Energy for Mega Cities: a WEC study for The Montréal Congress

© World Energy Council 2007

Energy for Mega Cities: a WEC study for The MontréalEnergy for Mega Cities: a WEC study for The Montréal Congress

Study Group:

Anil Razdan, Chair

Pierre-Noël Giraud, Director

Energy For Mega Cities

Mr.Anil Razdan, Secy (Power) GOI, is chairing a global study on:

““Energy for Mega Cities”Energy for Mega Cities”

Pr. Pierre-Noël Giraud, Prof. at ParisTech, is the Study Director.

The Study Group will study the growth, development and energy linked issues of Mega Cities with population of about 10 million or more for a time horizon up to 2050

It would recommend the norms and code of conduct to ensure a sustainable energy growth of Mega cities


ObjectivesObjectives

Develop a concept of a secure energy supply and distribution system, including the transport sector, for large cities based on modern developing technologies, in order to ensure a sustainable future.

Policy formulation and recommendations, suited to specific regions.

To disseminate lessons learned that can provide the benefits of urban living to those in rural areas and thus relieve one of the main drivers of migration to cities and help achieve the goal of access to basic energy services for all.


MethodologyMethodology

The Study Group will examine the availability, affordability, sustainability, investments and costs of the various techniques of supplying energy in very big cities as well as the “policy packages” needed for their implementation

These will be examined on both a regional and global scale, with particular attention paid to urban needs tailored to specific regions, through four to five case studies.

Finally, policy actions and investment needs will be identified and communicated in the report.


Specificity of this WEC studySpecificity of this WEC study

a bottom - up process starting from the study of what is actually done and scheduled in representative mega cities

Business oriented: what could be the role of the energy industry, in partnership with public authorities and civil society.


A bottom up process:A bottom up process: 6 to 7 case studies of representative cities: Launched by a workshop organized by the national and

regional WEC members Draft report by the “writing team” according to a common

template Completion and discussion of the city report with local WEC

members and within the study group City reports will be attached to the final report

In the meanwhile:In the meanwhile: Compilation of existing literature by the “writing team” and

drafting of the transversal chapters of the final report


Workshops planned with urban officials,Workshops planned with urban officials,

academics, WEC membersacademics, WEC members• Tokyo, October, 2• Mexico City, November, 26• New Delhi (done by WEC India, second WS end of

January)• Cape Town (in process - January)• London (in process)• San Francisco (mere study tour, early February)• Toronto ( opportunity being discussed)

A bottom up process

–Case studies completed by the end of March

–First draft of the report circulated by the end of April

–Report for Montréal congress

Schedule

1. Data1. Data•Demography, economics and city shape •Energy consumption ( including evidence of energy poverty, if relevant)•GHG emissions

Define first what “ The city of…” means in terms of area, population and administrative levels. Several definitions are possible, according to their usefulness for the sustainability issues.Data should be given for the past, present and future trends BAU, if available.

City report template 1

2. Policies2. Policies•National level ( impacting the city)•City level

Give here a general presentation of the objectives and policies already implemented and decided for the future, both at the national level (only those policies impacting the city) and the local level.

Pay attention to the issues of multi level governance.

Distinguish three main policy domains:– E

nergy efficiency and GHG emissions reduction

– Combating energy poverty

– Adaptation of the energy and related systems to climate change


3. Road Maps3. Road MapsIn the fields of: GHG emissions reduction, Combating energy poverty,

Adaptation to climate change:

Describe the MAIN actions that must pave the road maps towards availability-affordability and acceptability of the future energy system of the city. Select the most important and representative actions.

Describe the stakeholders involved and their relationships. Role of business, role of public-private partnership, role of NGO’s and civil society

Evaluate the economics of the actions (cost-benefit analysis, investment involved, etc)

Discuss whether: • the incentives/constraints system is rightly designed• the financing channels are well in place

for these actions to be carried out at a sufficient scale


1. Population trends in Mega cities1. Population trends in Mega cities

2. Energy consumption, availability, 2. Energy consumption, availability, affordability and related GES affordability and related GES emissions in Mega citiesemissions in Mega cities

3. Energy efficiency and city shape 3. Energy efficiency and city shape There is no single efficient city shape… Policies

must focus on how to control a city dynamicsImportance of market forces and general scope

for public policies

Proposed Framework of the Final Report 1

4. The Tool Box: technical “building 4. The Tool Box: technical “building blocks” for efficient energy (and blocks” for efficient energy (and related networks) supply related networks) supply

Description, costs, technical and organisational affordability of: plants, networks, end of pipe equipments

The case for technologies adapted to low income populations

The case for centralised vs. decentralised networks/plants


5. Efficient energy “packages”, their 5. Efficient energy “packages”, their implementation and financingimplementation and financing

Efficient energy policies are “packages of measures”.

This chapter will be based on the city case

studies, and report “good” practices, including implementation: roles of public/private, central/local, municipalities/civil society, and financing.


6. The global investment challenge6. The global investment challengeAssessment of the need for investment, by specific cities, regions, worldwide

7. Policy recommendations7. Policy recommendations

Annexes will present the City Case Annexes will present the City Case StudiesStudies


Bottom up process of gathering bibliography and sharing of relevant documents through the WEC website

Documents are now presented on the WECDocuments are now presented on the WEC

website under different headings:website under different headings:

– General– By chapter of the final report– By cities

A “Blog” has been set up on the web site for interactive discussions among

members.

• Population: 13m. Greater Tokyo: 36m. Stagnating

• Very compact since Edo time: more than 8000/ha

• 77% of employment: tertiary

Tokyo case study. Main facts (very preliminary)Population and city shape

Tokyo case study. Main facts (very preliminary)Modal split

Tokyo case study. Main facts (very preliminary)Buildings

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000

Offices

Department stores, etc

Hotels

Schools

Hospitals

Computer buildings

Unit energy consumption (MJ/m2)

Tokyo case study. Main facts (very preliminary)GHG emissions by sectors 1990-2006

0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0

1 9 9 0 (FY)

2 0 0 0 (FY)

2 0 0 6 (FY)

In d u s try B u s in e s s H o u s e h o ld T ra n p o rta t io n O th e rs

Tokyo case study. Main facts (very preliminary)Tepco( The Tokyo main utility) energy mix

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

65 73 75 85 95 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07

08 (p

lanne

d)

17 (p

lanne

d)

Hydro Geothermal LNG/LPG Other gases Oil Coal Nuclear

Tokyo case study. Main facts (very preliminary)Policies

• Kyoto target most probably not reached at national level in 2012

• Tokyo has set its own target for 2020:

- 20% / 2000 ( - 18%/ 1990)• Main policies:

– ETS for commercial buildings– Strong standards for new buildings– Transport and land use: already quite

efficient…

Tokyo case study. Main facts (very preliminary)Road maps

• Heat pumps ( and lighting)

• Hybrid and electric cars

• Greening of energy mix: nuclear, geothermal, wind, efficiency in thermal plants

Tokyo case study. Main facts (very preliminary)Heat pumps in buildings

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

After measures taken

Before measures are taken

Elevator Water supply and drainage Ventilation

Wall outlet Lighting Hot water supply

Heat conveyance Heat source for air conditioning

Tokyo case study. Main facts (very preliminary)Comments

• 2020 target ( -20% / 2000) probably to be reached by Tokyo

• Later: what about the Tokyo contribution to the -50% national target for 2050 ???

Delhi case study. Main facts (very preliminary)

• Report made by the Indian WEC committee• Very comprehensive on:

– data– nature and the scope of the problems, both

from the availability - affordability and sustainability points of view

– generic policies that should be applied


• NCT Delhi: 13m to 24m in 2020• NCR: 37m to 64 in 2020• Program of “counter magnet areas”

• Importance of illegal settlements• Problems of energy (and water) availability

– Need for huge investments and improving efficiency of electricity and water/sanitation supply

Delhi case study. Main facts (very preliminary).

• Transport:– Modal split: still 80% public, but– Mainly buses, rickshaws,etc..– Exploding use of personal vehicles:

congestion– Efforts to shift to less polluting fuels– Need for huge investments in rail and BRT

mass transportation system, with good interoperability + walking and cycling


• Complements on the actual road maps would be welcomed

• Possibly a new workshop on road maps in January

• First report already available through: – J.K. Mehta: [email protected]

Let’s have an very good

Mexico workshop!

Thank You

Energy for Mega Cities: a WEC study for The Montréal Congress

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