Managing Northern Spotted Owl Habitat in Dry Forest Ecosystems
Energy Flow through Ecosystems by d. jones. Habitat= the type of place where an organism lives...
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Transcript of Energy Flow through Ecosystems by d. jones. Habitat= the type of place where an organism lives...
Energy Flow through Ecosystems
by d. jones
Habitat= the type of place where an organism lives
• determined by plant communities– community = all of the populations in the same
habitat– abiotic factors
• soil
• water
• elevation
• climate
Classification of Organisms by Feeding Modes
• Producers– trap energy from the sun
• sun is the ultimate source of energy for earth
• use photosynthesis to make their own food– combine water and carbon dioxide to form carbohydrates
– requires chlorophyll (they are green)
• consumers– get food from producers– primary consumers feed directly on producers
– secondary consumers feed on primary consumers
– there can be tertiary and quaternary consumers
• decomposers– bacteria and fungi– obtain their energy from organisms that have
died or from animal wastes– occasionally obtain energy from organisms that
are still living• athletes foot
– recycle nutrients and other molecules
Energy Flow
SUNLIGHT producer primary consumer secondary consumer decomposer
Steps in the series are called trophic levels.
Trophic Levels
Energy Loss
• energy is lost at each level– most of the energy is lost as heat– motion– metabolism
• there is more energy available at the lower trophic levels– therefore there is more mass of organisms
We can view this as a pyramid.
Central Valley
•grasses–produce seeds
•valley oak–produce acorns
• Insectsgrasshoppers: grasses
crickets:grasses
spiders: insects
Arachnids
• Mammals– Small
• Rodents
jackrabbits: grass
ground squirrel: seeds, fruit
mice: seeds ,grasses
gopher: plant roots
• Large Mammals
Coyote: birds, small mammals, frogs, snakes, berries
• Seed eaters
• Meat eaters
BIRDS
–kestrel:–insects
–red tailed hawk: rabbits, ground squirrels
Valley Quail
• reptiles
gopher snakes: rodents
western fence lizard: insects
Make a pyramid and place all of the organisms mentioned in the previous 3 slides at the correct level.
grasses valley oak
Western Fence Lizard, gopher snake, Kestrel, coyote,Red tail Hawk,spiders
Quail, rodents, jackrabbit, grasshoppers, crickets
coyote
A Food Chainseries of organisms though which food energy passes
Make a food chain for the coyote.
•First - place organisms from the lowest trophic level at the bottom and work your way up the levels as you go up the page.
grass seeds
ground squirrel
coyote
•Second – draw arrows pointing to the organism that is doing the eating.
Food Web
• feeding diagram which shows relationship between many food chains
Make a food web.• first place the producers in a row at the bottom of
the page
grasses
• second place the consumers in rows similar to where they are found in the energy pyramid
grasshoppers crickets rabbits ground squirrels quail
kestrel coyote gopher snakes
red tail hawk
• third draw arrows ( arrows point to the organism that is eating)
More terms that describe feeding relationships.• predator
– hunts for and kills its food• example coyote eating rodents
– coyote is the predator
• prey– animal eaten by a predator
• example the rodent is the prey of the coyote in the example above
• herbivore– eats plants only
• carnivore– eats meat
• omnivore– eats meat and plants
• insectivore– eats insects
• scavenger– consumes garbage– or carrion
• organisms that were killed by something else
Foothill Oak Woodland
• trees
• Blue Oak
• interior live oak– reproductive part = acorn
• digger pine– pine nuts for reproduction– conifers
• evergreen
• needles
• seeds in cones
• shrubs– buckeye– poison oak
• mistletoe– symbiosis=close relationship between two
species– parasitism = one benefits, the other is harmed
• lichens– symbiotic relationship– mutualism
• both organisms benefit
• mosses
• fungi– mushrooms– bracken fungus
• birds– scrub jay:acorns– acorn woodpecker: acorns– turkey vulture: carrion
• mammals– mule deer:grasses
– gray squirrels:acorns, pine nuts
– gray fox: rodents
– Bats: insects• nocturnal
– Rodents(gnawing mammals):grasses & fruits
• insects– California sister butterfly: larva eat oak leaves– oak moth larvae: oak leaves– Mosquito:mammal blood– gall wasp:larvae live in oak
– termites:dead wood
Classify each of the organisms of the Foothill Oak Woodland using the correct terms:
producer
predatorpreyscavengerdecomposerherbivorecarnivore
omnivore insectivore