Energy efficient planning in towns of kmc

Final Draft Thesis Presentation

on

“ENERGY EFFICIENT PLANNING IN TOWNS OF KMC”

Presented By:

Sarita Maharjan

068/MSU/214

3rd October, 2013

Supervised By:

Prof. Dr. Sudarshan R. Tiwari

Co-supervised By:

Associate Prof. Sushil B. Bajracharya

Increase in Urbanization

Increase in Energy Consumption

Increase in CO2 emissions

Need for the Study

CBS, 2011 Population growth rate is

1.40 % per year in urban, the growth rate is

3.38% per year Population living in urban

areas 17% By 2030 – about 50% of

population –urban.

Population Growth

Need to Build Energy Efficient City

Energy Efficiency of Planning in Towns of KMC


Importance of the Study Fuel imports absorb ¼ of Nepal’s foreign exchange earnings.

Decline of non-agriculture sector due to shortage of energy supply.

Objective of the Study To develop energy efficient planning approaches for town To seek integrated approach of land use & transportation for energy

efficiency To identify energy efficient alternative solutions that will provide

choices for energy decisions To give multiple solutions for awareness to society about energy

efficiency and importance of energy in every aspect of life

Degree of Problem Definition

Research Paradigms

Research Strategy

Data Collection methods/ tools

Data Analysis

Write up Findings & Conclusions

Data Type

Explanatory Research; research attempt to make an explanation on ‘Why’

Positivism/ Post Positivism paradigm and Constructivism paradigm.

Case Study

Positivism/ Post Positivism – quantitative dataConstructivism paradigm – qualitative data

Document reviews, field observation & questionnaire survey

Summary of data- Google doc online, Analysis of the questionnaire - MS ExcelFindings from document reviews & field observation analyzed descriptively

Findings & conclusion are summarized.Identify the feasible solution for towns in Nepal.

Methodology


LITERATURE REVIEW


Energy Efficiency

Efficient energy use "Using less energy to provide the same service" (http://eetd.lbl.gov/ee/). A way of managing and restraining the growth in energy consumption. offers a powerful and cost-effective tool for achieving a sustainable

energy future.

The Benefits of Energy Efficiency: Reduces customer energy bills. Gives customers greater control over energy costs. Performs at a lower cost than new energy supply from new power plants

in many cases. Reduces air pollution and greenhouse gases. Can create jobs and improve state economies.


Link between GDP and Energy Consumption

Figure : Growth in world energy consumption and growth in world real GDP(Source: http://ourfiniteworld.com/2011/11/15/is-it-really-possible-to-decouple-gdp-growth-from-energy-growth/, 2011)

Figure : Growth in world energy consumption and growth in world real GDP(Source: http://ourfiniteworld.com/2011/11/15/is-it-really-possible-to-decouple-gdp-growth-from-energy-growth/, 2011)


Energy Consumption in Cities

Figure : Energy consumption in selected cities in High-income Cities (Source: UN-HABITAT, 2008)Figure : Energy consumption in selected Asian Cities(Source: UN-HABITAT, 2008)


Energy Scenario in Nepal Energy consumption pattern

Energy use per capita in Nepal is 33.84 kg of oil equivalent (http://www.economicshelp.org/blog/).

Table : Total Energy Consumption by Various Fuel Types and Years (Unit in 000 GJ) (Source: WECS 2010)


Existing Land Use Patterns of KMC

Table : land use 2008 of KMC(Source: Suwal, 2009)

Map : Land use map 2008 of KMC(Source: http://www.kathmandu.gov.np/Page_Landuse+System_1084)


INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDIES1. Freiburg: Eco-city Of Germany 2. Urban Village Project: Eco-city Of Oakland3. Cape Town 4. Solar City Movement In India 5. Chandigarh: Solar City


Study Area: Ward No. 13 of KMC



Study Area: Ward No. 13 of KMC…

Ward No. 15

Syuchatar VDC

Ward No. 14

Bishnumati River

Census 2001Total population: 29721Total number of HHs: 6429Males: 16209Females: 13512

General Information

This ward comprises 213.3 hectares of land.


Study Area: Ward No. 13 of KMC

Rationale of Selection of Study Area WECS,2010- Residential

consumes more energy (89.1%) followed by transport (5.2%) in Nepal.

UN Habitat, 2008- transport consumes more energy followed by building in KTM.

Inhabitants of Ward No. 13 are seemed to be pursuing energy inefficient way of life.

Contains mix type of income group

CITYCENTRE

FINDINGS OF FIELD DATA ANALYSIS



Findings of Field ObservationLand use pattern

TahachalTankeshwor

Kalimati

Kuleshwor

Balkumari

Stone Spout

Chagal

OldKalimati

Ganodaya

Saraswoti marga

Kalanki


Land use pattern…Findings of Field Observation…


Public Transportation SystemFindings of Field Observation…


Public Transportation System…Findings of Field Observation…

Energy Efficiency of Planning in Towns of KMC 250 HHs in the 24 toles/ lanes of Ward No. 13 of KMC

Questionnaire Form

Answers to the Research Questions




1. How do people perceive energy efficiency?o From literature- energy experts perceive energy potentials,

whereas ordinary people see homes, appliances and normal ways of doing things

o From field data- only 3.6% have right idea of EE, 20% have no idea, mojority of people(18.8%) perceive it as a economic benefit, 18.8% have no idea, people perceive EE can be achieve in home by using CFL , people perceive EE is responsibility of government

A; 27.2

A,B; 5.2

A,B,C; 0.8A,B,D; 0.4

A,B,E; 0.4A,C; 2.4

A,D; 0.4A,E; 1.2B; 16.4

B,C; 2.8B,E; 2

C; 8C,D; 1.2C,E; 0.8

D; 3.6D,E; 0.8

E; 6.4

F; 20

Understanding of Energy Efficiency Legend

A Using less energy

B Avoid unnecessary energy use

CUse of low energy equipment/ appliances

DEnergy use without affecting the level of service

EAvoid unnecessary transport use for walkable distance

F No idea

A; 38.4

A,B; 9.6A,C; 2.4B; 8.8B,C; 0.4

B,E; 0.4

C; 10

D; 8.8

E; 18.8

Understanding of benefit of energy ef-ficiency Legend

A Economic benefit

B Environmental benefit

C Productivity/quality of life

D All

E No idea

1.Activities to save energy at home

A; 30

A,B; 1.6A,B,E; 0.4

A,C; 1.6B; 21.2

C; 16.8

D; 19.2

E; 8.8

Responsibility for energy efficiencyLegend

A Government

B Society

C Individual person

D All

E No idea



1. What is the energy scenario of domestic use and in community in Kathmandu?o From literature- Residnetial sector consumes largest share of electricity,

LP Gas is increasing as a cooking fuel in urban areas, petroleum product highly consumed in community by transport sector then in domestic use, use of RE is zero in Nepal



2. What is the energy scenario of domestic use and in community in Kathmandu?o From field data- electricity is highest in demand followed by LP Gas

in domestic use; consumption of petroleum product is dominant then electricity at community , use of RE-less(26%) in domestic use & in community use –zero

30% 18% 7% 10%

89%

42%67% 53% 53% 67%

89%

42%

0% 2% 0% 0% 0% 1%

Energy in Domestic use- ElectricityElecticity Highest

Domestic activities

Use

of E

lect

rici

ty(%

)

Energy scenario of domestic Use

Electricity

Use for cooking 30%

Use for water heating for shower 18%

Drinking water purify-municipal water 7%

Drinking water purify-jar water 10%

Pump for water 89%

Backup during Load shedding 42%

67% 53%30%

10% 0% 1%

67% 53% 53% 67%89%

42%

0% 2% 0% 0% 0% 1%

Energy in Domestic use- LP Gas

Energy scenario of domestic Use LP GasEnergy scenario of domestic Use Highest

Domestic activities

Use

of L

P G

as(%

)


LP Gas

Use for cooking 67%




Pump for water 0%


1% 11% 0% 0% 0% 12%

67% 53% 53% 67%89%

42%

0% 2% 0% 0% 0% 1%

Energy in Domestic use- Petroleum ProductPetroleum product Highest

Domestic activities

Use

of P

etro

leum

Pro

duct

(%)


Petroleum

product

Use for cooking 1%




Pump for water 0%


0%

16%

53%

67%

5%12%

67%

53% 53%

67%

89%

42%

0% 2% 0% 0% 0% 1%

Renewable/Non Energy Intensive WayRenewable/Non Energy Intensive Way Highest

Domestic activities

Use

of R

enew

able

/ no

n en

ergy

inte

sive

Way

(%) Energy scenario of domestic Use

Renewable/Non

Energy Intensive Way

Use for cooking 0%

Use for water heating for shower

16%

Drinking water purify-municipal water

53%

Drinking water purify-jar water

67%

Pump for water 5%



Answers to the Research Questions…

3. How does planning contribute in alleviating the problem of energy?From literature- integration of transport & land use, mixed land use, Ecocity planning, various land use decisions



4. How does transportation planning help in resolving the problem of energy?From literature- directed transport networks, sustainable transport system- TOD, Integrated rapid transit system, non-motorized transport, mass transit, improved vehicle technology, smart card, on-demand transportation system, mobility sharing, park and ride, better traffic flow, pricing policy



5. How have energy efficient approach been applied to planning of towns?From literature local experiences- resource efficient mixed landuse, courtyard system planning, use of thermal mass, less energy intensive material & waste management system

PRINGGA now 'pi', 'ping', etc.

DULA now 'dol'

TALA now also 'tala'

Gvala: settlement extent in dula

DULA now 'dol'



5. How have energy efficient approach been applied to planning of towns?international experiences- • Integrated transport- land use,• Sustainable transportation system,• Mixed land use,• Compact form,• Improvement of urban planning,• Improvement of urban infrastructure and basic services,• Solar city concept, • Ecocity concept, • LEED Certification, • LBC Certification, • Energy Positive Buildings & neighborhoods, Building Retrofits, • High-efficiency techniques and appliances, • Development right transfer programme and behaviour change

interventions through awareness

Influence of Land Use on Energy Efficiency Influence of Mixed Land Use on Energy Efficiency Influence of Transportation on Energy Efficiency Influence of Water on Energy Efficiency Influence of Behaviour and Lifestyle on Energy Efficiency


Recommendation for Management of Energy Efficient Operation in Town


Recommendation for Management of Energy Efficient Operation in Town

Made at community level, domestic level, policy level and for awareness to the people about energy efficiency. At Community Level

Bicycle Sharing System

to suppress the excessive private motorbike use and to promote the use of public transport.

From field dat: Private vechicle use

highley for work Less use of public

transport Bicycel use zero

Bus Tempo

Micro Van

Walk

walk & ride

Institutional vehicle

Bicycle Private car

Private Bike

Transport use for work 3 5 0 35 11 0 0 0 46

Transport use for Market 0 0 0 74 3 0 0 0 18

Transport use for Study 3 3 3 28 6 34 0 0 22

Transport use for Entertainment

8 6 11 6 37 0 0 2 30

Transport use for Others 17 9 9 4 34 0 0 1 26

Total 31 23 23 147 91 34 0 3 142

According to Friedberg case study


Automated Key Bicycle Sharing Stations in Ward No. 13


Automated Key Bicycle Sharing Stations in KMC


Recommendation for Management of Energy Efficient Operation in Town…

Smart Solar Street Lighting System

At Community Level

adjust their brightness as needed autonomy Auto on / off solve the problems of no light,

insufficient light & lack of management in the town.

Advantages: no consumption of grid power, no electricity charge, no need of power supply facilities, no pollution, easy-installation and one-time investment long-time payback.

According to case study of cape town and solar city movement in india

Smart Solar Street Lighting System in Ward No. 13




At Community Level

Solar City Programme

to initiate renewable energy technologies and energy efficiency measure in town

grid connected system offer to transfer excess power to the grid while power can be drawn from the grid in case of shortage

reduce the electricity demand in town.

government buildings be the first priority for PV development as case study of India

According to case study of solar city movement in india and Chandigarh


Solar City Programme in Ward No. 13


Recommendation for Management of Energy Efficient Operation in Town…At Community Level

Improvement of Urban Planning

connected pavements/ sidewalk easy road crossings safe and attractive pathways with

street lighting bicycle paths and bicycle parking

spaces improved landscaping availability of green spaces, parks



At Community Level

Mixed land use development

in this modern day, only proximate market places can’t satisfy the concept of mixed land use.

incorporate the facilities that are in demand; according to the change in behaviour and lifestyle of people



At Community Level

Improvement in Quality of Water

both municipal water and jar water supply system should incorporate the appropriate purification system at the main supply point; as mass purification system requires less energy than done in individual households.


Electricity

Use for cooking 30%




Pump for water 89%


Energy scenario of domestic Use LP Gas

Use for cooking 67%Use for water heating for shower 53%Drinking water purify-municipal water 30%Drinking water purify-jar water 10%Pump for water 0%Backup during Load shedding 1%

Min. useful energy required to boil drinking water - 3.17, 3.09 & 3.08 GJ/household/year in Mountains, Hills & Terai respectively

( Source: Practical Action Nepal, 2009).



At Household Level

Energy Responsive Buildings

From the literature of traditional settlement pattern of KTM and case study of Cape Town

include optimization overall layout, orientation of building and integration of passive techniques.

use light and fresh air efficiently in order to reduce energy demands for heating, cooling, lighting and ventilation.

The building envelope (wall, floor, roof and fenestration) need to integrate with building service functions such as heating, cooling, natural ventilation, sufficient daylighting and energy storage.

building sector accounts for the major energy share of energy consumption

most of the metropolitan area is covered with lots of residential developments.



At Household Level

Rain Water Harvesting and Recharging Aquifer

Building use Yes No Total Yes % No%

Residential 50 104 154 47.16 72.22

Commercial 12 15 27 11.32 10.42

Mixed 44 25 69 41.50 17.36 100 sq. m. plot area can yield 128,800 liters of water in KTM (ENPHO).(6429 X128,800)= 828 ML

RWH lowers demand of municipal as well as commercial waterreduction in water demand reduction in energy needed for pumping for raw water extraction and pumping for distribution of water

At municipal level and commercial water suppliers

At household level

reduction in water demand reduce pumping for water save electricity consumption


Electricity

Use for cooking 30%




Pump for water 89%




At Household Level

Rain Water Harvesting and Recharging Aquifer…

If a household have water extraction/ storage well then it should also have recharge well.

Recharge of well/ aquifer - by discharge of rainwater & waste water from bathroom sinks, bath tub shower drains, and clothes washing equipment drains.

integrate the pervious surfaces on lawn, parking lot and walkways

Also part of improving urban planning and enhancing renewable source of energy



At Household Level

Use of Renewable Energy

By installing these systems, it is possible to generate own energy that promotes less use of electricity and fuel, reducing carbon footprint as well as energy bills.


Renewable/Non

Energy Intensive Way

Use for cooking 0%


Drinking water purify-municipal water

53%


Pump for water 5%




At Household Level

Use of Energy Efficient Appliances and Methods

Electricity uses inside dwelling

S.N. Description %

1 Cooking 44.42 TV 98.43 Refrigerator 51.64 Computer 62.05 Fan 85.26 Oven 22.87 Heater 41.2

8 Washing Machine 13.2

9 Vacuum Cleaner 26.4

10 AC 3.2

11 Other Electronic goods 10.8

12 For Shower 18.0

13 Water Purify 6.0

14 Water pump 88.8

15 Backup during load shedding 50.4

Use of CFLs or LED lights Purchase energy-efficient appliances & products. Replace aging appliances with newer energy efficient ENERGY STAR

models. Turn off the television, computer, fan and lights or lamps when not in

use. Use task lighting whenever possible instead of brightly lighting an entire

room. Control outdoor lights with sensor timers so they stay off during the day. Replace a gas cooking appliance with a unit with an automatic system. Cook with small appliances.

Overall, by substituting appliances each family had a potential saving of 348 kWh/year per family; 10.4% of total electricity consumption (Francisco Ferreira, 2009);



At Policy Level

Encourage use of Public Transportation System

encourage smart public transportation systemProviding monthly bus cards, semester cards, employed cards, student

cards etc in discount cost Management of transportation system

planning of integrated route networks, provision of mass transit, punctual service, safety and security as well as good manner of drive and conductor.

Bus stops should linked up with the non motorized transport system operating public transportation even at late night hours start again the trolly bus system and integrate with all the smart systems



At Policy Level

Encourage Reduction in Electricity Consumption by Renewable Energy

provide incentives promote and support entrepreneurship in the renewable energies industry. high rise apartments, commercial and industrial buildings should generate minimum

15% of the electricity by installing renewable source of energy.

Barriers to install renewable source of energyUse of Renewable source of energy



At Policy Level

Encourage Development of Energy Responsive Building emphasize on a framework of technical and performance provisions for energy efficiency in new and existing buildings. An incentive on construction materials

Revise Bye-laws

include rainwater harvesting system pervious pavement/ surfaces to some mandated percent as according to ground coverage area.



At Policy Level

Other Policies Encourage smart solar street lighting system and traffic lighting Incentives on CFL and LED lights Higher the price of other energy intensive lights or increase tax to such lights Incentives on electric vehicles and provide attractive tax free schemes Penalize the tall buildings for casting shadows on neighboring building Homogenize the price of products, education fees and other service charges

so that it encourage people to use services that are available at proximate.



Awareness Promotion

By Inspiration and Education Programmes

Variety of inspiration and education programmes for different occupation groups.

Provide educational materials about the energy and energy efficiency - to share successful solutions and to motivate others to make change.

focus on behaviour change interventions.


conclusion Energy demand can’t stop Energy Efficiency - using less energy; but also means

generating energy Energy Efficiency - increases energy security & reduces energy

consumption per capita Applying the recommendations to KMC- 40% of energy can be

saved energy use in Nepal -economically not cost effective,

environmentally not friendly; & principally not sustainable.

Energy efficient planning in towns of kmc

Education

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