Energy Efficiency and Renewable EnergyEnergy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

G. Tyler Miller’sLiving in the Environment

14th Edition

Chapter 18

G. Tyler Miller’sLiving in the Environment

14th Edition

Chapter 18

Key ConceptsKey Concepts

Improving energy efficiencyImproving energy efficiencyTypes and uses of solar energyTypes and uses of solar energyTypes and uses of flowing waterTypes and uses of flowing waterUses of wind energyUses of wind energyTypes and uses of biomassTypes and uses of biomassUse of geothermal energyUse of geothermal energyUse of hydrogen as a fuelUse of hydrogen as a fuelDecentralized power systemsDecentralized power systems

The Importance of Improving Energy EfficiencyThe Importance of Improving Energy Efficiency

Energy efficiency useful vs. loses to low quality heat

Energy efficiency useful vs. loses to low quality heat

Fig. 18-3 p. 381Fig. 18-3 p. 381

Net energy efficiency Net energy efficiency

Least EfficientLeast Efficient Incandescent lights Incandescent lights

Internal combustion engine

Internal combustion engine

Nuclear power plants Nuclear power plants

84% of all U.S. energy is wasted

84% of all U.S. energy is wasted

Energy Efficiencies (Fig. 18-5 p. 381)Energy Efficiencies (Fig. 18-5 p. 381)

Ways to Improve Energy EfficiencyWays to Improve Energy Efficiency

CogenerationCogenerationEfficient electric motorsEfficient electric motorsHigh-efficiency lightingHigh-efficiency lightingIncreasing fuel economyIncreasing fuel economyAlternative vehiclesAlternative vehiclesInsulation Insulation Plug leaksPlug leaks

Overview•Hydrogen is not a primary source of energy, unlike petroleum. Hydrogen is used to move energy. •The prospect of clean hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles creates a sustainable environment without compromising extreme personal mobility.

Overview•Fuel cells convert hydrogen gas into

electricity cleanly, making possible nonpolluting vehicles powered by electric drive motors. • A chicken-and-egg problem exists: large numbers of fuel-cell vehicles require adequate fuel availability to support them, but the required infrastructure is hard to build unless there are significant numbers of fuel-cell vehicles on the roadways.

•Despite steady improvements, today’s vehicles are only up to 25% efficient in converting the energy content of fuels into drive-wheel power. (expected to plateau

around 30%)

•Hydrogen fuel-cell vehicle is nearly twice as efficient, so it will require just half the fuel energy.

•Of even more significance, fuel cells emit only water and heat as by-products. Finally, hydrogen gas can be

extracted from various fuels and energy sources, such as natural gas, ethanol, water (via electrolysis using electricity) and, eventually, renewable energy systems.

Hybrid and Fuel Cell CarsHybrid and Fuel Cell Cars

Hybrid electric-internal combustion engine Hybrid electric-internal combustion engine

Fuel cells Fuel cells

Fig. 18-9 p. 385

Octane 120

Octane 100

6 lbs of CO2 per gallon! This breaks bonds to make energy

0 lbs of CO2 per gallon! This makes bonds to release energy!

2 H2 1 O22 H2O

Using Solar Energy to Provide HeatUsing Solar Energy to Provide Heat

Passive solar heatingPassive solar heatingActive solar heatingActive solar heating

Fig. 18-16 p. 391Fig. 18-16 p. 391

Using Solar Energy to Provide High-Temperature Heat and ElectricityUsing Solar Energy to Provide High-Temperature Heat and Electricity

Solar thermal systems Solar thermal systems

Photovoltaic (PV) cells Photovoltaic (PV) cells

Fig. 18-20 p. 394Fig. 18-20 p. 394

Fig. 18-21 p. 395Fig. 18-21 p. 395

Producing Energy from BiomassProducing Energy from Biomass

Biomass and biofuelsBiomass and biofuels

Biomass plantationsBiomass plantations

Crop residuesCrop residues

Animal manureAnimal manure

Biogas Biogas

Ethanol Ethanol

MethanolMethanol Fig. 18-25 p. 398

Producing Electricity from Moving WaterProducing Electricity from Moving Water

Large-scale hydropower Large-scale hydropower

Small-scale hydropower Small-scale hydropower

Pumped-storage hydropower Pumped-storage hydropower

Tidal power plant Tidal power plant

Wave power plant Wave power plant

Reviewing the Trade-offs of Hydropower DamsReviewing the Trade-offs of Hydropower Dams

Fig. 15-9 p. 313

Large-scale Hydroelectric Power: Trade-offsLarge-scale Hydroelectric Power: Trade-offs

Fig. 18-22 p. 396

Producing Electricity from WindProducing Electricity from Wind

Fig. 18-23 p. 396 Fig. 18-24 p. 397

Geothermal EnergyGeothermal Energy

Geothermal heat pumpsGeothermal heat pumps

Geothermal exchangeGeothermal exchange

Dry and wet steamDry and wet steam

Hot waterHot water

Molten rock (magma)Molten rock (magma)

Hot dry-rock zonesHot dry-rock zones

The Hydrogen RevolutionThe Hydrogen Revolution

Extracting hydrogen efficientlyExtracting hydrogen efficiently

Storing hydrogenStoring hydrogen

Fuel cellsFuel cells

Environmentally friendly hydrogenEnvironmentally friendly hydrogen

The Hydrogen RevolutionThe Hydrogen Revolution

Fig. 18-31 p. 403

Entering the Age of Decentralized MicropowerEntering the Age of Decentralized Micropower

Decentralized power systems Decentralized power systems

Micropower systems Micropower systems

Fig. 18-32 p. 405

Solutions: A Sustainable Energy StrategySolutions: A Sustainable Energy Strategy

Fig. 18-35 p. 407