Energy Concern in Wireless Sensor Network

Xiujuan YiProf. Nalini Venkatasubramanian

12/10/2010

Energy has been an important concern among wireless sensor network community.

Applications usually require WSN to have a long

lifetime. While traditionally sensor nodes are powered by batteries with limited energy and changing battery is a bad idea since it's costly, infeasible even impossible(hazardous place like volcano), people turn their attention to other solutions...

motivation

Energy concern in WSN

Low energy design

Energy harvesting

Using mobile nodes

Energy transference

Player/Stage

Low Energy Design

Battery-powered

Finite lifetime

Replacement cost

Hazardous environment

…

Goal:Use the battery efficiently----Minimize energy consumption or maximize lifetime while meeting required performance constraints[1]

Scheme:low power-hardware design, topology management[2], routing protocols[3]

Energy concern in WSN

Low energy design

Energy harvesting

Using mobile nodes

Energy transference

Player/Stage

Energy Harvesting

Ambient energy-powered[13] Solar

spatio-temporal dynamic and constantly changing Thermal Kinetic Vibration Wind ....

Energy Harvesting

Goal:

1.maximize lifetime

2.how to achieve optimal use of harvested energy(maximize performance, keep constant quality level etc. subjected to harvested energy)

Scheme:

Predict energy availability[4]

Routing protocol[7]

Tradeoff between energy and quality[5,6]

Energy concern in WSN

Low energy design

Energy harvesting

Using mobile nodes

Energy transference

Player/Stage

Mobile nodes

Mobile nodes' roles Harvest data(Mobile sink/data collector)

{multi-hop, cluster-based}Harvest energy(Energy deliverer)Mobile relay(router)Sensing......

Mobile sink Mobile robots

Traverse the network, collect data from nearby nodes, then upload data to the base station.

1.sparsely deployed large scale nodes[14]

2.dense network want long lifetime

The other two data collection schemes [8]

multi-hop

sensors close to the sink consume more energy

Clustering(hierarchy)

more powerful cluster heads

Sink Mobility: good and bad

good[10]

Ensure the quality of link between robot and sensor node.

Low energy consumption in sensor node

Sensors could be designed simple and cheap

Recharging robots is much easier

bad

Long latency

Large sensor buffer

Passing Obstacles on the path

Etc.

robot

Sink MobilityApplications using mobile sink could be summarized as follows:

multi-robot/single robot

Robots communicate or not

Sensors communicate or not (multi-hop/single hop/zero-hop)

How do robots move?

Mobility schemes[9]: random,

predictable,

controlled

How sensors collaborate with robots?

When to wake up?

An classification of robots' path in[9]

Robots' mobility scheme:controlled

Problem formation:

With the knowledge of location of the static sensors, define a list of points the robot(s) should visit and the order to visit them.

TSP

Integral Programming

Hamiltonian Path

Papers on mobile sink controlled

1.“Power-efficient real-time data collection using mobile robots” (single-hop, clustering-based and MST-based approach)

2.“Sencar: an energy efficient data gathering mechanism for large scale multi-hop networks” (allow data relayed by sensors, with location information, clustering.)

3.“Robot-assisted energy-efficient data collection from high-fidelity sensor networks” (event-triggered sensing, short message informing the base station that there is data to be retrieved, BS notify robots, robots begin its traverse(TSP).)

4.NCPS at ISR (multi-robots collaborate to collect data in static sensors, serve their framework)

Radom

“Exploiting mobility for energy efficient data collection in WSN”(single-hop. Mules send out discovery message to discover sensors.)

Energy deliverer

Mohammad Rahimi, Hardik Shah, etc. “studying the feasibility of energy harvesting in a mobile sensor network” proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation,2003

detect energy imbalance among static nodes and even them out using rechargeable robots

robots send query to the network to find out the static nodes that needs service, sensors that need service reply back, robots select one and then navigate to the location

Energy concern in WSN

Low energy design

Energy harvesting

Using mobile nodes

Energy transference

Player/Stage

Energy transference-energy transference for sensornets[11]

“energy availability must be decoupled form sensornet operation”

Energy relay(with harvesting capabilities) to deliver energy to energy consumers.

Enable energy to be treated as a network wide, exchangeable and route-able commodity.

Player/Stage

Player is a language and platform independent network server for robot control. Player runs on a machine that is physically connected to a collection of devices and offers a TCP socket interface to clients control program.[12]

Stage simulates a population mobile robots in a 2D environment.

References[1]AMAN KANSAL, JASON HSU, SADAF ZAHEDI, and MANI B. SRIVASTAVA, Power

Management in Energy Harvesting Sensor Networks, ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems, Vol. 6, No. 4, Article 32, 2007.

[2]Maintaining Coverage with Energy-Aware Protocol without Knowing Exact Positions in Wireless Sensor Networks

[3]Kemal Akkaya *, Mohamed Younis, A survey on routing protocols for wireless sensor networks, Ad Hoc Networks 3 (2005) 325–349

[4]Algorith, Ali, M., Al-Hashimi, B., Recas, J. and Atienza,D, Evaluation and Design Exploration of Solar Harvested-Energy Prediction

[5]Clemens Moser, Jian-Jia Chen, Lothar Thiele, Power Management in Energy Harvesting Embedded Systems with Discrete Service Levels

[6]Dong Kun Noh, Lili Wang, Yong Yang, Hieu Khac Le, and Tarek Abdelzaher, Minimum Variance Energy Allocation for a Solar-Powered Sensor System

[7]Analysis, Comparison, and Optimization of Routing Protocols for Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Networks

[8]Ming Ma, Yuanyuan YangSenCar: An Energy-Efficient Data Gathering Mechanism for Large-Scale Multihop Sensor Networks,IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS, VOL. 18,NO. 10, OCTOBER 2007

[9]JIAN MA, CANFENG CHEN AND JYRI P. SALOMAA,mWSN for Large Scale Mobile Sensing,Journal of Signal Processing Systems 51, 195–206, 2008

[10]O. Tekdas, J.H. Lim, A. Terzis, and V. Isler. Using Mobile Robots to Harvest Data from Sensor Fields. IEEE Wireless Communications, 2008

[11]Affan A. Syed Young Cho,Energy Transference for Sensornets,SenSys10

[12]Brian Gerkey, Richard T. Vaughan and Andrew Howard. "The Player/Stage Project: Tools for Multi-Robot and Distributed Sensor Systems". In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Advanced Robotics (ICAR 2003)

[13]Winston K.G. Seah, Zhi Ang Eu and Hwee-Pink Tan. Wireless Sensor Networks Powered by Ambient Energy Harvesting (WSN-HEAP) – Survey and Challenges, 2009

[14]Onur Tekdas, Nikhil Karnad, and Volkan Isler, Efficient Strategies for Collecting Data from Wireless Sensor Network Nodes using Mobile Robots,ISRR09