Energy Efficient Buildings - Gregers

8/12/2019 Energy Efficient Buildings - Gregers

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SB07, KLCC, Malaysia6 November 2007

Energy Efficiency in New BuildingsBUILDING SECTOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROJECT

BSEEP SeminarEnergy Efficiency in New Buildings

Gregers Reimann

BSEEP Consultant / IEN Consultants

www.jkr.gov.my/bseep

Kuala Lumpur14 December 2011

Typical CrossSection

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0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Energy Efficiency Index (kWh/m2/year)

C u

m u

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e p e r c e n t i l

Malaysia(41 officebuildings)

Singapore(95 officebuildings)

ST Diamond (2010)75 kWh/m 2 year

GEO (2007)30 kWh/m 2 year

Source of chart:EAEF Project 64 Project leader: Energy Sustainabil ty Unit, Singapore, 2006


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Overview Terminology

The Case for

Energy Efficiency

Case studies +

video

SGBC, Sands, Singapore15 September 2010

Energy Rating of Buildings


BSEEP: Energy Efficient BuildingsIEN Consultants




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Building Terminology

Tropical Daylighting (CK Tang & G Reimann)IEN Consultants, www.ien.com.my

Energy Rating of Buildings

EnergyEfficiency (EE)

Green Buildings

EE is a sub-set of Green Buildings

RenewableEnergy (RE)

Solar PV roof (example)

LowCarbon

Emissions






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Energy Efficiency vs. GreenEnergy efficiency is an important sub-set of Green Building Rating Schemes


35 35

7910 10

14

2616

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11

32

1521

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60

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100

120

140

160

180

&

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106

Min 30 pts/Max 50 Pts

Min 20 pts/Max 50 Pts

Bonus of 20pts

Total of120 pts

Point allocation under three Green Building Rating Schemes





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The CO 2 Emission Goal

7

1

01234

5678

AverageMalaysian Sustainable Levelby 2050

Ton CO2emissions per

person per year

World average (2010):5 ton CO 2 per person




1 ton CO2 emission challenge at COP15, Copenhagen, 2009

Energy Efficiency plays a keyrole in achieving this goal


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Most cheap CO 2 savings in building sector

Cost of CO 2 savingsUS dollars / ton CO 2 equivalents

G i g a - t o n

o f C O

2

e q u

i v a

l e n

t s p e r y e a r

CO 2 savings

Source: IPCC

Low Energy Buildings: GEO and ST Diamond BuildingIEN Consultants, www.ien.com.my






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SB07, KLCC, Malaysia6 November 20079 NIRAS

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0 5 10 15 20 25

mill. toe Estimated Avoided Fossil Fuel Consum tion in 2020 / For NGV Gasoline is Re laced b Natural Gas

T y p i c

a l E I R R

f o r

S e l e c t e d

T e

c h n o l o g y

O p t i o n

3.1 Electricity savings in new and existing commercial buildings (30%/15% electricity savings)

1.1 Palm-diesel in transportation (B20)

2.1 Electricity and fuel savings in manufacturing (mainly cement, food, iron&steel, rubber, wood)

2.4 NG-fired CHP in iron&steel/non-metallic/textile (10%) (replacing 10% of process heat)

5.2 BioGen Small-Scale (120 MW)

2.2 Biomass boilers in manufacturing (Coal Substitution w/PKS)

5.1 Co-firing of coal and PKS

2.4 NG-fired CHP in paper (replacing 10% of process heat)

2.4 NG-fired CCP in education/"other" (replacing 25% of el. for cooling)

2.4 Biomass-fired CHP Large-Scale

100% or above

0% or below

3.1 Electricity savings in new and existing residential buildings (30%/15% electricity savings)

1.2 NGV in transportation (20% of gasoline)

2.2 Biomass boilers in manufacturing (Coal Substitution w/PKS)

2.4 NG-fired CHP in machinery (replacing 10% of process heat)

2.1 LPG savings in manufacturing (mainly cement, food, iron&steel, rubber, wood)

2.5 Solar dryer in manufacturing, 4.1, 4.2 waste-to-energy (w/CDM)2.4 NG-fired CHP in rubber/food (replacing 10% of process heat)

2.1 NG savings in manufacturing (mainly cement, food, iron&steel, rubber, wood)

5.1 Co-firing of coal and EFB-bales, POFF

Energy Efficiency has a good Economic Internal Rate of Return

(Input to 9th Malaysian Plan by Danida, 2005)

EE inCommercial Buildings

EE inResidential Buildings

Everything above this 10% line is a good investment


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Energy Efficiency in Buildings hasZero or Negative Abatement Cost



Study for India


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Good Economy in

Energy Efficient BuildingsMalaysia

5% extra construction cost

50% reduction in energy use

60% reduction in water use

5 year payback

United States

2-7% extra construction cost

64% higher sales price

36% higher rental rates

5% higher occupancy rates

Source:US National Study, EnergyStar and LEED buildings, 2008 NB: Building location skews numbers

Source: IEN Consultants, 2010

Conclusion:Expensive not to be energy efficient







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Cost of Sustainable Buildings(Example: Low Energy Office building)

Key data: Gross Floor Area: 20,000 m

Energy Index: 114 kWh/m/year Additional EE construction cost: 5% Payback: 5 years Annual energy savings: ~ RM 600,000

Energy Efficiency(EE) Features:

- Daylighting- EE lighting- EE office equipment- EE ventilation- Controls & Sensors- Orientation- Insulation- Energy management

2006 Winner of:

ASEAN Building Energy Award

Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water, Putrajaya, Malaysia

Energy bill comparison (RM/m year)

8 neighbouring office buildings

LEO

Average

E l e c t r i c i t y +

d i s t r i c t c o o l i n g b i l l s ( R M

/ m / y

e a r )

Two tenderso without energy efficient featureso with energy efficient features

Findingso 5% extra costo 50% energy savingso 5 year payback






Year of completion: 2004


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No / Low Cost for Energy Efficiency


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90 92 94 96 98 100 102 104 106 108 110

( 10 )

Public tender for Government Office Tower in Kuala Lumpur







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No / Low Cost for Energy Efficiency


Public tender for Government Office Tower in Kuala Lumpur

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90 92 94 96 98 100 102 104 106 108 110

( 10 )






Anotherexample:

LEED Platinumprojects can be2% cheaper

Bill Odel, HOKGroup (WGBC,2010)


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How to Design Energy Efficient Buildings?

Energy supply

Too hot

Too humid

Comfort zone

(air-con) Comfort zone(naturalventilation)

Tropicalweather

DESIGN WITHTHE CLIMATE

Energy wastage

FIRST ENERGY EFFICIENCY,THEN RENEWABLE ENERGY

(plug the holes)







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Where is the building energy consumed?(energy-breakdown of low, medium and high energy consuming office buildings)

Energy Index

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l

P o w e r

L i g h t i n g

C h i l l e r

E n e r g y

F a n

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i n

L i g h t i n g

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i n

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l l

P o w e r

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i n

S o

l a r

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i n

E x t

C o n

d u c

t i o n

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i n

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l G a

i n

D

e h u m

i d

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l L a

t e n

t

G a

i n

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e h u m

i d

F r e s

h A i r

F r e s

h A i r

G a

i n

k W

h / m 2 y e a r

WorstBasemewc

Chiller Energy Breakdown

Good

Low Energy Office building(Malaysia)



Focus areas

Comment: Unfortunately, little/no focus on Small power ingreen building certification schemes

Building cases





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Nega-Watts (not Mega-Watts)

Saving new power plants







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Energy Index of Office Buildingsin Malaysia

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year

Stop the leaks

Leaks stopped





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Advertising against Energy Efficiency

New Straits TimesJanuary 2002, Malaysia







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Energy Consumption Breakdown (ST Diamond Building)

49%

19%

16%

16%

Electricity consumption percentages

Note:o District cooling has been converted to electricity using SCOP of only 3.8 (close to real figure)

FuturArc Forum 20117 Oct 2011, Singapore

IEN Consultantswww.ien.com.my

FuturArc Forum 201113 Oct 2011, Bangkok





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Building Energy Index (with Solar PV)

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LEO (2004)100 kWh/m 2 year

GEO (2007)

30 kWh/m 2 year

Source of chart: EAEF Project 64 Project leader: Energy Sustainabilty Unit, Singapore, 2006







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Cooling transport (Focus item 1)

o Shift cooling transport from air to water(GEO and ST Diamond have floor slab cooling)

o Key things to do- reduce pressure losses- use efficient pumps, fans and motors- use VSD

Energy Index

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L i g h t i n g

G a i n

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P o w e r G a i n

S o l a r G a i n

E x

t

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t i o n

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P p l G a i n

D e h u m i d

P p l L a t e n t

G a i n

D e h u

m i d

F r e s h A i r

F r e s h A i r

G a i n

k W h / m 2 y e a r

WorstBasemewc


Good


Building cases







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Small Power (Focus item 2)

o Use efficient office equipment(GEO and ST Diamond have efficient IT purchasing policies)

o Key things to do- laptops / thin clients- efficient printers (shared)- efficient task lights

Energy Index

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D e h u m i d

P p l L a t e n t

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D e h u

m i d

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F r e s h A i r

G a i n

k W h / m 2 y e a r

WorstBasemewc


Good


Building cases







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Air-conditioning (Focus item 4)

o Design for high cooling system efficiency(ST Diamond has district cooling. GEO building designed with innovativeriver roof cooling tower)

o Key things to do- high chiller COP- reduce head on pumps and use VSD- VSD on both sides of chiller

- air-tightness- energy recovery- Liquid desiccant dehumidification(promising technology)

Energy Index

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m i d

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F r e s h A i r

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k W h / m 2 y e a r

WorstBasemewc


Good


Building cases







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Solar Geometry

SITETilted 16 from North

Solar Path for MalaysiaLatitude 3.1 North

25 Faade Tilt Angle

Solar GeometryThe solar path was usedto sculpt the buildinggeometry. The 25 tiltangle of the facades

ensures that North andSouth facades are fullyself-shaded during thehottest mid-day hours. Forthe East and the Westfacades, the tilting faadehelps to reduce the solar

impact by 41%.The tilted glazing admits more of the desirable diffuselight reflected off the landscape for glare freedaylighting use in the building

EastWest


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Typical Cross Section

Mirrorlightshelf

Fixedblinds for

glarecontrol

Daylight

reflectedonto

ceiling

Facade Daylighting System

Energy efficient lighting controls:Light sensor (automatic off), manual wall switch (on)

+ individual table lamps





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Self-shaded facade

from direct sun

Diffuse light deflectedinto room by lightshelfand window sill

LIGHT REFLECTIONS FROM:Lightshelf + Window sill

Lightshelf only

Window sill only

Mirror lightshelf with fixed louver

Faade Daylight DesignThe building is 50% daylit. The faade daylighting system consists of a mirror lightshelf and a white painted window sill.Both deflect daylight onto the white ceiling for improved daylight distribution until 5 meters from the faade + 2 additionalmeters of corridor space. Fixed white louvres with top surface mirror finish on the top side are mounted with a 30 tilt angleabove the lightshelf for glare protection while still allowing daylight to be deflected onto the ceiling. To increase daylightthrow into the rooms, the suspended ceiling was omitted giving a floor to ceiling height of 3.7 m.

FACADE


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Tannenbaumreflector panel onlevels 4 and 5Atrium Daylight Design

The atrium has been carefully designed optimize daylight utilization for each floor employing the combination of thefollowing three strategies:1. Automated blind with six different configuration to maintain the appropriate daylighting levels at all times. The blinds with 30% light

transmittance are adjusted every 15 minutes and follow a three different control strategies for morning, mid-day and evening2. The windows size becomes larger deeper into the atrium to cater for lower daylight levels3. A band of Tannenbaum reflector panels are applied to 4 th and 5 th floor to deflect daylight across the atrium to 1 st and 2 nd floor where daylight

levels are the lowest. The christmas tree profile reflectors have an inclination of 10

and reflect about 85% of the light in semi-diffusemanner, hence, avoiding visual glare issues for the building occupants.


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Light Trough

Pleasant daylight in the deepest part of the building

Roof top

7 th floor


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Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Corridor

Table atrium

Useful range for office work

(100 2000 lux)

Measured

Lux meter ILux meter IILux meter IIILux meter IIILux meter IVLux meter V

Bright sunOvercast

Lux meter V


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Step-in Design (Self-Shading, GEO building)

NN







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Direct Sunlight Cut Off, Only Diffuse Light Enters Rooms

Photo taken on 12 June 2007 (North facade)






R f Li h


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Roof Lights







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Daylight Responsive Lighting

Lighting Control Automatic off (light sensor and/or occupancy sensor) Manual on (people press the wall switch) Use task light (table lamp)

Lighting Zone 1 Lighting Zone 2

Measured lighting: 0.56 W/m2(factor 25 below building code)







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Manifold for pipes coming out of RC slabFloor slab cooling pipes laid before pouring concrete Suspended ceiling omitted not to restrict slab cooling

Floor Slab CoolingFlexible 22 mm PERT pipes are embedded in the RC slabs duringconstruction to make the building structure function as a thermalstorage system. At night 18 C cold water is circulated in the slabs

cooling them down to about 21

C. During the day-time, the systemis shut off, and floor slab passively absorbs heat gains frompeople, computers, solar gains etc. The advantages of the floorslab cooling system are: Reduces cooling transport energy by 64% because it is moreefficient to transport cooling with water than with air Shifts much of the cooling to the slabs, so the AHU system canbe down-sized about 30%

Shifts 30-40% of the cooling to night time, so building can savecost from the lower off-peak energy rates and from reducedmaximum demand charge

One week temperaturedata(simulated by Transsolar)

l d G f


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Insulated Green Roof

NAME Material Thickness (m)

Thermalconductance (W

/ m K)

Thermalresistance(m2 K / W)

U-value(W/m2

K)Green roof Air film, outdoors 0.055(Ar2) Turf (Zoysia matrella) 0.360

Sand bedding 20 mm (a: sand stone) 0.02 1.298 0.200

Soil mixture 100 mm 0.1 0.375 0.267Geotextile 10 mm (vermiculite loose granules) 0.01 0.065 0.154Gravel 30 mm (stone granite) 0.03 2.927 0.010Screed 50 mm (lightweight) 0.05 0.303 0.165Waterproofing 5 mm (asphalt roofing) 0.005 1.226 0.004Insulation 50 mm (spray foam) 0.050 0.0272 1.838Screed 25 mm (lightweight) 0.025 0.303 0.083RC slab (200 mm) 0.2 1.442 0.139

Air film, indoors (flat roof) 0.1620.29


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Roof Insulation Studies(Using steady-state finite element simulation to optimize insulation designs of upstand beams on roof)

Option A

Not insulated

Option B50 mm thick rim insulation

Option C50 mm thick full insulation







I l d C R f


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Insulated Concrete Roof

NAME MaterialThickness

(m)

Thermalconductance

(W / m K)

Thermalresistance(m 2 K / W)

U-value(W/m 2 K)

Concrete roof Air film, outdoors 0.055(Ar1) Screed 50 mm (lightweight) 0.05 0.303 0.165

Waterproofing 5 mm (asphalt roofing) 0.005 1.226 0.004Insulation 100 mm (styrofoam) 0.10 0.028 3.571Screed 25 mm (lightweight) 0.025 0.303 0.083RC slab (200 mm) 0.2 1.442 0.139Air film, indoors (flat roof) 0.162

0.24

NB. To minimise cold-bridging through the roof slab, all concrete plinths, columns and walls were insulated with a 25 mm thick layer ofspray-foam up until 400 mm height above the RC slab








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Greenery cooling the surroundings

GROUND LEVELLandscape all around the building

ROOF LEVELGrass turf on much of the roof

Concrete roof Grass roof

35.1 C 30.6 C


IEN Consultantswww.ien.com.my FuturArc Forum 201113 Oct 2011, BangkokBSEEP: Energy Efficient BuildingsIEN Consultants Kuala Lumpur14 December 2011


Final Slide


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Final Slide

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C u m

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LEO (2004)100 kWh/m 2 year

GEO (2007)

65 kWh/m2

year

Stamp of approvalPost Malaysia green building stamp series 2009

Low Energy Buildings: GEO and ST Diamond BuildingIEN Consultants, www.ien.com.my SGBC, Sands, Singapore15 September 2010

Thank you

BSEEP: Energy Efficient BuildingsIEN Consultants Kuala Lumpur14 December 2011Energy Efficiency in New BuildingsBUILDING SECTOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROJECT

Energy Efficient Buildings - Gregers

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