Energy Conserv in Rsp_scr

8/2/2019 Energy Conserv in Rsp_scr

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ELECTRICAL ENERGYISCUMMULATIVEOFPOWER CONSUMED


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following criteria:

Primary and Secondaryenergy Commercial and Non - commercialenergy

Renewable and Non - Renewableenergy


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stored in nature.

Common primary energy sourcesare :* Coal,* Oil,

* Natural gas,* Biomass (such as Wood).


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SECONDARY ENERGY

Primary energy sources aremostly converted in industrialutilities into secondary energysources;Examples- steam ,Heat

and electricity etc (coal, oilor gas converted into secondary

energy)


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The energy sources that areavailable in the market for a

definite price are known ascommercial energy.

Examples: Electricity, Lignite,Coal, Oil,

Natural gas etc.


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ava a e n e commerc a mar e or aprice are classified asnon - commercial energy.Examples:* Firewood, Agro waste in rural areas;* Solar energy for Water heating, Electricity

generation,For drying grain, Fish and Fruits;

* Animal power for transport, threshing, lifting

water forirrigation, crushing sugarcane;* Wind energy for lifting water and electricitygeneration.


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.Examples :* Solar energy* Wind energy* Bio energy* Hydro energy* Geothermal energy* Wave and tidal energy

-- The most important feature of renewable energy is thatit

can be harnessed without the release of harmfulpollutants.


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Non - renewable energy is the

conventional fossil fuels :

Such as coal, oil and gas, whicharelikely to deplete with time.


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Global Primary Energy Reserves

Coal- The USA had the largest share of the globalreserve (25.4%) followed by Russia (15.9%), China(11.6%). India is 4th in the list with 8.6%.

Oil-Saudi Arabia had the largest share of thereserve with almost 23%.

Gas- Russian Federation had the largest share of thereserve with almost 27%.


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The all India installed capacity of electric powergenerating stations - 1,12,581 MW as on 31st May2004 & it will be

215,804 MW as on 2012.

As on 31 st May 2004Consisting of 28,860 MW- hydro,

77,931 MW thermal2,720 MW- nuclear and1,869 MW- wind

-(Ministry of Power)


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Consumption in India

The major commercial energy consuming sectorsin thecountry are classified below :

* Industry - 49%* Transport - 22%* Residential- 10%* Agriculture - 5%* Others - 14%


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GENERATED

ENERGY (KWh) Saving benfits:

*Electricity Bill Reduction*Reduced KW and KVA Demand*Lower Transformer/cable loading*Extended life*Lower maintenance Cost and time*Less Heating*Higher level of Comfort


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Iron & Steel - 10%Sugar - 20%

Fertilizer - 15%Petrochemical - 15%Textile - 25%Glass & Ceramics - 20%

Cement - 15%Refineries - 10%Paper - 25%Pump sets - 30%Aluminum - 10%Lighting - 76%

Energy saving potential in some identified industries is


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Electrical System

*Losses of around 10 15% are associated withthe transmission and distribution of electricity inthe electrical grid.*The power plants typically produce 50

cycle/second(Hertz), alternating-current (AC) electricity withvoltages

between 6.6 kV and 33 kV.


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like; 220 kV & 400 kV. Where transmission is over1000 kM, high voltage direct current transmissionisalso favoured to minimize the losses.

*Sub-transmission network at 132 kV, 110 kV, 66

kVor 33 kV constitutes the next link towards the enduser.

*Distribution at 11 kV / 6.6 kV / 3.3 kVconstitutes thelast link to the consumer.


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Generation Efficiency 1 -> Step-up Station2

> EHV Transmission & Station 3 >HVTransmission & Station 4 -> Sub-transmission 5

> Distribution Station 6 -> PrimaryDistribution 7 -> End user Premises.

Cascade efficiency from Generation to enduser= 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 x 6 x 7 = 87 %


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Rescheduling of LoadsRescheduling of large electric

loads and equipment operations, indifferent shifts can be planned andimplemented to minimize thesimultaneous maximum demand.


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Location of Transformer

Location of the transformer isvery important as far asdistribution loss is concerned. Itis to be placed near load centre.


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various options available include:

Relocating transformers and sub-stationsnear to load centers. Re-routing and re-conductoring suchfeeders and lines where the losses / voltagedrops are higher. Power factor improvement by

incorporating capacitors at load end. Optimum loading of transformers in thesystem.


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Opting for lower resistance All AluminumAlloy Conductors (AAAC) in place of

conventional Aluminum Cored SteelReinforced (ACSR) lines

Minimizing losses due to weak links indistribution network such as jumpers, loosecontacts, old brittle conductors.


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For selecting high efficiency motors, the following can

be done:

a) When purchasing large number of small motors or alarge motor, ask for a detailed test certificate.

b) See that efficiency values are specified without anytolerance.c) Check the actual input current and kW, if replacement is done.d) For new motors, keep a record of no load inputpower and current.e) Use values of efficiency for comparison and for

confirming.


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Energy-efficient motors (EEM) are the ones

in which, design improvements are incorporatedspecifically to increase operating efficiency overmotors of standard design. Design improvementsfocus on reducing intrinsic motor losses.

Improvements include the use of lower-losssilicon steel, a longer core (to increase activematerial), thicker wires (to reduce resistance),

thinner laminations, smaller air gap betweenstator and rotor, copper instead of aluminiumbars in the rotor, superior bearings and a smallerfan, etc.


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Monitoring, Maintenance

& Replacement of motorto be taken care of forefficient operation of

Motors


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Systems

*The location of air compressors and the quality of airdrawn by the compressors will have a significantinfluence on the amount of energy consumed.*Every 4C rise in inlet air temperature results in a

higher energy consumption by 1 % to achieveequivalent output.*Dust Free Air Intake *Dry Air Intake

*Pressure Settings - Compressor operates betweenpressure ranges called as loading (cut-in) andunloading (cut-out)pressures. (6 7 kg/cm2)


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*Reducing Delivery Pressure : - A reduction in thedelivery pressure by 1 bar in a compressor would reduce the power consumption by 6 10 %.

*Elevation - The altitude of a place has a directimpact on the volumetric efficiency of thecompressor.

It is evident that compressors located at higheraltitudes consume more power to achieve aparticular delivery pressure than those at sealevel, as the compression ratio is higher.


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LIGHTING SYSTEM


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Lighting

*Installation of energy efficient fluorescentlamps in place of "Conventional"fluorescent lamps.* Installation of Compact Fluorescent Lamps(CFL's) in place of incandescent lamps.* Installation of metal halide lamps in placeof mercury / sodium vapour lamps.* Installation of LED panel indicator lamps inplace of filament lamps.

Electricity Billing


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Electricity BillingThe tariff structure generally includes thefollowing components:

*Maximum demand Charges*Energy Charges*Power factor penalty or bonus rates, as levied

by most utilities*Electricity duty charges levied w.r.t units

consumed.*Meter rentals*Penalty for exceeding contract demand *Time Of Day (TOD) rates like peak and non-peak

hours ( of some utilities)


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The following benefits were achievedfromthyristorisation of a rolling stand:

* Power saving of 20-25%

* Increase in productivity by 5%. * In case of MG set one has to maintain threerotating

machines. This causes reduced efficiency of thetotalsystem.


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PLANT

Around 480 KWhr of electrical

energy is consumed forproducing one ton of finished steel product .

Average electrical load of a 4

MT


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SCOPE FOR ENERGY

SAVING1 .BY SWITCH ING OFF AC, FAN &

LIGHT WHEN NOT IN USE 2 .BY SWITCH ING OFF 1/3 RD STREET LIGHTS IN NIGHT 3.BY SWITCHING OFF THETRANSFORMERS WHICH ARE KEPT ASSTANDBY TO SAVE NO-LOAD LOSS.

4.BY USING REDUCING VOLTAGE

TRASNFORMER


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