)studyinearly2009,JoshuaE.Hester,ajuniormajoringincivilandenvironmentalengineering,workedonanalyzingthedata.
Somethingassimpleasbeingmoreconscientiousaboutturningoffthelightscanleadtosignificantsavings,Hestersays.Basedonpreliminarymeasurementsfromthedataloggers,reducinglightinginunoccupiedlabsandofficesinBuildings16and56couldsaveabout$21,000and63tonsofCO2emissionsannually.Reducinglightingduringdaylighthourscouldsaveafurther160metrictonsannuallyforevery10%inlightingreduction,hesays.
“ThisstudyhasplayedakeysupportingroleinpromotingenergyefficiencyawarenessandInstitute-wideprogramsatMIT.LightsOut16-56hashelpedinformandinspirecomponentsoftherecentgreeningMITawarenesscam-paigns,whicharehighlightinglightinguseinacampus-wideefforttoimprove
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environmentalsustainabilityatMIT,”Lanousays.“WestrivetouseMIT’scampusasatestinggroundandlearninglaboratoryforprinciplesandpracticesthatarewidelyapplicable,andthisstudent-ledprojecthasbeenaterrificdemonstrationofthisinaction.”
NextstepsincludeexploringthepossibilityofexpandingtheLightsOutapproachtoadditionalMITbuildings;developingamoresophisticatedandtailoredfeedbacksystemincorporatingmorevisuallycompellingmessages;selectivee-mailingtotargetheavyusers;andmakingweb-baseddataonlightinguseavailabletothepublic.Inthelongterm,thegoalistoinstallautomatedlightingoccupancysensorsinallcampusbuildingsthatshutofflightswhenroomsareunoccupied,eliminatingtheneedforcameras.
“Fromourtalkingtoourbuildingoccupantrecruitsin16and56andpresentingthisprojecttomanypeoplefromallovercampusandvisitorsfromaroundtheworld,itseemsthatalotofpeopledowanttosaveenergybydoingsimplethingsliketurningofflights,”Wangsays.“Buttheyneedtobeinformedaboutwhatbehaviorstoadoptandwhattheimpactofthesebehaviorsis.Theyalsoneedfeedbackonhowtoimprove.AddressingthesethreepointshasbecomeClosingtheLoop’sapproachtoencouragingsustainablebehavior.”
• • •
By Deborah Halber, MITEI correspondent
Camera software
Modified images Data files E-mail messages
Downloaded pictures
Custom-designedJava program
Scheduledtotakeandstorepicturesevery20minutes
Usedforadditionalnumericalanalysis
Usedtodeterminewhetherlightsareonoroffinroomsofstudyparticipants
Senttostudyparticipantswithsummaryoflightinguse
Storeduntiluserstartsanalysis
Programgenerates...
“Lights Out” system layout
40 | Energy Futures | MIT Energy Initiative | Autumn 2009
Gaining visibility into buildings’ real-time energy performance
C A M P U S E N E R G Y A C T I V I T I E S
Althoughenergyusecanaccountforupto70%ofanMITbuilding’soperat-ingcost,exactlywhereandwhythatconsumptionoccursisnotobvious.Andwhenablipinabuilding’sinternalworkingscanleadtoevenhighercosts,ithelpstoknowwhat’sgoingon,energy-wise,aroundtheclock.
AtMIT,Building68,thebiologybuild-ing,hasbeenthesubjectofclosescrutinysinceJanuary.Calledcontinu-ouscommissioning,ordata-basedcommissioning,thismonitoringisanongoingprocesstoresolvebuildingoperatingproblems,improvecomfort,andoptimizeenergyuse.
“Computeranalysisofbuildingdatapointsoutoperatingpatternsthatfalloutsideofadeterminedtolerancelevelandrecommendstheaffectedsystemcomponentsforstudybyanengineer,”saysPeterCooper,managerofsustainabilityengineeringandutilityplanning.“Inthismanner,largeamountsofdatacanbeevaluatedandsiftedtoallowustoidentifypotentialenergysavingsopportunities.”
IntheBuilding68pilotproject,thepay-offhasbeensignificant.Inthecurrentfiscalyear,morethan$3.1millionofthebuilding’s$4.5millionoperatingexpensehasbeenforsteam,chilledwater,andelectricity.Basedonthefirstthreemonthsofmonitoring,annualsavingsfromchangesinBuilding68aloneareprojectedtotop$360,000.
“Thisispartofalarger-scaleeffortcoordinatedbytheMITEnergyInitiativeCampusEnergyTaskForceofgreen-ingtheMITcampus.Theprojectencom-passesfacilityimprovements,studentprojects,andindividualmeasuresbytheentireMITcommunitytoincreaseenergyefficiency,”saysLeonR.Glicksman,professorofbuilding
technologyandmechanicalengineeringandco-chairoftheCampusEnergyTaskForce.
“Weplantocarefullymonitortheenergysavingsaswellaseconomicpaybacktoinformfuturemeasuresoncampusandprovideguidanceforotherorganizationsfacingthesamechallenges,”hesays.
Running hot and cold
Building68keepsitslaboratoriesupandrunninganditsoccupantscomfortablewiththehelpofsevenairhandlers,twoheatexchangers,chilledandhotwaterpumps,fancoilunits,andvariableairvolumeboxes,whichhelpmakeair-conditioningsystemsmoreefficientbyregulatingtheamountofcoolingtargetedtowardspecific
roomsorareas.Allthesecomponentsrepresentalotofcomplexity,whichtranslatesintoopportunitiesforthingstogowrong—whichiswhathappenedsometimebeforeMarch5.
MIThadenlistedthehelpofCimetrics,aBoston-basedpioneerinbuildingoptimization,toinstallasystemthatdeliversbuildingdataovertheInternet.ThankstoCimetrics’monitoringofkeyoperatingparameters—541datapointsinthebuilding’sautomationsystemarereadandanalyzedevery15minutes—buildingoperatorscouldseethatheatingandcoolingwereoccurringsimultaneouslyinthreeofthelargeair-handlingunits.
Programmingchangestothebuilding’sautomationsystemfixedthesimultane-ousheatingandcoolingproblem,
Hourly average data
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DetailedmonitoringoftheautomationsysteminMIT’sBuilding68showedthatheatingandcoolingwereoccurringsimultaneouslyinthreeofthelargeair-handlingunits.Programmingchangestothebuilding’sautomationsystemonMarch5reducedbothsteamandchilledwaterconsumptionimmediately.Thereductioninsteamuseisevidentinthechartabove.Basedondatafromthefirstthreemonths,theannualsavingsfromthereductioninbothsteamandchilledwateruseisprojectedtobemorethan$360,000.
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Steam consumption in MIT’s Building 68
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leadingtoanimmediate,dramaticdropinbothsteamandchilledwateruse.Repairstovalvesandvalveoperatorsboostedthepoorperformanceofaheatrecoverysystem—alsoidentifiedbythedatamonitoring—andCooperpredictsthatsettingbackheatingandcoolingtemperatureswhenthebuildingisunoccupiedwillresultinadditionalsavings.
“Asenergygetsmoreexpensiveandretrofitsgetmorecomplicated,buildingownerswanttoknowjusthowtheirinvestmentinHVACorlightingcontrolsispayingoffintermsofloweroperatingcostsandhigherenergysavings,”saysWalterE.Henry,MITDepartmentofFacilities’directorofengineering.“Sofar,wehaveappliedmonitoringtechnologytoBuildings18,W35,E25,andmostrecently,16and56.Weplantoworkourwaythroughotherlabbuildings,whicharethehighestenergyintensityandmostcomplexoftheInstitute’sbuildings.
“Wearealsoincorporatingthiscapa-bilityintonewconstruction—thenewgraduateresidenceNW35,thenewMediaLabandSloanbuildings,theDavidH.KochInstituteforIntegratedCancerResearch—asaperformanceverificationtoolduringthewarrantyperiodandbeyond,”hesays.
AssessingthreemonthsofBuilding68’sutilitybillingdataledtoareductionof5,047poundsperhourofsteamand275,910tonsperhourofchilledwaterfromApriltoJune2009overthesameperiodin2008.“Wewillsavemorethan$360,000over12monthsifgaspricesremainatthecurrentlevel,”Coopersays.“Building68wasacontinuouscommissioningsuccess,andwe’relookingforwardtorepeatingthiskindofsuccessstoryaroundcampus.”
• • •
By Deborah Halber, MITEI correspondent
Left:MIT’sBuilding68,thebiologybuilding,wherecontinuouscommissioningledtoadjustmentsinthebuilding’sautomationsystemyieldingsignificantenergyandcostsavings.Right:Typicallargeheating,ventilating,andair-conditioningequipmentthatismonitored,analyzed,andoptimizedbycontinuouscommissioning.
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O U T R E A C H
MIT releases report on retrofitting coal-fired power plants for CO2 captureOnJune23,2009,inWashington,DC,ProfessorErnestMoniz,directoroftheMITEnergyInitiative(MITEI)andformerundersecretaryoftheUSDepartmentofEnergy,unveiledareportonreducingcarbondioxide(CO2)emissionsfromexistingcoalplants.Thereport,basedonthefindingsofanMITsymposiumonretrofittingcoal-firedpowerplants,identifiespossiblenextstepsfortheconsiderationofpolicymakers,industry,andothersengagedinCO2emissionsmitigation.
“ThereisnocrediblepathwaytowardprudentgreenhousegasstabilizationtargetswithoutCO2emissionsreductionfromexistingcoalpowerplants.Weurgentlyneedtechnologyoptionsfortheseplantsandpoliciesthatincentivizeimplementation,”Monizsaid.“WemaynotseeastrongCO2pricesignalformanyyears.Intheinterim,weneedalarge,focusedfederalprogramtodevelopanddemonstratecommercial-scaletechnologies.”
TheMarch2009symposiumdealtwithretrofittingofexistingpulverizedcoalpowerplantsforCO2emissionsreduc-tion,withafocusonpost-combustioncapture.Thesymposiumincluded54subjectmatterexpertsfromarangeofstakeholdergroups,includingacademia,government,publicinterestgroups,andindustry.ChathamHouserulesapplied.Participantswerepro-videdthreecommissionedwhitepapersonkeyissuesinadvance,andtheyalsobenefitedfrom14additionalpaperssubmittedbysymposiumparticipants.TheyaddressedarangeofadditionaltechnologyoptionsforcuttingCO2emissions,including:
• efficiencyretrofits
• co-firingofcoalplantswithlow-carbonfuels
• rebuildingexistingsubcriticalunitstoultra-supercriticalunitswithcapture
• moreextensiverebuildssuchasoxy-combustionorintegratedgasificationcombinedcyclewithCO2capture
• poly-generation
• repoweringofexistingboilerswithalternativefuelssuchasbiomassornaturalgas
MonizwasjoinedattheannouncementbyWayneLeonard,chairmanandCEOofEntergyCorporation,whoco-chairedthesymposium.Leonardspokeaboutthecoreissueforexistingplants,notingthattheywillcontinuetooperatefordecades,evenasindustryturnstocarbon-freeelectricpower-generatingtechnologies.“Oncebuilt,coalplantsare,inmostcases,thecheapestsourceofbaseloadpowergenerationandwillnotbephasedoutabsentveryhighCO2prices,”Leonardsaid.“It’sbasiceconomics.”
Keyfindingsofthereportarethefollowing.
• Relativelylarge,high-efficiencycoalplantsalreadyequippedwithdesulfurizationandnitrogenoxideemissionscontrolsarethebestcandidatesforpost-combustioncaptureretrofit.Suchplantsmakeuplessthanhalfoftheexistingfleet.However,specificretrofitprojectsmustpassvarioussite-specificscreens,suchasavailablespace,increasedwatersupply,andCO2off-takeoptions.Afleet-wide,detailedinventoryofplantsandsitesisurgentlyneededtodeterminewhichplantsaresuitableforretrofit-ting,rebuilding,orrepoweringorforpartialCO2capturesolutionstailoredtothecurrentplantconfiguration.ThisinventoryshouldinformpolicymakersabouttherangeofoptionsforsignificantreductionofCO2emissionsfromoperatingcoalplantsindifferentclimatepolicyscenarios.
Parasitic energy losses for CO2 capture from typical coal power plant
Therelativeefficiencylossesassociatedwithpost-combustionCO2capturefromatypicalcoalpowerplantcanbeashighas26%.Amorespecificbreakdownofthoselosses—shownabove—helpsfocusresearchtoimproveCO2captureefficiency.
8% Power for pumps, fans for capture process
38% Power for CO2 compressors
54% Power loss from steam extraction
10% Power for pumps, fans for capture process
31% Power for CO2 compressors
59% Power loss from steam extraction
8% Power for pumps, fans for capture process
38% Power for CO2 compressors
54% Power loss from steam extraction for capture process
10% Power for pumps, fans, etc.
31% Power for CO2 compressors
59% Power for air separation plant
Autumn 2009 | MIT Energy Initiative | Energy Futures | 43
O U T R E A C H
Major MIT study examines the future of the electric grid
• Researchanddevelopmentforexistingcoalplantsshouldfocusoncostreductionofpost-combustioncapture.Thisisessentialifretrofitsaretobeaffordableindevelopingcountries.AnexpandedR&Dpro-gramshouldalsoincludeefficiencyupgrades,rebuilds,repowering,poly-generation,andco-firingwithbiomass.AcomponentforresearchonCO2capturefromnaturalgaspowerplantsshouldbeincluded.ArobustUSR&Deffortwiththisscoperequiresabout$1billionperyearforthenextdecade(notincludingsupportforcommercial-scaledemonstration).
• Thefederalgovernmentshoulddramaticallyexpandthescaleandscopeforutility-scalecommercialdemonstrationofcoalplantswithCO2capture,includingdemonstrationofretrofitandrebuildoptionsforexistingcoalpowerplants.Newgovernmentmanagementapproach-eswithgreaterflexibilityandnewgovernmentfundingapproacheswithgreatercertaintyareaprerequi-siteforaneffectiveprogram.
• TheworldcannotachievesignificantreductionsinCO2emissions,avoid-ingthemostdisruptiveimpactsofclimatechange,withoutcommit-mentstoreduceemissionsfromexistingcoal-firedpowerplantsintheUSandChina.Bilateralapproachesonclimatechangeshouldbeencour-agedandsupportedasamatterofUSpolicy.JointRD&DprogramsbetweentheUSandChinashouldbesupportedandfunded.
Todownloadcopiesofthesummary,thefullreport,andrelatedpapersandpresentations,pleasegotoweb.mit.edu/mitei/research/reports.html.
• • •
The Future of the Electric Grid study described below is one in a series of interdisciplinary studies undertaken by MIT faculty to explore the contribution that different energy technologies could make to meet future US and global energy needs in a carbon-constrained world. Final reports are available for the 2003 MITFutureofNuclearPower study (web.mit.edu/nuclearpower/) and the 2007 MITFutureofCoal study (web.mit.edu/coal/). Ongoing studies focus on solar energy, natural gas, and nuclear fuel cycles (see EnergyFutures, autumn 2008, for more information).
MostprojectionsofdesirablefutureenergysystemsintheUnitedStatesandotherdevelopednationsinvolveanexpandedroleforelectricityandthereforeforthetransmissionanddistributionfunctionsoftheelectricgrid.IntheUS,thecapacityoftoday’sgridwillneedtobedramaticallyexpanded,notjusttocarrymoreelectricityproducedbyconventionalpowerplantsbutalsotoexploitwindandsolargenerationopportunities,somelocatedfarfromloadcenters.
Newtransmissionfacilitiesmustbebuilt,andcurrentlegalandregulatoryregimeswillalmostcertainlyneedtobechangedtoremoveexistingbarrierstosuchconstruction.
Associetyreliesmoreandmoreonelectricpower,ensuringgridreliabilityandsecuritywillbecomemoreimpor-tant—butalsomoredifficult,inpartbecauseofthegrowingroleofwindandsolargeneratingsystems,theoutputofwhichcannotbepreciselycontrolledorforecasttosufficientlyinformgridmanagers.Inaddition,demandonthegridwillchangeasenergy-relatedtechnologiesadvance.Electrificationofthetransportationsector,forinstance,wouldalterthecharacteristicsofsystemloadsandimposenewrequirementsonthegrid.
Simplyexpandingthecapacityofthecurrentgridwillnotbeadequate.Deploymentofamoresophisticatedandpowerfulcommunicationandcontrolsystem—bothwithinthegridandbetweenthegridandkeyenduserssuchasfirms,households,andeven
44 | Energy Futures | MIT Energy Initiative | Autumn 2009
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individualappliances—willbecriticalifwearetomaintainhighreliabilityandsecuritywhilemakingmoreintensiveuseofrenewablegeneration.
InSeptember2009,MITlaunchedafaculty-led,interdisciplinarystudythatwillexaminethesubstantialissuessurroundingthenationalinitiativetoenhancethefunctionalityandreliabilityoftheelectricgrid.TheFutureoftheElectricGridstudywillalsoexplorethecontributionthatanenhancedelectricgridcanmaketomeetthegrowingandchangingenergyneedsofthenationinanefficientandenvironmentallyresponsiblemanner.
Thestudywillprovideanobjectiveassessmentofthepotentialbenefitsofgridexpansionaswellasofextensivedeploymentofnewandemergingtechnologiesandstandardsrelatingtoa“smartgrid”—amodernized,efficientgridcontrolledbyInformationAgetechnologies.Indeed,aprincipalgoalistoclarifythetechnical,administrative,regulatory,financial,andsocietalopportunitiesandchallengesthatarepresentedbythemanyinnovationsbeingproposedunderthesmartgridbannertooptimizeourfutureelectricalnetworkanditsoperation.
Thestudywillalsoexamineregulatoryandotherpoliciesthatcouldhelpimprovevariousdimensionsofgridperformanceandacceleratedeploy-mentofnewandemergingtechnolo-gies.Theroleofregionaltransmissionoperatorsandwholesaleelectricitymarketswillbeaddressed.WhilethestudywillfocusontheUnitedStates,itwillalsoexamineissuesfacedbyothernationsandthelessonstheirexperiencescanoffer.
Basedonitsfindings,thestudywillmakerecommendationsaboutresearch,
development,anddemonstrationstrategies,governmentpolicies,andindustryactions.
TheFutureoftheElectricGrid studyisco-chairedbyJohnKassakian,professorofelectricalengineeringandcomputerscience,andRichardSchmalensee,theHowardW.JohnsonProfessorofEconomicsandManage-mentanddirectoroftheMITCenterforEnergyandEnvironmentalPolicyResearch.Thestudyteamincludesfacultywithexpertiseinpowersystems,powerelectronics,informationtechnol-ogy,economics,andenergyandenvironmentalpolicy.Ateamofstudentresearchassistants—someofthemuncompensatedvolunteers—isalreadyhardatwork.
Theelectricgridstudyhasadistin-guishedoutsideadvisorycommitteechairedbytheHon.J.BennettJohnston,formerchairmanoftheSenateEnergyandNaturalResourcesCommittee.Itisanticipatedthatthisstudy,liketheMITnuclearandcoalstudies,willhaveasignificantimpactonpublicpoliciesandprivatedecisions.
• • •
Future of the Electric Grid study team
Khurram Afridi,ElectricalEngineeringandComputerScience(visiting) Jerrold M. Grochow,consultantand(retired)MITvicepresidentforInformationServicesandTechnology
William Hogan,HarvardKennedySchoolofGovernment
Henry Jacoby,SloanSchoolofManagement
John Kassakian,ElectricalEngineeringandComputerScience,co-chair
James Kirtley,ElectricalEngineeringandComputerScience
Ignacio Pérez-Arriaga,EngineeringSystemsDivisionandCenterforEnergyandEnvironmentalPolicyResearch(visiting)
David Perreault,ElectricalEngineeringandComputerScience Nancy Rose,Economics
Richard Schmalensee,SloanSchoolofManagementandDepartmentofEconomics,co-chair
Gerald Wilson,ElectricalEngineeringandComputerScienceandMechanicalEngineering
Autumn 2009 | MIT Energy Initiative | Energy Futures | 45
L F E E • LaboratoryforEnergyandtheEnvironment
Martin Fellows wade into salt marsh ecologyPastandpresentMartinFellowsvisitedThompsonIslandaspartofaSeptemberretreat.Studentspursuingawiderangeofenvironmental,energy,andsustainabilityresearchtopicscametogethertolearnabout(andgetkneedeepin!)theBostonHarborIsland’spristineandrestoredsaltmarshes.Theannualeventprovidesanopportunityforthefellowstoshareideasandmeetcolleaguesacrossdisciplinarylines.
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EliseLi,a2008MartinFellowinchemistry,preparestotakeapictureoftheBostonskylineastheOutwardBoundFerrytakesretreatattendeestoThompsonIsland.
JosephShapiro,a2009MartinFellowineconomics,checkshisnetfortheAsianshorecrab,aninvasivespeciesinthesaltmarsh.
AlejandraMenchaca(left),a2009MartinFellowinmechanicalengineering,andKatherinePotter,a2008MartinFellowinearth,atmospheric,andplanetarysciences,pullanetthroughThompsonIsland’spristinesaltmarshtocollectsamplesofaquaticlife,includingcrabs,shrimp,andseveralspeciesoffish.
SaraLincoln,a2009MartinFellowinearth,atmospheric,andplanetarysciences,andCasperMartinoftheMartinFamilyFoundationcrossoverthesaltmarshonamonkeybridgeinordertoprotectthelandatthewater’sedge.
RangerJenniferBourque(right)examinesasampleoftinyshrimpwithMalimaWolf(left),a2008MartinFellowinmechanicalengineering,andCarlijnMulder,a2009MartinFellowinelectricalengineeringandcomputerscience.
CyChan(left),a2009 MartinFellowinelectricalengineeringandcomputerscience,andJenniferHsiaw(center),agraduatestudentincivilandenvironmentalengineering,inspectnativehermitcrabswithRangerAnnaHines.
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L F E E • LaboratoryforEnergyandtheEnvironment
UROP shines light on energy in rural Africa
MITjuniorPeterLugotmorethanhebargainedforduringhissummerresearchprojectinLesotho,amoun-tainouscountrysurroundedbySouthAfrica.Installinganewsolar-thermalsystemforaruralmedicalclinicinvolvednotonlyhisengineeringskillsbutalsosomeverylow-techwork:diggingholesandpouringcementtobuildthesystem’sinfrastructure.Andthatwasafterspending36hoursenroutebyplaneandanotherhalfdaydrivingintothemountainstogetthere.
“Therewasalotofphysicalwork.ButI’magymnut,”saysLu,amechanicalengineeringmajor.“Andthemountainswerebeautiful.”LuspentthefirstsixweeksofhisUndergraduateResearchOpportunitiesProgram(UROP)projectatMITperformingdesignreviewsofthesystem’ssolarpowercollectorandidentifyingareaswherethemechanicalruggednesscouldbeimproved.Then,inmid-JulyhetraveledtoLesotho,wherehespentanothersixweekshelp-ingimplementthesystemandtraininglocalpeopleontechniquestomakethesystemindependently.
OverseeinghisworkwasMatthewOrosz,aPhDcandidateincivilandenvironmentalengineeringandarecentMartinFamilySocietyofFellowsforSustainabilityawardee.Aspartofthatfellowship,OroszwasallowedaUROPstudent.
“He’soutgoingandenthusiastic,”OroszsaysofLu.“Hedidalltheworkthatneededtogetdone.Weworkedonvariouspartsofthemachine,cutsteel,welded,figuredoutdimensionsfromacomputer-aideddesigndrawing,setupjigs,workedonmachinetools,anddugholesforfoundations.Itwasamultidisciplinaryproject.”
LufirstheardabouttheLesothoprojectacoupleyearsagowhenhereadaboutitontheMITEnergyInitiative(MITEI)website(web.mit.edu/mitei),andthencontactedOrosz.Lu’spreviousUROP,duringhissophomoreyear,focusedonimprovingthethermodynamicefficiencyofthesolar-thermalsystem’spower-generatingheatengines.HecontinuedworkonthesystemthroughthesummerUROP,whichwasspon-soredbytheMartinfellowship.
“MITisridinganewwaveofenergyresearch,”saysLu.“Thisprojectisinterestingtomebecausethesystemsaremechanical,whichhastodowithclassesIamtakingnow.Anditinvolvestheinteractionofenergyandthedevelopingworld.”AccordingtotheCIA World Factbook,almost49%ofLesotho’spopulationlivesbelowthepovertylevel.Thecountryisatahigh
altitudeandgetsmorethan300daysofsunperyear,makingitanidealsettingforsolar-thermaltechnology.
AmandaGraham,directoroftheMITEIEducationOffice,notesthatLuandOrosz’sworkinLesothodemon-stratesthepotentialimpactofcross-disciplinary,appliedresearchinenergyandtheenvironment.“ThisMartinFamilyUROPisapowerfulexampleofhowteaminganundergradwithaPhDstudentinthefieldcanenrichtheeducationalexperiencewhileimprovingthequalityoflifeforothers,”saysGraham,whoadministerstheMartinFellowshipProgramforMITEI’sLabora-toryforEnergyandtheEnvironment.
Luworkedside-by-sidewithOrosz,aswellaslocalandvisitingengineers.“Matthasbeenworkingontheprojectforsixyears.Hehasanimmensetechnicalrepertoireandwasafantasticguide,”saysLu.“Andthelocalengi-neerswereveryskilled.Iwasthrilledtohavesuchaninspiringcrewofindividualstoworkwith.”TheprojectinvolvedalocalschoolandengineersinthePharmongregionofLesotho.
Manyofthepartsforthesystemaremakeshift.AformerPeaceCorpsvolunteerinLesotho,Oroszgottheideatouseaparabolictroughforthesolar-thermalsystemafterseeinghowitcouldsimultaneouslybake10loavesofbreadforalocalcommunity.Theparabolictroughfocusessunlightontoapipecontainingathermalabsorptionfluidthatcirculatesthroughaheat-transferenginewhereitturnsarefriger-antintovapor.Thevapordrivesapositivedisplacementexpander,whichinturncausesageneratortoproducethermalandelectricalenergy.Thesolarcollectorarrayforthemedicalclinicmeasures70squaremeters.Oroszsaid
UROPstudentPeterLu’11pourscementwithmechanicalengineersMotlatsiSekhesa(center)andTumeloMakhetha,bothofwhomarewithSTGInternational,anonprofitcompanyformedbyMITPhDstudentMatthewOrosz.
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thecogenerationdesigncanrecoversomeofthewasteheat,somoreofthesun’senergyiscaptured.
Oroszstartedengineeringanddesignworkonthesystemin2004duringaD-LabclasswithAmySmith,aseniorlecturerinmechanicalengineering.“Itwasthefirstopportunitytoapplymyideastoaprototype,”hesaid.HewenttoLesothoduringIndependentActivi-tiesPeriod(IAP)inJanuary2005,andreturnedthenextyearaswell.In2006hewona$129,500WorldBankgrantfortheproject.Muchofthesystemwasbuiltusingordinaryautopartsandplumbingsuppliesthatareavailablelocallyandareeasytomaintain.
“Wedevelopedsomecomponentsandrepurposedothers,suchasrunninganairconditionerorcompressorback-wards,”saysOrosz.Headdsthatthesystemisnotacompleteprototypeand
thatitstillisbeingtestedatMIT.HehopestoreturntoLesothowithcolleaguesduringIAPin2010tofinishtheinstallation.Thesystemwillpro-ducearound3kilowattsofelectricityfortheruralclinic.
“Igainedvaluableexperienceperform-ingengineeringworkintheabsenceofmechanizedtoolsanddiscoveredanewappreciationforfirst-worldpublicinfrastructure,”Luwroteinhispost-UROPreport.“Ilearnedtoplanforextendedsupplyshortagesanddeliverydelays,andtosynchronizemydailyschedulewiththesun.”
Lusayshegoteverythinghewantedfromthetrip.“Thisplaysintomyinterestsinmechanicalapplicationsfortheenergysector.I’dlovetocon-tinueworkingwithsolar-thermaltechnology,especiallyonanindustrialscale,”hesays.Luhopestoworkwith
multi-megawattsolarfarmsinthefuture.Buthe’salsoleavingthedooropentograduatestudies.“HavingseenwhatMattcando—managingbothadoctoratedegreeandaprojectlikethis—isinspiring.”
• • •
By Lori Fortig, MITEI correspondent
MechanicalengineerTumeloMaketha(left)andMITgraduatestudentMatthewOroszinfrontofthesolarcollector.Oroszgottheideatouseaparabolictrough—whichalsoisidealforbaking10loavesofbreadsimultaneously—duringhisworkinthePeaceCorps.
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48 | Energy Futures | MIT Energy Initiative | Autumn 2009
M I T E I M E M B E R S
MITEI Founding and Sustaining members
F O U N D I N G M E M B E R S
BPEni S.p.A.
F O U N D I N G P U B L I C M E M B E R
Masdar Institute of Science and Technology
S U S T A I N I N G M E M B E R S
ABB Research Ltd.Robert Bosch GmbHChevron U.S.A. Inc.Enel Produzione SpAFundació Barcelona Tecnológica (b_TEC)Lockheed MartinSaudi Aramco SchlumbergerSiemensTotal
S U S T A I N I N G P U B L I C M E M B E R
Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation
MembersasofNovember15,2009
MITEI’sFoundingandSustainingmemberssupport“flagship”energyresearchprogramsorindividualresearchprojectsthathelpthemmeettheirstrategicenergyobjectives.Theyalsoprovideseedfundingforearly-stageinnovativeresearchprojectsandsupportnamedEnergyFellowsatMIT.Todate,membershavemadepossible54seedgrantprojectsacrossthecampusaswellasfellowshipsfor87graduatestudentsin20MITdepartmentsanddivisions.
MITEI Associate and Affiliate members
MITEI’sAssociateandAffiliatememberssupportarangeofMITenergyresearch,education,andcampusactivitiesthatareofinteresttothem.Currentmembersarenowsupportingvariousenergy-relatedMITcenters,laboratories,andinitiatives;fellowshipsforgraduatestudents;researchopportunitiesforundergrads;campusenergymanagementprojects;outreachactivitiesincludingseminarsandcolloquia;andmore.
Associate membersCumminsElectricitédeFranceDevelopment,Inc.EntergyHessOrmatTechnologies,Inc.
Affiliate membersAMSOCorporationAngelenoGroupBerkeleyInvestments,Inc.MarilyneG.BreslowBrownsteinHyattFarberSchreck,LLPCambridgeEnergyResearch
Associates(CERA)CIDS–DCSEnergySavingsConstellationEnergyEnerNOC,Inc.ForgePartners,LLCGabelliCapitalPartnersNatalieM.GivansGlobespanCapitalPartnersGravitas&CieInt.SAGreengEnergyICFInternationalInGRIDEnergy,LLCMillennialNet,Inc.MooreandVanAllenNewEnergyFinanceNexant,Inc.NthPower,LLCNGPEnergyTechnologyPartners,LPPalmerLabs,LLCPatriotRenewablesPhilipRettger(OptiSolar)RockportCapitalPartnersSteptoe&Johnson,LLPGeorgeR.Thompson,Jr.TheTremontGroup,LLC
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Autumn 2009 | MIT Energy Initiative | Energy Futures | 49
O U T R E A C H
MITEI Associate and Affiliate members
OnOctober23,PresidentBarackObamadeliveredamajoraddressoncleanenergyatMIT.ButfirsthetouredseveralresearchlaboratorieswhereMITfacultybriefedhimonpromisingresearchprojectsinrenewableenergy,storage,andefficiency.WhileinProfessorVladimirBulovic’slab,hesignedapieceofequipmentalongwithhisassessmentofMIT’senergyresearch:“Greatwork!”Seepage4formoreabouthisvisit.
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