Carbohydrate balance in children. Lipid balance in children.
Energy balance in children. Protein balance in children.
description
Transcript of Energy balance in children. Protein balance in children.
Energy balance in children Protein balance in children
Assprof Luchyshyn NYu
bull Energy is used continuously in the body and is fundamental to physiologic processes
bull Requirements of individuals vary in relation to a wide variety of factors making energy metabolism an issue of great importance to the pediatrician
3
Metabolism
Metabolism all chemical reactions occurring in an organism
Anabolism chemical reactions that expend energy to make new chemical bonds
Catabolism chemical reactions that harvest energy when bonds are broken
Nutrition is a science that deals with the relation of food substance to living things In the study of nutrition the following items must be considered
a) bodily requirement for various substances
b) function in body c) amount needed d) level below which poor health results
Feeding a Healthy Young Child
Planning Childrenrsquos
Meals
bull A complete diet must supply the elements carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen phosphorus sulfur
bull and at least 18 other inorganic elements bull The major elements are supplied in
carbohydrates lipids and protein bull In addition at least 17 vitamins and water
are necessary bull If an essential nutrient is omitted from the
diet certain deficiency symptoms appear
bull Children normally need a certain number of calories each day (energy allowance) that their bodies use as energy for normal daily activities (walking breathing etc)
bull This ranges for boys from 2000 calories for a 7-10 year old
bull 2500 calories for an 11-14 year old bull 3000 calories for a 15-18 year old
For girls
bull the ranges are from 2000 calories for a 7-10 year old
bull to 2200 calories for an 11-18 year old bull These are only estimates and some
children need more (fast metabolism) or less (slow metabolism) of an energy allowance for daily activities
bull Metabolism will be studied in various parts Interrelationships will be pointed out as they are encountered Just as there are three basic biomolecules - carbohydrates lipids and proteins the metabolism of each of these will be studied individually
bull Techniques are available for short- and long-term measurements of energy expenditure which serve different purposes
bull The principal techniques are suitable for the age range from birth to adolescence
bull The theory of energy metabolism is briefly discussed including a summary of the different working definitions
bull The principles and practicalities of classical indirect calorimetry the doubly labeled water method the bicarbonate method and heart rate monitoring are then described
Proteinbull A protein is a complex high molecular
weight organic compound consists of amino acids joined by peptide bonds
Protein
bull 1048714 Makes up cell structurebull 1048714 Helps develop repair and maintain tissuesbull 1048714 Produces hemoglobin enzymes and many
hormonesbull 1048714Maintains normal blood osmotic pressurebull 1048714 Forms antibodiesbull 1048714 Can be energy sourcebull 1048714 Breaks down into amino acids to be usedbull by the body
In human nutritional needsproteins come in two forms
complete proteins contain all eight of EAA that humans cannot produce themselves all meat and other animal products are sources include beef lamb pork poultry fish shellfish eggs milk and milk products
complete proteins incomplete proteins
incomplete proteins lack or contain only a very small proportion of one or more EAAProtein in foods (such as grains fruits and vegetables) are either low are considered incomplete proteins
HEMOGOLBINbull The hemoglobin
molecule consists ofbull the protein globin which
is composed ofbull four subunit polypeptide
chains (2 alphabull and 2 beta) each of
which contains abull single heme group with
its single ironbull atom for the transport of
oxygen
MYOGLOBIN
20 AMINO ACIDS
PROTEIN METABOLISM
Proteins have a variety of structures so have a variety of functions in the body
bull enzymes many hormones antibodies hemoglobin cytochromes support (collagen) movement (actinmyosin)
bull Amino acids form hormones neurotransmitters
bull Thyroxine epinephrine dopamine (from tyrosine)
Amino acids can be a source of energy
bull bull Dietary proteins contain about the same amount of energy per gram as carbohydrates
bull bull the non-nitrogen part of amino acids can be oxidised directly in cell respiration or after conversion to ketone bodies
bull bull Normally about 12 of our daily energy needs come from amino acids
bull bull Excessive use of amino acids for energy causes a deficiency of tissue proteins and an excess of ketone bodies
Dietary Protein Amino Acid Pool ampMetabolic Pathways
bull Unlike carbohydrate or fat there is no specific storage depot for proteins or amino acids
bull Instead the amino acid pool of the blood plasma acts as a reservoir which each tissue can draw upon
bull bullEach tissue makes those specific proteins which it needs controlled by the active genes in that tissue
bull The liver is the major organ involved in protein metabolism especially for deamination urea synthesis and gluconeogenesis
bull A normal diet should contain sufficient protein for metabolic needs
bull Complete proteins with 9 essential amino acids which the body cannot synthesize eg phenylalanine Most plant proteins are incomplete
Metabolic Pathways of Proteins amp Amino Acids
Protein amp Amino Acid Anabolism
bull bull PROTEIN SYNTHESIS occurs on ribosomes in every cell and is stimulated by Anabolic Hormones
bull - Insulin-like Growth Factor(IGF)bull - Thyroxine (in growing children) bull - Insulinbull - Estrogen amp Testosteronebull bull Weight-bearing exercise causesbull anabolism amp growth of musclebull Non essential amino acids can be synthesized by
TRANSAMINATION (transfer of an amino group to a keto acid to create an amino acid)
Answers for Metabolic Pathways
bull 1 GLYCOLYSISbull 2 KREBS (TCA) CYCLEbull 3 OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATIONbull 4 GLYCOGENOLYSISbull 5 GLYCOGENESISbull 6 GLUCONEOGENESISbull 7 LIPOLYSIS (LIPID MOBILISATION)bull 8 LIPOGENESISbull 9 PROTEIN HYDROLYSIS (PROTEIN MOBILISATION)bull 10 PROTEIN SYNTHESISbull 11 BETA OXIDATIONbull 12 KETOGENESISbull 13 DEAMINATION
RECOMMENDED NUTRITIONAL INTAKECOMPOSITION
bull 55 to 65 Carbohydratebull 25 to 30 Fatbull 10 to 15 Protein
SOME CONCLUSIONS ABOUT PROTEIN
bull Dietary supplementation of protein beyond that necessary to maintain nitrogen balance does not provide additional ergogenic benefit
bull Ingesting carbohydrateprotein prior to exercise may reduce catabolism whereas ingesting carbohydrate protein following exercise may promote glycogen resynthesis a more anabolic hormonal environment and recovery
bull The extent to which these strategies affect training adaptations is unknown
Ergogenic Properties of Protein
bull 1048714 Builds fat-free muscle massbull 1048714 Strength athletes need 14 to 18 g per
kg body weightbull 1048714 Endurance athletes need 12 to 14 g
per kg body weightbull 1048714 Diets exceeding 18 to 20 g per kg body
weight per day have not been proven to provide additional benefits and may damage kidney function
Protein deficiency can lead to symptoms such as fatigue insulin resistance hair loss loss of hair pigment loss of muscle mass low body temperature and hormonal irregularities
Severe protein deficiency is fatal
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) contains 3 forms
kwashiorkor (KW) marasmus
marasmic KW
PEM represent a group of pathologic conditions associated with a nutritional and energy deficit occurring mainly in young children from developing countries at the time of weaning frequently associated with infections mainly gastrointestinal infections
Kwashiorkor occurs in areas of famine limited food supply and low levels of education lead to inadequate knowledge of proper dietEarly symptoms are fatigue irritability and lethargy As protein deprivation continues growth failure loss of muscle mass generalized swelling (edema) decreased immunity occur A large protuberant belly is common Skin conditions (such as dermatitis changes in pigmentation thinning of hair and vitiligo) are seen frequently Shock and coma precede death
protuberant belly
loss of hair pigment
swelling (edema)
6 个月大 出生时有 8 斤半由于母乳少出生几天就给孩子冲奶粉食用两个月后体重是 14 斤 现在却仅有 12 斤乌黑的头发也渐渐稀疏变黄再变白 Skin pigmentation
Marasmus resulting from an insufficient nutritional intake associated with acute conditions (gastroenteritis) or chronic conditions (eg tuberculosis HIV infection)
Marasmus results from a negative energy balance a decreased energy intake increased energy expenditure or both Children adapt to an energy deficit with a decrease in physical activity lethargy a decrease in basal energy metabolism slowing of growth and finally weight loss Pathophysiological changes associated with nutritional and energy deficits can be described as (1) body composition changes (2) metabolic changes and (3) anatomic changes
Body compositionBody mass Body mass is significantly decreased Fat stores can decrease to as low as 5 of the body weight and be macroscopically undetectable The remaining fat is usually stored in the liver body water The proportion of water increases proportion of extracellular water also increases resulting in edema protein mass can decrease up to 30 The muscle fibers are thin Muscle cells are atrophic
Other organ mass
The brain skeleton and kidney are
preserved whereas the liver heart
pancreas and digestive tract are first
affected
bull This is typically a disease of impoverished countries because of drought or political turmoil
bull Improving calorie and protein intake will correct it treatment is not started too late
bull Full height and growth potential will never be achieved in children
bull Severe kwashiorkor may leave a child with permanent mental and physical disabilities
Monkey face
Excess protein can cause problems as well such as causing the immune system to overreact liver dysfunction from increased toxic residues bone loss due to increased acidity in the blood diet high in meat could lead to high cholesterol or other diseases such as gout Another potential problem is that may put a strain on the kidneys
Side Effects
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bull Energy is used continuously in the body and is fundamental to physiologic processes
bull Requirements of individuals vary in relation to a wide variety of factors making energy metabolism an issue of great importance to the pediatrician
3
Metabolism
Metabolism all chemical reactions occurring in an organism
Anabolism chemical reactions that expend energy to make new chemical bonds
Catabolism chemical reactions that harvest energy when bonds are broken
Nutrition is a science that deals with the relation of food substance to living things In the study of nutrition the following items must be considered
a) bodily requirement for various substances
b) function in body c) amount needed d) level below which poor health results
Feeding a Healthy Young Child
Planning Childrenrsquos
Meals
bull A complete diet must supply the elements carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen phosphorus sulfur
bull and at least 18 other inorganic elements bull The major elements are supplied in
carbohydrates lipids and protein bull In addition at least 17 vitamins and water
are necessary bull If an essential nutrient is omitted from the
diet certain deficiency symptoms appear
bull Children normally need a certain number of calories each day (energy allowance) that their bodies use as energy for normal daily activities (walking breathing etc)
bull This ranges for boys from 2000 calories for a 7-10 year old
bull 2500 calories for an 11-14 year old bull 3000 calories for a 15-18 year old
For girls
bull the ranges are from 2000 calories for a 7-10 year old
bull to 2200 calories for an 11-18 year old bull These are only estimates and some
children need more (fast metabolism) or less (slow metabolism) of an energy allowance for daily activities
bull Metabolism will be studied in various parts Interrelationships will be pointed out as they are encountered Just as there are three basic biomolecules - carbohydrates lipids and proteins the metabolism of each of these will be studied individually
bull Techniques are available for short- and long-term measurements of energy expenditure which serve different purposes
bull The principal techniques are suitable for the age range from birth to adolescence
bull The theory of energy metabolism is briefly discussed including a summary of the different working definitions
bull The principles and practicalities of classical indirect calorimetry the doubly labeled water method the bicarbonate method and heart rate monitoring are then described
Proteinbull A protein is a complex high molecular
weight organic compound consists of amino acids joined by peptide bonds
Protein
bull 1048714 Makes up cell structurebull 1048714 Helps develop repair and maintain tissuesbull 1048714 Produces hemoglobin enzymes and many
hormonesbull 1048714Maintains normal blood osmotic pressurebull 1048714 Forms antibodiesbull 1048714 Can be energy sourcebull 1048714 Breaks down into amino acids to be usedbull by the body
In human nutritional needsproteins come in two forms
complete proteins contain all eight of EAA that humans cannot produce themselves all meat and other animal products are sources include beef lamb pork poultry fish shellfish eggs milk and milk products
complete proteins incomplete proteins
incomplete proteins lack or contain only a very small proportion of one or more EAAProtein in foods (such as grains fruits and vegetables) are either low are considered incomplete proteins
HEMOGOLBINbull The hemoglobin
molecule consists ofbull the protein globin which
is composed ofbull four subunit polypeptide
chains (2 alphabull and 2 beta) each of
which contains abull single heme group with
its single ironbull atom for the transport of
oxygen
MYOGLOBIN
20 AMINO ACIDS
PROTEIN METABOLISM
Proteins have a variety of structures so have a variety of functions in the body
bull enzymes many hormones antibodies hemoglobin cytochromes support (collagen) movement (actinmyosin)
bull Amino acids form hormones neurotransmitters
bull Thyroxine epinephrine dopamine (from tyrosine)
Amino acids can be a source of energy
bull bull Dietary proteins contain about the same amount of energy per gram as carbohydrates
bull bull the non-nitrogen part of amino acids can be oxidised directly in cell respiration or after conversion to ketone bodies
bull bull Normally about 12 of our daily energy needs come from amino acids
bull bull Excessive use of amino acids for energy causes a deficiency of tissue proteins and an excess of ketone bodies
Dietary Protein Amino Acid Pool ampMetabolic Pathways
bull Unlike carbohydrate or fat there is no specific storage depot for proteins or amino acids
bull Instead the amino acid pool of the blood plasma acts as a reservoir which each tissue can draw upon
bull bullEach tissue makes those specific proteins which it needs controlled by the active genes in that tissue
bull The liver is the major organ involved in protein metabolism especially for deamination urea synthesis and gluconeogenesis
bull A normal diet should contain sufficient protein for metabolic needs
bull Complete proteins with 9 essential amino acids which the body cannot synthesize eg phenylalanine Most plant proteins are incomplete
Metabolic Pathways of Proteins amp Amino Acids
Protein amp Amino Acid Anabolism
bull bull PROTEIN SYNTHESIS occurs on ribosomes in every cell and is stimulated by Anabolic Hormones
bull - Insulin-like Growth Factor(IGF)bull - Thyroxine (in growing children) bull - Insulinbull - Estrogen amp Testosteronebull bull Weight-bearing exercise causesbull anabolism amp growth of musclebull Non essential amino acids can be synthesized by
TRANSAMINATION (transfer of an amino group to a keto acid to create an amino acid)
Answers for Metabolic Pathways
bull 1 GLYCOLYSISbull 2 KREBS (TCA) CYCLEbull 3 OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATIONbull 4 GLYCOGENOLYSISbull 5 GLYCOGENESISbull 6 GLUCONEOGENESISbull 7 LIPOLYSIS (LIPID MOBILISATION)bull 8 LIPOGENESISbull 9 PROTEIN HYDROLYSIS (PROTEIN MOBILISATION)bull 10 PROTEIN SYNTHESISbull 11 BETA OXIDATIONbull 12 KETOGENESISbull 13 DEAMINATION
RECOMMENDED NUTRITIONAL INTAKECOMPOSITION
bull 55 to 65 Carbohydratebull 25 to 30 Fatbull 10 to 15 Protein
SOME CONCLUSIONS ABOUT PROTEIN
bull Dietary supplementation of protein beyond that necessary to maintain nitrogen balance does not provide additional ergogenic benefit
bull Ingesting carbohydrateprotein prior to exercise may reduce catabolism whereas ingesting carbohydrate protein following exercise may promote glycogen resynthesis a more anabolic hormonal environment and recovery
bull The extent to which these strategies affect training adaptations is unknown
Ergogenic Properties of Protein
bull 1048714 Builds fat-free muscle massbull 1048714 Strength athletes need 14 to 18 g per
kg body weightbull 1048714 Endurance athletes need 12 to 14 g
per kg body weightbull 1048714 Diets exceeding 18 to 20 g per kg body
weight per day have not been proven to provide additional benefits and may damage kidney function
Protein deficiency can lead to symptoms such as fatigue insulin resistance hair loss loss of hair pigment loss of muscle mass low body temperature and hormonal irregularities
Severe protein deficiency is fatal
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) contains 3 forms
kwashiorkor (KW) marasmus
marasmic KW
PEM represent a group of pathologic conditions associated with a nutritional and energy deficit occurring mainly in young children from developing countries at the time of weaning frequently associated with infections mainly gastrointestinal infections
Kwashiorkor occurs in areas of famine limited food supply and low levels of education lead to inadequate knowledge of proper dietEarly symptoms are fatigue irritability and lethargy As protein deprivation continues growth failure loss of muscle mass generalized swelling (edema) decreased immunity occur A large protuberant belly is common Skin conditions (such as dermatitis changes in pigmentation thinning of hair and vitiligo) are seen frequently Shock and coma precede death
protuberant belly
loss of hair pigment
swelling (edema)
6 个月大 出生时有 8 斤半由于母乳少出生几天就给孩子冲奶粉食用两个月后体重是 14 斤 现在却仅有 12 斤乌黑的头发也渐渐稀疏变黄再变白 Skin pigmentation
Marasmus resulting from an insufficient nutritional intake associated with acute conditions (gastroenteritis) or chronic conditions (eg tuberculosis HIV infection)
Marasmus results from a negative energy balance a decreased energy intake increased energy expenditure or both Children adapt to an energy deficit with a decrease in physical activity lethargy a decrease in basal energy metabolism slowing of growth and finally weight loss Pathophysiological changes associated with nutritional and energy deficits can be described as (1) body composition changes (2) metabolic changes and (3) anatomic changes
Body compositionBody mass Body mass is significantly decreased Fat stores can decrease to as low as 5 of the body weight and be macroscopically undetectable The remaining fat is usually stored in the liver body water The proportion of water increases proportion of extracellular water also increases resulting in edema protein mass can decrease up to 30 The muscle fibers are thin Muscle cells are atrophic
Other organ mass
The brain skeleton and kidney are
preserved whereas the liver heart
pancreas and digestive tract are first
affected
bull This is typically a disease of impoverished countries because of drought or political turmoil
bull Improving calorie and protein intake will correct it treatment is not started too late
bull Full height and growth potential will never be achieved in children
bull Severe kwashiorkor may leave a child with permanent mental and physical disabilities
Monkey face
Excess protein can cause problems as well such as causing the immune system to overreact liver dysfunction from increased toxic residues bone loss due to increased acidity in the blood diet high in meat could lead to high cholesterol or other diseases such as gout Another potential problem is that may put a strain on the kidneys
Side Effects
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3
Metabolism
Metabolism all chemical reactions occurring in an organism
Anabolism chemical reactions that expend energy to make new chemical bonds
Catabolism chemical reactions that harvest energy when bonds are broken
Nutrition is a science that deals with the relation of food substance to living things In the study of nutrition the following items must be considered
a) bodily requirement for various substances
b) function in body c) amount needed d) level below which poor health results
Feeding a Healthy Young Child
Planning Childrenrsquos
Meals
bull A complete diet must supply the elements carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen phosphorus sulfur
bull and at least 18 other inorganic elements bull The major elements are supplied in
carbohydrates lipids and protein bull In addition at least 17 vitamins and water
are necessary bull If an essential nutrient is omitted from the
diet certain deficiency symptoms appear
bull Children normally need a certain number of calories each day (energy allowance) that their bodies use as energy for normal daily activities (walking breathing etc)
bull This ranges for boys from 2000 calories for a 7-10 year old
bull 2500 calories for an 11-14 year old bull 3000 calories for a 15-18 year old
For girls
bull the ranges are from 2000 calories for a 7-10 year old
bull to 2200 calories for an 11-18 year old bull These are only estimates and some
children need more (fast metabolism) or less (slow metabolism) of an energy allowance for daily activities
bull Metabolism will be studied in various parts Interrelationships will be pointed out as they are encountered Just as there are three basic biomolecules - carbohydrates lipids and proteins the metabolism of each of these will be studied individually
bull Techniques are available for short- and long-term measurements of energy expenditure which serve different purposes
bull The principal techniques are suitable for the age range from birth to adolescence
bull The theory of energy metabolism is briefly discussed including a summary of the different working definitions
bull The principles and practicalities of classical indirect calorimetry the doubly labeled water method the bicarbonate method and heart rate monitoring are then described
Proteinbull A protein is a complex high molecular
weight organic compound consists of amino acids joined by peptide bonds
Protein
bull 1048714 Makes up cell structurebull 1048714 Helps develop repair and maintain tissuesbull 1048714 Produces hemoglobin enzymes and many
hormonesbull 1048714Maintains normal blood osmotic pressurebull 1048714 Forms antibodiesbull 1048714 Can be energy sourcebull 1048714 Breaks down into amino acids to be usedbull by the body
In human nutritional needsproteins come in two forms
complete proteins contain all eight of EAA that humans cannot produce themselves all meat and other animal products are sources include beef lamb pork poultry fish shellfish eggs milk and milk products
complete proteins incomplete proteins
incomplete proteins lack or contain only a very small proportion of one or more EAAProtein in foods (such as grains fruits and vegetables) are either low are considered incomplete proteins
HEMOGOLBINbull The hemoglobin
molecule consists ofbull the protein globin which
is composed ofbull four subunit polypeptide
chains (2 alphabull and 2 beta) each of
which contains abull single heme group with
its single ironbull atom for the transport of
oxygen
MYOGLOBIN
20 AMINO ACIDS
PROTEIN METABOLISM
Proteins have a variety of structures so have a variety of functions in the body
bull enzymes many hormones antibodies hemoglobin cytochromes support (collagen) movement (actinmyosin)
bull Amino acids form hormones neurotransmitters
bull Thyroxine epinephrine dopamine (from tyrosine)
Amino acids can be a source of energy
bull bull Dietary proteins contain about the same amount of energy per gram as carbohydrates
bull bull the non-nitrogen part of amino acids can be oxidised directly in cell respiration or after conversion to ketone bodies
bull bull Normally about 12 of our daily energy needs come from amino acids
bull bull Excessive use of amino acids for energy causes a deficiency of tissue proteins and an excess of ketone bodies
Dietary Protein Amino Acid Pool ampMetabolic Pathways
bull Unlike carbohydrate or fat there is no specific storage depot for proteins or amino acids
bull Instead the amino acid pool of the blood plasma acts as a reservoir which each tissue can draw upon
bull bullEach tissue makes those specific proteins which it needs controlled by the active genes in that tissue
bull The liver is the major organ involved in protein metabolism especially for deamination urea synthesis and gluconeogenesis
bull A normal diet should contain sufficient protein for metabolic needs
bull Complete proteins with 9 essential amino acids which the body cannot synthesize eg phenylalanine Most plant proteins are incomplete
Metabolic Pathways of Proteins amp Amino Acids
Protein amp Amino Acid Anabolism
bull bull PROTEIN SYNTHESIS occurs on ribosomes in every cell and is stimulated by Anabolic Hormones
bull - Insulin-like Growth Factor(IGF)bull - Thyroxine (in growing children) bull - Insulinbull - Estrogen amp Testosteronebull bull Weight-bearing exercise causesbull anabolism amp growth of musclebull Non essential amino acids can be synthesized by
TRANSAMINATION (transfer of an amino group to a keto acid to create an amino acid)
Answers for Metabolic Pathways
bull 1 GLYCOLYSISbull 2 KREBS (TCA) CYCLEbull 3 OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATIONbull 4 GLYCOGENOLYSISbull 5 GLYCOGENESISbull 6 GLUCONEOGENESISbull 7 LIPOLYSIS (LIPID MOBILISATION)bull 8 LIPOGENESISbull 9 PROTEIN HYDROLYSIS (PROTEIN MOBILISATION)bull 10 PROTEIN SYNTHESISbull 11 BETA OXIDATIONbull 12 KETOGENESISbull 13 DEAMINATION
RECOMMENDED NUTRITIONAL INTAKECOMPOSITION
bull 55 to 65 Carbohydratebull 25 to 30 Fatbull 10 to 15 Protein
SOME CONCLUSIONS ABOUT PROTEIN
bull Dietary supplementation of protein beyond that necessary to maintain nitrogen balance does not provide additional ergogenic benefit
bull Ingesting carbohydrateprotein prior to exercise may reduce catabolism whereas ingesting carbohydrate protein following exercise may promote glycogen resynthesis a more anabolic hormonal environment and recovery
bull The extent to which these strategies affect training adaptations is unknown
Ergogenic Properties of Protein
bull 1048714 Builds fat-free muscle massbull 1048714 Strength athletes need 14 to 18 g per
kg body weightbull 1048714 Endurance athletes need 12 to 14 g
per kg body weightbull 1048714 Diets exceeding 18 to 20 g per kg body
weight per day have not been proven to provide additional benefits and may damage kidney function
Protein deficiency can lead to symptoms such as fatigue insulin resistance hair loss loss of hair pigment loss of muscle mass low body temperature and hormonal irregularities
Severe protein deficiency is fatal
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) contains 3 forms
kwashiorkor (KW) marasmus
marasmic KW
PEM represent a group of pathologic conditions associated with a nutritional and energy deficit occurring mainly in young children from developing countries at the time of weaning frequently associated with infections mainly gastrointestinal infections
Kwashiorkor occurs in areas of famine limited food supply and low levels of education lead to inadequate knowledge of proper dietEarly symptoms are fatigue irritability and lethargy As protein deprivation continues growth failure loss of muscle mass generalized swelling (edema) decreased immunity occur A large protuberant belly is common Skin conditions (such as dermatitis changes in pigmentation thinning of hair and vitiligo) are seen frequently Shock and coma precede death
protuberant belly
loss of hair pigment
swelling (edema)
6 个月大 出生时有 8 斤半由于母乳少出生几天就给孩子冲奶粉食用两个月后体重是 14 斤 现在却仅有 12 斤乌黑的头发也渐渐稀疏变黄再变白 Skin pigmentation
Marasmus resulting from an insufficient nutritional intake associated with acute conditions (gastroenteritis) or chronic conditions (eg tuberculosis HIV infection)
Marasmus results from a negative energy balance a decreased energy intake increased energy expenditure or both Children adapt to an energy deficit with a decrease in physical activity lethargy a decrease in basal energy metabolism slowing of growth and finally weight loss Pathophysiological changes associated with nutritional and energy deficits can be described as (1) body composition changes (2) metabolic changes and (3) anatomic changes
Body compositionBody mass Body mass is significantly decreased Fat stores can decrease to as low as 5 of the body weight and be macroscopically undetectable The remaining fat is usually stored in the liver body water The proportion of water increases proportion of extracellular water also increases resulting in edema protein mass can decrease up to 30 The muscle fibers are thin Muscle cells are atrophic
Other organ mass
The brain skeleton and kidney are
preserved whereas the liver heart
pancreas and digestive tract are first
affected
bull This is typically a disease of impoverished countries because of drought or political turmoil
bull Improving calorie and protein intake will correct it treatment is not started too late
bull Full height and growth potential will never be achieved in children
bull Severe kwashiorkor may leave a child with permanent mental and physical disabilities
Monkey face
Excess protein can cause problems as well such as causing the immune system to overreact liver dysfunction from increased toxic residues bone loss due to increased acidity in the blood diet high in meat could lead to high cholesterol or other diseases such as gout Another potential problem is that may put a strain on the kidneys
Side Effects
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Nutrition is a science that deals with the relation of food substance to living things In the study of nutrition the following items must be considered
a) bodily requirement for various substances
b) function in body c) amount needed d) level below which poor health results
Feeding a Healthy Young Child
Planning Childrenrsquos
Meals
bull A complete diet must supply the elements carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen phosphorus sulfur
bull and at least 18 other inorganic elements bull The major elements are supplied in
carbohydrates lipids and protein bull In addition at least 17 vitamins and water
are necessary bull If an essential nutrient is omitted from the
diet certain deficiency symptoms appear
bull Children normally need a certain number of calories each day (energy allowance) that their bodies use as energy for normal daily activities (walking breathing etc)
bull This ranges for boys from 2000 calories for a 7-10 year old
bull 2500 calories for an 11-14 year old bull 3000 calories for a 15-18 year old
For girls
bull the ranges are from 2000 calories for a 7-10 year old
bull to 2200 calories for an 11-18 year old bull These are only estimates and some
children need more (fast metabolism) or less (slow metabolism) of an energy allowance for daily activities
bull Metabolism will be studied in various parts Interrelationships will be pointed out as they are encountered Just as there are three basic biomolecules - carbohydrates lipids and proteins the metabolism of each of these will be studied individually
bull Techniques are available for short- and long-term measurements of energy expenditure which serve different purposes
bull The principal techniques are suitable for the age range from birth to adolescence
bull The theory of energy metabolism is briefly discussed including a summary of the different working definitions
bull The principles and practicalities of classical indirect calorimetry the doubly labeled water method the bicarbonate method and heart rate monitoring are then described
Proteinbull A protein is a complex high molecular
weight organic compound consists of amino acids joined by peptide bonds
Protein
bull 1048714 Makes up cell structurebull 1048714 Helps develop repair and maintain tissuesbull 1048714 Produces hemoglobin enzymes and many
hormonesbull 1048714Maintains normal blood osmotic pressurebull 1048714 Forms antibodiesbull 1048714 Can be energy sourcebull 1048714 Breaks down into amino acids to be usedbull by the body
In human nutritional needsproteins come in two forms
complete proteins contain all eight of EAA that humans cannot produce themselves all meat and other animal products are sources include beef lamb pork poultry fish shellfish eggs milk and milk products
complete proteins incomplete proteins
incomplete proteins lack or contain only a very small proportion of one or more EAAProtein in foods (such as grains fruits and vegetables) are either low are considered incomplete proteins
HEMOGOLBINbull The hemoglobin
molecule consists ofbull the protein globin which
is composed ofbull four subunit polypeptide
chains (2 alphabull and 2 beta) each of
which contains abull single heme group with
its single ironbull atom for the transport of
oxygen
MYOGLOBIN
20 AMINO ACIDS
PROTEIN METABOLISM
Proteins have a variety of structures so have a variety of functions in the body
bull enzymes many hormones antibodies hemoglobin cytochromes support (collagen) movement (actinmyosin)
bull Amino acids form hormones neurotransmitters
bull Thyroxine epinephrine dopamine (from tyrosine)
Amino acids can be a source of energy
bull bull Dietary proteins contain about the same amount of energy per gram as carbohydrates
bull bull the non-nitrogen part of amino acids can be oxidised directly in cell respiration or after conversion to ketone bodies
bull bull Normally about 12 of our daily energy needs come from amino acids
bull bull Excessive use of amino acids for energy causes a deficiency of tissue proteins and an excess of ketone bodies
Dietary Protein Amino Acid Pool ampMetabolic Pathways
bull Unlike carbohydrate or fat there is no specific storage depot for proteins or amino acids
bull Instead the amino acid pool of the blood plasma acts as a reservoir which each tissue can draw upon
bull bullEach tissue makes those specific proteins which it needs controlled by the active genes in that tissue
bull The liver is the major organ involved in protein metabolism especially for deamination urea synthesis and gluconeogenesis
bull A normal diet should contain sufficient protein for metabolic needs
bull Complete proteins with 9 essential amino acids which the body cannot synthesize eg phenylalanine Most plant proteins are incomplete
Metabolic Pathways of Proteins amp Amino Acids
Protein amp Amino Acid Anabolism
bull bull PROTEIN SYNTHESIS occurs on ribosomes in every cell and is stimulated by Anabolic Hormones
bull - Insulin-like Growth Factor(IGF)bull - Thyroxine (in growing children) bull - Insulinbull - Estrogen amp Testosteronebull bull Weight-bearing exercise causesbull anabolism amp growth of musclebull Non essential amino acids can be synthesized by
TRANSAMINATION (transfer of an amino group to a keto acid to create an amino acid)
Answers for Metabolic Pathways
bull 1 GLYCOLYSISbull 2 KREBS (TCA) CYCLEbull 3 OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATIONbull 4 GLYCOGENOLYSISbull 5 GLYCOGENESISbull 6 GLUCONEOGENESISbull 7 LIPOLYSIS (LIPID MOBILISATION)bull 8 LIPOGENESISbull 9 PROTEIN HYDROLYSIS (PROTEIN MOBILISATION)bull 10 PROTEIN SYNTHESISbull 11 BETA OXIDATIONbull 12 KETOGENESISbull 13 DEAMINATION
RECOMMENDED NUTRITIONAL INTAKECOMPOSITION
bull 55 to 65 Carbohydratebull 25 to 30 Fatbull 10 to 15 Protein
SOME CONCLUSIONS ABOUT PROTEIN
bull Dietary supplementation of protein beyond that necessary to maintain nitrogen balance does not provide additional ergogenic benefit
bull Ingesting carbohydrateprotein prior to exercise may reduce catabolism whereas ingesting carbohydrate protein following exercise may promote glycogen resynthesis a more anabolic hormonal environment and recovery
bull The extent to which these strategies affect training adaptations is unknown
Ergogenic Properties of Protein
bull 1048714 Builds fat-free muscle massbull 1048714 Strength athletes need 14 to 18 g per
kg body weightbull 1048714 Endurance athletes need 12 to 14 g
per kg body weightbull 1048714 Diets exceeding 18 to 20 g per kg body
weight per day have not been proven to provide additional benefits and may damage kidney function
Protein deficiency can lead to symptoms such as fatigue insulin resistance hair loss loss of hair pigment loss of muscle mass low body temperature and hormonal irregularities
Severe protein deficiency is fatal
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) contains 3 forms
kwashiorkor (KW) marasmus
marasmic KW
PEM represent a group of pathologic conditions associated with a nutritional and energy deficit occurring mainly in young children from developing countries at the time of weaning frequently associated with infections mainly gastrointestinal infections
Kwashiorkor occurs in areas of famine limited food supply and low levels of education lead to inadequate knowledge of proper dietEarly symptoms are fatigue irritability and lethargy As protein deprivation continues growth failure loss of muscle mass generalized swelling (edema) decreased immunity occur A large protuberant belly is common Skin conditions (such as dermatitis changes in pigmentation thinning of hair and vitiligo) are seen frequently Shock and coma precede death
protuberant belly
loss of hair pigment
swelling (edema)
6 个月大 出生时有 8 斤半由于母乳少出生几天就给孩子冲奶粉食用两个月后体重是 14 斤 现在却仅有 12 斤乌黑的头发也渐渐稀疏变黄再变白 Skin pigmentation
Marasmus resulting from an insufficient nutritional intake associated with acute conditions (gastroenteritis) or chronic conditions (eg tuberculosis HIV infection)
Marasmus results from a negative energy balance a decreased energy intake increased energy expenditure or both Children adapt to an energy deficit with a decrease in physical activity lethargy a decrease in basal energy metabolism slowing of growth and finally weight loss Pathophysiological changes associated with nutritional and energy deficits can be described as (1) body composition changes (2) metabolic changes and (3) anatomic changes
Body compositionBody mass Body mass is significantly decreased Fat stores can decrease to as low as 5 of the body weight and be macroscopically undetectable The remaining fat is usually stored in the liver body water The proportion of water increases proportion of extracellular water also increases resulting in edema protein mass can decrease up to 30 The muscle fibers are thin Muscle cells are atrophic
Other organ mass
The brain skeleton and kidney are
preserved whereas the liver heart
pancreas and digestive tract are first
affected
bull This is typically a disease of impoverished countries because of drought or political turmoil
bull Improving calorie and protein intake will correct it treatment is not started too late
bull Full height and growth potential will never be achieved in children
bull Severe kwashiorkor may leave a child with permanent mental and physical disabilities
Monkey face
Excess protein can cause problems as well such as causing the immune system to overreact liver dysfunction from increased toxic residues bone loss due to increased acidity in the blood diet high in meat could lead to high cholesterol or other diseases such as gout Another potential problem is that may put a strain on the kidneys
Side Effects
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Feeding a Healthy Young Child
Planning Childrenrsquos
Meals
bull A complete diet must supply the elements carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen phosphorus sulfur
bull and at least 18 other inorganic elements bull The major elements are supplied in
carbohydrates lipids and protein bull In addition at least 17 vitamins and water
are necessary bull If an essential nutrient is omitted from the
diet certain deficiency symptoms appear
bull Children normally need a certain number of calories each day (energy allowance) that their bodies use as energy for normal daily activities (walking breathing etc)
bull This ranges for boys from 2000 calories for a 7-10 year old
bull 2500 calories for an 11-14 year old bull 3000 calories for a 15-18 year old
For girls
bull the ranges are from 2000 calories for a 7-10 year old
bull to 2200 calories for an 11-18 year old bull These are only estimates and some
children need more (fast metabolism) or less (slow metabolism) of an energy allowance for daily activities
bull Metabolism will be studied in various parts Interrelationships will be pointed out as they are encountered Just as there are three basic biomolecules - carbohydrates lipids and proteins the metabolism of each of these will be studied individually
bull Techniques are available for short- and long-term measurements of energy expenditure which serve different purposes
bull The principal techniques are suitable for the age range from birth to adolescence
bull The theory of energy metabolism is briefly discussed including a summary of the different working definitions
bull The principles and practicalities of classical indirect calorimetry the doubly labeled water method the bicarbonate method and heart rate monitoring are then described
Proteinbull A protein is a complex high molecular
weight organic compound consists of amino acids joined by peptide bonds
Protein
bull 1048714 Makes up cell structurebull 1048714 Helps develop repair and maintain tissuesbull 1048714 Produces hemoglobin enzymes and many
hormonesbull 1048714Maintains normal blood osmotic pressurebull 1048714 Forms antibodiesbull 1048714 Can be energy sourcebull 1048714 Breaks down into amino acids to be usedbull by the body
In human nutritional needsproteins come in two forms
complete proteins contain all eight of EAA that humans cannot produce themselves all meat and other animal products are sources include beef lamb pork poultry fish shellfish eggs milk and milk products
complete proteins incomplete proteins
incomplete proteins lack or contain only a very small proportion of one or more EAAProtein in foods (such as grains fruits and vegetables) are either low are considered incomplete proteins
HEMOGOLBINbull The hemoglobin
molecule consists ofbull the protein globin which
is composed ofbull four subunit polypeptide
chains (2 alphabull and 2 beta) each of
which contains abull single heme group with
its single ironbull atom for the transport of
oxygen
MYOGLOBIN
20 AMINO ACIDS
PROTEIN METABOLISM
Proteins have a variety of structures so have a variety of functions in the body
bull enzymes many hormones antibodies hemoglobin cytochromes support (collagen) movement (actinmyosin)
bull Amino acids form hormones neurotransmitters
bull Thyroxine epinephrine dopamine (from tyrosine)
Amino acids can be a source of energy
bull bull Dietary proteins contain about the same amount of energy per gram as carbohydrates
bull bull the non-nitrogen part of amino acids can be oxidised directly in cell respiration or after conversion to ketone bodies
bull bull Normally about 12 of our daily energy needs come from amino acids
bull bull Excessive use of amino acids for energy causes a deficiency of tissue proteins and an excess of ketone bodies
Dietary Protein Amino Acid Pool ampMetabolic Pathways
bull Unlike carbohydrate or fat there is no specific storage depot for proteins or amino acids
bull Instead the amino acid pool of the blood plasma acts as a reservoir which each tissue can draw upon
bull bullEach tissue makes those specific proteins which it needs controlled by the active genes in that tissue
bull The liver is the major organ involved in protein metabolism especially for deamination urea synthesis and gluconeogenesis
bull A normal diet should contain sufficient protein for metabolic needs
bull Complete proteins with 9 essential amino acids which the body cannot synthesize eg phenylalanine Most plant proteins are incomplete
Metabolic Pathways of Proteins amp Amino Acids
Protein amp Amino Acid Anabolism
bull bull PROTEIN SYNTHESIS occurs on ribosomes in every cell and is stimulated by Anabolic Hormones
bull - Insulin-like Growth Factor(IGF)bull - Thyroxine (in growing children) bull - Insulinbull - Estrogen amp Testosteronebull bull Weight-bearing exercise causesbull anabolism amp growth of musclebull Non essential amino acids can be synthesized by
TRANSAMINATION (transfer of an amino group to a keto acid to create an amino acid)
Answers for Metabolic Pathways
bull 1 GLYCOLYSISbull 2 KREBS (TCA) CYCLEbull 3 OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATIONbull 4 GLYCOGENOLYSISbull 5 GLYCOGENESISbull 6 GLUCONEOGENESISbull 7 LIPOLYSIS (LIPID MOBILISATION)bull 8 LIPOGENESISbull 9 PROTEIN HYDROLYSIS (PROTEIN MOBILISATION)bull 10 PROTEIN SYNTHESISbull 11 BETA OXIDATIONbull 12 KETOGENESISbull 13 DEAMINATION
RECOMMENDED NUTRITIONAL INTAKECOMPOSITION
bull 55 to 65 Carbohydratebull 25 to 30 Fatbull 10 to 15 Protein
SOME CONCLUSIONS ABOUT PROTEIN
bull Dietary supplementation of protein beyond that necessary to maintain nitrogen balance does not provide additional ergogenic benefit
bull Ingesting carbohydrateprotein prior to exercise may reduce catabolism whereas ingesting carbohydrate protein following exercise may promote glycogen resynthesis a more anabolic hormonal environment and recovery
bull The extent to which these strategies affect training adaptations is unknown
Ergogenic Properties of Protein
bull 1048714 Builds fat-free muscle massbull 1048714 Strength athletes need 14 to 18 g per
kg body weightbull 1048714 Endurance athletes need 12 to 14 g
per kg body weightbull 1048714 Diets exceeding 18 to 20 g per kg body
weight per day have not been proven to provide additional benefits and may damage kidney function
Protein deficiency can lead to symptoms such as fatigue insulin resistance hair loss loss of hair pigment loss of muscle mass low body temperature and hormonal irregularities
Severe protein deficiency is fatal
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) contains 3 forms
kwashiorkor (KW) marasmus
marasmic KW
PEM represent a group of pathologic conditions associated with a nutritional and energy deficit occurring mainly in young children from developing countries at the time of weaning frequently associated with infections mainly gastrointestinal infections
Kwashiorkor occurs in areas of famine limited food supply and low levels of education lead to inadequate knowledge of proper dietEarly symptoms are fatigue irritability and lethargy As protein deprivation continues growth failure loss of muscle mass generalized swelling (edema) decreased immunity occur A large protuberant belly is common Skin conditions (such as dermatitis changes in pigmentation thinning of hair and vitiligo) are seen frequently Shock and coma precede death
protuberant belly
loss of hair pigment
swelling (edema)
6 个月大 出生时有 8 斤半由于母乳少出生几天就给孩子冲奶粉食用两个月后体重是 14 斤 现在却仅有 12 斤乌黑的头发也渐渐稀疏变黄再变白 Skin pigmentation
Marasmus resulting from an insufficient nutritional intake associated with acute conditions (gastroenteritis) or chronic conditions (eg tuberculosis HIV infection)
Marasmus results from a negative energy balance a decreased energy intake increased energy expenditure or both Children adapt to an energy deficit with a decrease in physical activity lethargy a decrease in basal energy metabolism slowing of growth and finally weight loss Pathophysiological changes associated with nutritional and energy deficits can be described as (1) body composition changes (2) metabolic changes and (3) anatomic changes
Body compositionBody mass Body mass is significantly decreased Fat stores can decrease to as low as 5 of the body weight and be macroscopically undetectable The remaining fat is usually stored in the liver body water The proportion of water increases proportion of extracellular water also increases resulting in edema protein mass can decrease up to 30 The muscle fibers are thin Muscle cells are atrophic
Other organ mass
The brain skeleton and kidney are
preserved whereas the liver heart
pancreas and digestive tract are first
affected
bull This is typically a disease of impoverished countries because of drought or political turmoil
bull Improving calorie and protein intake will correct it treatment is not started too late
bull Full height and growth potential will never be achieved in children
bull Severe kwashiorkor may leave a child with permanent mental and physical disabilities
Monkey face
Excess protein can cause problems as well such as causing the immune system to overreact liver dysfunction from increased toxic residues bone loss due to increased acidity in the blood diet high in meat could lead to high cholesterol or other diseases such as gout Another potential problem is that may put a strain on the kidneys
Side Effects
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Planning Childrenrsquos
Meals
bull A complete diet must supply the elements carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen phosphorus sulfur
bull and at least 18 other inorganic elements bull The major elements are supplied in
carbohydrates lipids and protein bull In addition at least 17 vitamins and water
are necessary bull If an essential nutrient is omitted from the
diet certain deficiency symptoms appear
bull Children normally need a certain number of calories each day (energy allowance) that their bodies use as energy for normal daily activities (walking breathing etc)
bull This ranges for boys from 2000 calories for a 7-10 year old
bull 2500 calories for an 11-14 year old bull 3000 calories for a 15-18 year old
For girls
bull the ranges are from 2000 calories for a 7-10 year old
bull to 2200 calories for an 11-18 year old bull These are only estimates and some
children need more (fast metabolism) or less (slow metabolism) of an energy allowance for daily activities
bull Metabolism will be studied in various parts Interrelationships will be pointed out as they are encountered Just as there are three basic biomolecules - carbohydrates lipids and proteins the metabolism of each of these will be studied individually
bull Techniques are available for short- and long-term measurements of energy expenditure which serve different purposes
bull The principal techniques are suitable for the age range from birth to adolescence
bull The theory of energy metabolism is briefly discussed including a summary of the different working definitions
bull The principles and practicalities of classical indirect calorimetry the doubly labeled water method the bicarbonate method and heart rate monitoring are then described
Proteinbull A protein is a complex high molecular
weight organic compound consists of amino acids joined by peptide bonds
Protein
bull 1048714 Makes up cell structurebull 1048714 Helps develop repair and maintain tissuesbull 1048714 Produces hemoglobin enzymes and many
hormonesbull 1048714Maintains normal blood osmotic pressurebull 1048714 Forms antibodiesbull 1048714 Can be energy sourcebull 1048714 Breaks down into amino acids to be usedbull by the body
In human nutritional needsproteins come in two forms
complete proteins contain all eight of EAA that humans cannot produce themselves all meat and other animal products are sources include beef lamb pork poultry fish shellfish eggs milk and milk products
complete proteins incomplete proteins
incomplete proteins lack or contain only a very small proportion of one or more EAAProtein in foods (such as grains fruits and vegetables) are either low are considered incomplete proteins
HEMOGOLBINbull The hemoglobin
molecule consists ofbull the protein globin which
is composed ofbull four subunit polypeptide
chains (2 alphabull and 2 beta) each of
which contains abull single heme group with
its single ironbull atom for the transport of
oxygen
MYOGLOBIN
20 AMINO ACIDS
PROTEIN METABOLISM
Proteins have a variety of structures so have a variety of functions in the body
bull enzymes many hormones antibodies hemoglobin cytochromes support (collagen) movement (actinmyosin)
bull Amino acids form hormones neurotransmitters
bull Thyroxine epinephrine dopamine (from tyrosine)
Amino acids can be a source of energy
bull bull Dietary proteins contain about the same amount of energy per gram as carbohydrates
bull bull the non-nitrogen part of amino acids can be oxidised directly in cell respiration or after conversion to ketone bodies
bull bull Normally about 12 of our daily energy needs come from amino acids
bull bull Excessive use of amino acids for energy causes a deficiency of tissue proteins and an excess of ketone bodies
Dietary Protein Amino Acid Pool ampMetabolic Pathways
bull Unlike carbohydrate or fat there is no specific storage depot for proteins or amino acids
bull Instead the amino acid pool of the blood plasma acts as a reservoir which each tissue can draw upon
bull bullEach tissue makes those specific proteins which it needs controlled by the active genes in that tissue
bull The liver is the major organ involved in protein metabolism especially for deamination urea synthesis and gluconeogenesis
bull A normal diet should contain sufficient protein for metabolic needs
bull Complete proteins with 9 essential amino acids which the body cannot synthesize eg phenylalanine Most plant proteins are incomplete
Metabolic Pathways of Proteins amp Amino Acids
Protein amp Amino Acid Anabolism
bull bull PROTEIN SYNTHESIS occurs on ribosomes in every cell and is stimulated by Anabolic Hormones
bull - Insulin-like Growth Factor(IGF)bull - Thyroxine (in growing children) bull - Insulinbull - Estrogen amp Testosteronebull bull Weight-bearing exercise causesbull anabolism amp growth of musclebull Non essential amino acids can be synthesized by
TRANSAMINATION (transfer of an amino group to a keto acid to create an amino acid)
Answers for Metabolic Pathways
bull 1 GLYCOLYSISbull 2 KREBS (TCA) CYCLEbull 3 OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATIONbull 4 GLYCOGENOLYSISbull 5 GLYCOGENESISbull 6 GLUCONEOGENESISbull 7 LIPOLYSIS (LIPID MOBILISATION)bull 8 LIPOGENESISbull 9 PROTEIN HYDROLYSIS (PROTEIN MOBILISATION)bull 10 PROTEIN SYNTHESISbull 11 BETA OXIDATIONbull 12 KETOGENESISbull 13 DEAMINATION
RECOMMENDED NUTRITIONAL INTAKECOMPOSITION
bull 55 to 65 Carbohydratebull 25 to 30 Fatbull 10 to 15 Protein
SOME CONCLUSIONS ABOUT PROTEIN
bull Dietary supplementation of protein beyond that necessary to maintain nitrogen balance does not provide additional ergogenic benefit
bull Ingesting carbohydrateprotein prior to exercise may reduce catabolism whereas ingesting carbohydrate protein following exercise may promote glycogen resynthesis a more anabolic hormonal environment and recovery
bull The extent to which these strategies affect training adaptations is unknown
Ergogenic Properties of Protein
bull 1048714 Builds fat-free muscle massbull 1048714 Strength athletes need 14 to 18 g per
kg body weightbull 1048714 Endurance athletes need 12 to 14 g
per kg body weightbull 1048714 Diets exceeding 18 to 20 g per kg body
weight per day have not been proven to provide additional benefits and may damage kidney function
Protein deficiency can lead to symptoms such as fatigue insulin resistance hair loss loss of hair pigment loss of muscle mass low body temperature and hormonal irregularities
Severe protein deficiency is fatal
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) contains 3 forms
kwashiorkor (KW) marasmus
marasmic KW
PEM represent a group of pathologic conditions associated with a nutritional and energy deficit occurring mainly in young children from developing countries at the time of weaning frequently associated with infections mainly gastrointestinal infections
Kwashiorkor occurs in areas of famine limited food supply and low levels of education lead to inadequate knowledge of proper dietEarly symptoms are fatigue irritability and lethargy As protein deprivation continues growth failure loss of muscle mass generalized swelling (edema) decreased immunity occur A large protuberant belly is common Skin conditions (such as dermatitis changes in pigmentation thinning of hair and vitiligo) are seen frequently Shock and coma precede death
protuberant belly
loss of hair pigment
swelling (edema)
6 个月大 出生时有 8 斤半由于母乳少出生几天就给孩子冲奶粉食用两个月后体重是 14 斤 现在却仅有 12 斤乌黑的头发也渐渐稀疏变黄再变白 Skin pigmentation
Marasmus resulting from an insufficient nutritional intake associated with acute conditions (gastroenteritis) or chronic conditions (eg tuberculosis HIV infection)
Marasmus results from a negative energy balance a decreased energy intake increased energy expenditure or both Children adapt to an energy deficit with a decrease in physical activity lethargy a decrease in basal energy metabolism slowing of growth and finally weight loss Pathophysiological changes associated with nutritional and energy deficits can be described as (1) body composition changes (2) metabolic changes and (3) anatomic changes
Body compositionBody mass Body mass is significantly decreased Fat stores can decrease to as low as 5 of the body weight and be macroscopically undetectable The remaining fat is usually stored in the liver body water The proportion of water increases proportion of extracellular water also increases resulting in edema protein mass can decrease up to 30 The muscle fibers are thin Muscle cells are atrophic
Other organ mass
The brain skeleton and kidney are
preserved whereas the liver heart
pancreas and digestive tract are first
affected
bull This is typically a disease of impoverished countries because of drought or political turmoil
bull Improving calorie and protein intake will correct it treatment is not started too late
bull Full height and growth potential will never be achieved in children
bull Severe kwashiorkor may leave a child with permanent mental and physical disabilities
Monkey face
Excess protein can cause problems as well such as causing the immune system to overreact liver dysfunction from increased toxic residues bone loss due to increased acidity in the blood diet high in meat could lead to high cholesterol or other diseases such as gout Another potential problem is that may put a strain on the kidneys
Side Effects
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
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- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
-
bull A complete diet must supply the elements carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen phosphorus sulfur
bull and at least 18 other inorganic elements bull The major elements are supplied in
carbohydrates lipids and protein bull In addition at least 17 vitamins and water
are necessary bull If an essential nutrient is omitted from the
diet certain deficiency symptoms appear
bull Children normally need a certain number of calories each day (energy allowance) that their bodies use as energy for normal daily activities (walking breathing etc)
bull This ranges for boys from 2000 calories for a 7-10 year old
bull 2500 calories for an 11-14 year old bull 3000 calories for a 15-18 year old
For girls
bull the ranges are from 2000 calories for a 7-10 year old
bull to 2200 calories for an 11-18 year old bull These are only estimates and some
children need more (fast metabolism) or less (slow metabolism) of an energy allowance for daily activities
bull Metabolism will be studied in various parts Interrelationships will be pointed out as they are encountered Just as there are three basic biomolecules - carbohydrates lipids and proteins the metabolism of each of these will be studied individually
bull Techniques are available for short- and long-term measurements of energy expenditure which serve different purposes
bull The principal techniques are suitable for the age range from birth to adolescence
bull The theory of energy metabolism is briefly discussed including a summary of the different working definitions
bull The principles and practicalities of classical indirect calorimetry the doubly labeled water method the bicarbonate method and heart rate monitoring are then described
Proteinbull A protein is a complex high molecular
weight organic compound consists of amino acids joined by peptide bonds
Protein
bull 1048714 Makes up cell structurebull 1048714 Helps develop repair and maintain tissuesbull 1048714 Produces hemoglobin enzymes and many
hormonesbull 1048714Maintains normal blood osmotic pressurebull 1048714 Forms antibodiesbull 1048714 Can be energy sourcebull 1048714 Breaks down into amino acids to be usedbull by the body
In human nutritional needsproteins come in two forms
complete proteins contain all eight of EAA that humans cannot produce themselves all meat and other animal products are sources include beef lamb pork poultry fish shellfish eggs milk and milk products
complete proteins incomplete proteins
incomplete proteins lack or contain only a very small proportion of one or more EAAProtein in foods (such as grains fruits and vegetables) are either low are considered incomplete proteins
HEMOGOLBINbull The hemoglobin
molecule consists ofbull the protein globin which
is composed ofbull four subunit polypeptide
chains (2 alphabull and 2 beta) each of
which contains abull single heme group with
its single ironbull atom for the transport of
oxygen
MYOGLOBIN
20 AMINO ACIDS
PROTEIN METABOLISM
Proteins have a variety of structures so have a variety of functions in the body
bull enzymes many hormones antibodies hemoglobin cytochromes support (collagen) movement (actinmyosin)
bull Amino acids form hormones neurotransmitters
bull Thyroxine epinephrine dopamine (from tyrosine)
Amino acids can be a source of energy
bull bull Dietary proteins contain about the same amount of energy per gram as carbohydrates
bull bull the non-nitrogen part of amino acids can be oxidised directly in cell respiration or after conversion to ketone bodies
bull bull Normally about 12 of our daily energy needs come from amino acids
bull bull Excessive use of amino acids for energy causes a deficiency of tissue proteins and an excess of ketone bodies
Dietary Protein Amino Acid Pool ampMetabolic Pathways
bull Unlike carbohydrate or fat there is no specific storage depot for proteins or amino acids
bull Instead the amino acid pool of the blood plasma acts as a reservoir which each tissue can draw upon
bull bullEach tissue makes those specific proteins which it needs controlled by the active genes in that tissue
bull The liver is the major organ involved in protein metabolism especially for deamination urea synthesis and gluconeogenesis
bull A normal diet should contain sufficient protein for metabolic needs
bull Complete proteins with 9 essential amino acids which the body cannot synthesize eg phenylalanine Most plant proteins are incomplete
Metabolic Pathways of Proteins amp Amino Acids
Protein amp Amino Acid Anabolism
bull bull PROTEIN SYNTHESIS occurs on ribosomes in every cell and is stimulated by Anabolic Hormones
bull - Insulin-like Growth Factor(IGF)bull - Thyroxine (in growing children) bull - Insulinbull - Estrogen amp Testosteronebull bull Weight-bearing exercise causesbull anabolism amp growth of musclebull Non essential amino acids can be synthesized by
TRANSAMINATION (transfer of an amino group to a keto acid to create an amino acid)
Answers for Metabolic Pathways
bull 1 GLYCOLYSISbull 2 KREBS (TCA) CYCLEbull 3 OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATIONbull 4 GLYCOGENOLYSISbull 5 GLYCOGENESISbull 6 GLUCONEOGENESISbull 7 LIPOLYSIS (LIPID MOBILISATION)bull 8 LIPOGENESISbull 9 PROTEIN HYDROLYSIS (PROTEIN MOBILISATION)bull 10 PROTEIN SYNTHESISbull 11 BETA OXIDATIONbull 12 KETOGENESISbull 13 DEAMINATION
RECOMMENDED NUTRITIONAL INTAKECOMPOSITION
bull 55 to 65 Carbohydratebull 25 to 30 Fatbull 10 to 15 Protein
SOME CONCLUSIONS ABOUT PROTEIN
bull Dietary supplementation of protein beyond that necessary to maintain nitrogen balance does not provide additional ergogenic benefit
bull Ingesting carbohydrateprotein prior to exercise may reduce catabolism whereas ingesting carbohydrate protein following exercise may promote glycogen resynthesis a more anabolic hormonal environment and recovery
bull The extent to which these strategies affect training adaptations is unknown
Ergogenic Properties of Protein
bull 1048714 Builds fat-free muscle massbull 1048714 Strength athletes need 14 to 18 g per
kg body weightbull 1048714 Endurance athletes need 12 to 14 g
per kg body weightbull 1048714 Diets exceeding 18 to 20 g per kg body
weight per day have not been proven to provide additional benefits and may damage kidney function
Protein deficiency can lead to symptoms such as fatigue insulin resistance hair loss loss of hair pigment loss of muscle mass low body temperature and hormonal irregularities
Severe protein deficiency is fatal
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) contains 3 forms
kwashiorkor (KW) marasmus
marasmic KW
PEM represent a group of pathologic conditions associated with a nutritional and energy deficit occurring mainly in young children from developing countries at the time of weaning frequently associated with infections mainly gastrointestinal infections
Kwashiorkor occurs in areas of famine limited food supply and low levels of education lead to inadequate knowledge of proper dietEarly symptoms are fatigue irritability and lethargy As protein deprivation continues growth failure loss of muscle mass generalized swelling (edema) decreased immunity occur A large protuberant belly is common Skin conditions (such as dermatitis changes in pigmentation thinning of hair and vitiligo) are seen frequently Shock and coma precede death
protuberant belly
loss of hair pigment
swelling (edema)
6 个月大 出生时有 8 斤半由于母乳少出生几天就给孩子冲奶粉食用两个月后体重是 14 斤 现在却仅有 12 斤乌黑的头发也渐渐稀疏变黄再变白 Skin pigmentation
Marasmus resulting from an insufficient nutritional intake associated with acute conditions (gastroenteritis) or chronic conditions (eg tuberculosis HIV infection)
Marasmus results from a negative energy balance a decreased energy intake increased energy expenditure or both Children adapt to an energy deficit with a decrease in physical activity lethargy a decrease in basal energy metabolism slowing of growth and finally weight loss Pathophysiological changes associated with nutritional and energy deficits can be described as (1) body composition changes (2) metabolic changes and (3) anatomic changes
Body compositionBody mass Body mass is significantly decreased Fat stores can decrease to as low as 5 of the body weight and be macroscopically undetectable The remaining fat is usually stored in the liver body water The proportion of water increases proportion of extracellular water also increases resulting in edema protein mass can decrease up to 30 The muscle fibers are thin Muscle cells are atrophic
Other organ mass
The brain skeleton and kidney are
preserved whereas the liver heart
pancreas and digestive tract are first
affected
bull This is typically a disease of impoverished countries because of drought or political turmoil
bull Improving calorie and protein intake will correct it treatment is not started too late
bull Full height and growth potential will never be achieved in children
bull Severe kwashiorkor may leave a child with permanent mental and physical disabilities
Monkey face
Excess protein can cause problems as well such as causing the immune system to overreact liver dysfunction from increased toxic residues bone loss due to increased acidity in the blood diet high in meat could lead to high cholesterol or other diseases such as gout Another potential problem is that may put a strain on the kidneys
Side Effects
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bull Children normally need a certain number of calories each day (energy allowance) that their bodies use as energy for normal daily activities (walking breathing etc)
bull This ranges for boys from 2000 calories for a 7-10 year old
bull 2500 calories for an 11-14 year old bull 3000 calories for a 15-18 year old
For girls
bull the ranges are from 2000 calories for a 7-10 year old
bull to 2200 calories for an 11-18 year old bull These are only estimates and some
children need more (fast metabolism) or less (slow metabolism) of an energy allowance for daily activities
bull Metabolism will be studied in various parts Interrelationships will be pointed out as they are encountered Just as there are three basic biomolecules - carbohydrates lipids and proteins the metabolism of each of these will be studied individually
bull Techniques are available for short- and long-term measurements of energy expenditure which serve different purposes
bull The principal techniques are suitable for the age range from birth to adolescence
bull The theory of energy metabolism is briefly discussed including a summary of the different working definitions
bull The principles and practicalities of classical indirect calorimetry the doubly labeled water method the bicarbonate method and heart rate monitoring are then described
Proteinbull A protein is a complex high molecular
weight organic compound consists of amino acids joined by peptide bonds
Protein
bull 1048714 Makes up cell structurebull 1048714 Helps develop repair and maintain tissuesbull 1048714 Produces hemoglobin enzymes and many
hormonesbull 1048714Maintains normal blood osmotic pressurebull 1048714 Forms antibodiesbull 1048714 Can be energy sourcebull 1048714 Breaks down into amino acids to be usedbull by the body
In human nutritional needsproteins come in two forms
complete proteins contain all eight of EAA that humans cannot produce themselves all meat and other animal products are sources include beef lamb pork poultry fish shellfish eggs milk and milk products
complete proteins incomplete proteins
incomplete proteins lack or contain only a very small proportion of one or more EAAProtein in foods (such as grains fruits and vegetables) are either low are considered incomplete proteins
HEMOGOLBINbull The hemoglobin
molecule consists ofbull the protein globin which
is composed ofbull four subunit polypeptide
chains (2 alphabull and 2 beta) each of
which contains abull single heme group with
its single ironbull atom for the transport of
oxygen
MYOGLOBIN
20 AMINO ACIDS
PROTEIN METABOLISM
Proteins have a variety of structures so have a variety of functions in the body
bull enzymes many hormones antibodies hemoglobin cytochromes support (collagen) movement (actinmyosin)
bull Amino acids form hormones neurotransmitters
bull Thyroxine epinephrine dopamine (from tyrosine)
Amino acids can be a source of energy
bull bull Dietary proteins contain about the same amount of energy per gram as carbohydrates
bull bull the non-nitrogen part of amino acids can be oxidised directly in cell respiration or after conversion to ketone bodies
bull bull Normally about 12 of our daily energy needs come from amino acids
bull bull Excessive use of amino acids for energy causes a deficiency of tissue proteins and an excess of ketone bodies
Dietary Protein Amino Acid Pool ampMetabolic Pathways
bull Unlike carbohydrate or fat there is no specific storage depot for proteins or amino acids
bull Instead the amino acid pool of the blood plasma acts as a reservoir which each tissue can draw upon
bull bullEach tissue makes those specific proteins which it needs controlled by the active genes in that tissue
bull The liver is the major organ involved in protein metabolism especially for deamination urea synthesis and gluconeogenesis
bull A normal diet should contain sufficient protein for metabolic needs
bull Complete proteins with 9 essential amino acids which the body cannot synthesize eg phenylalanine Most plant proteins are incomplete
Metabolic Pathways of Proteins amp Amino Acids
Protein amp Amino Acid Anabolism
bull bull PROTEIN SYNTHESIS occurs on ribosomes in every cell and is stimulated by Anabolic Hormones
bull - Insulin-like Growth Factor(IGF)bull - Thyroxine (in growing children) bull - Insulinbull - Estrogen amp Testosteronebull bull Weight-bearing exercise causesbull anabolism amp growth of musclebull Non essential amino acids can be synthesized by
TRANSAMINATION (transfer of an amino group to a keto acid to create an amino acid)
Answers for Metabolic Pathways
bull 1 GLYCOLYSISbull 2 KREBS (TCA) CYCLEbull 3 OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATIONbull 4 GLYCOGENOLYSISbull 5 GLYCOGENESISbull 6 GLUCONEOGENESISbull 7 LIPOLYSIS (LIPID MOBILISATION)bull 8 LIPOGENESISbull 9 PROTEIN HYDROLYSIS (PROTEIN MOBILISATION)bull 10 PROTEIN SYNTHESISbull 11 BETA OXIDATIONbull 12 KETOGENESISbull 13 DEAMINATION
RECOMMENDED NUTRITIONAL INTAKECOMPOSITION
bull 55 to 65 Carbohydratebull 25 to 30 Fatbull 10 to 15 Protein
SOME CONCLUSIONS ABOUT PROTEIN
bull Dietary supplementation of protein beyond that necessary to maintain nitrogen balance does not provide additional ergogenic benefit
bull Ingesting carbohydrateprotein prior to exercise may reduce catabolism whereas ingesting carbohydrate protein following exercise may promote glycogen resynthesis a more anabolic hormonal environment and recovery
bull The extent to which these strategies affect training adaptations is unknown
Ergogenic Properties of Protein
bull 1048714 Builds fat-free muscle massbull 1048714 Strength athletes need 14 to 18 g per
kg body weightbull 1048714 Endurance athletes need 12 to 14 g
per kg body weightbull 1048714 Diets exceeding 18 to 20 g per kg body
weight per day have not been proven to provide additional benefits and may damage kidney function
Protein deficiency can lead to symptoms such as fatigue insulin resistance hair loss loss of hair pigment loss of muscle mass low body temperature and hormonal irregularities
Severe protein deficiency is fatal
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) contains 3 forms
kwashiorkor (KW) marasmus
marasmic KW
PEM represent a group of pathologic conditions associated with a nutritional and energy deficit occurring mainly in young children from developing countries at the time of weaning frequently associated with infections mainly gastrointestinal infections
Kwashiorkor occurs in areas of famine limited food supply and low levels of education lead to inadequate knowledge of proper dietEarly symptoms are fatigue irritability and lethargy As protein deprivation continues growth failure loss of muscle mass generalized swelling (edema) decreased immunity occur A large protuberant belly is common Skin conditions (such as dermatitis changes in pigmentation thinning of hair and vitiligo) are seen frequently Shock and coma precede death
protuberant belly
loss of hair pigment
swelling (edema)
6 个月大 出生时有 8 斤半由于母乳少出生几天就给孩子冲奶粉食用两个月后体重是 14 斤 现在却仅有 12 斤乌黑的头发也渐渐稀疏变黄再变白 Skin pigmentation
Marasmus resulting from an insufficient nutritional intake associated with acute conditions (gastroenteritis) or chronic conditions (eg tuberculosis HIV infection)
Marasmus results from a negative energy balance a decreased energy intake increased energy expenditure or both Children adapt to an energy deficit with a decrease in physical activity lethargy a decrease in basal energy metabolism slowing of growth and finally weight loss Pathophysiological changes associated with nutritional and energy deficits can be described as (1) body composition changes (2) metabolic changes and (3) anatomic changes
Body compositionBody mass Body mass is significantly decreased Fat stores can decrease to as low as 5 of the body weight and be macroscopically undetectable The remaining fat is usually stored in the liver body water The proportion of water increases proportion of extracellular water also increases resulting in edema protein mass can decrease up to 30 The muscle fibers are thin Muscle cells are atrophic
Other organ mass
The brain skeleton and kidney are
preserved whereas the liver heart
pancreas and digestive tract are first
affected
bull This is typically a disease of impoverished countries because of drought or political turmoil
bull Improving calorie and protein intake will correct it treatment is not started too late
bull Full height and growth potential will never be achieved in children
bull Severe kwashiorkor may leave a child with permanent mental and physical disabilities
Monkey face
Excess protein can cause problems as well such as causing the immune system to overreact liver dysfunction from increased toxic residues bone loss due to increased acidity in the blood diet high in meat could lead to high cholesterol or other diseases such as gout Another potential problem is that may put a strain on the kidneys
Side Effects
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For girls
bull the ranges are from 2000 calories for a 7-10 year old
bull to 2200 calories for an 11-18 year old bull These are only estimates and some
children need more (fast metabolism) or less (slow metabolism) of an energy allowance for daily activities
bull Metabolism will be studied in various parts Interrelationships will be pointed out as they are encountered Just as there are three basic biomolecules - carbohydrates lipids and proteins the metabolism of each of these will be studied individually
bull Techniques are available for short- and long-term measurements of energy expenditure which serve different purposes
bull The principal techniques are suitable for the age range from birth to adolescence
bull The theory of energy metabolism is briefly discussed including a summary of the different working definitions
bull The principles and practicalities of classical indirect calorimetry the doubly labeled water method the bicarbonate method and heart rate monitoring are then described
Proteinbull A protein is a complex high molecular
weight organic compound consists of amino acids joined by peptide bonds
Protein
bull 1048714 Makes up cell structurebull 1048714 Helps develop repair and maintain tissuesbull 1048714 Produces hemoglobin enzymes and many
hormonesbull 1048714Maintains normal blood osmotic pressurebull 1048714 Forms antibodiesbull 1048714 Can be energy sourcebull 1048714 Breaks down into amino acids to be usedbull by the body
In human nutritional needsproteins come in two forms
complete proteins contain all eight of EAA that humans cannot produce themselves all meat and other animal products are sources include beef lamb pork poultry fish shellfish eggs milk and milk products
complete proteins incomplete proteins
incomplete proteins lack or contain only a very small proportion of one or more EAAProtein in foods (such as grains fruits and vegetables) are either low are considered incomplete proteins
HEMOGOLBINbull The hemoglobin
molecule consists ofbull the protein globin which
is composed ofbull four subunit polypeptide
chains (2 alphabull and 2 beta) each of
which contains abull single heme group with
its single ironbull atom for the transport of
oxygen
MYOGLOBIN
20 AMINO ACIDS
PROTEIN METABOLISM
Proteins have a variety of structures so have a variety of functions in the body
bull enzymes many hormones antibodies hemoglobin cytochromes support (collagen) movement (actinmyosin)
bull Amino acids form hormones neurotransmitters
bull Thyroxine epinephrine dopamine (from tyrosine)
Amino acids can be a source of energy
bull bull Dietary proteins contain about the same amount of energy per gram as carbohydrates
bull bull the non-nitrogen part of amino acids can be oxidised directly in cell respiration or after conversion to ketone bodies
bull bull Normally about 12 of our daily energy needs come from amino acids
bull bull Excessive use of amino acids for energy causes a deficiency of tissue proteins and an excess of ketone bodies
Dietary Protein Amino Acid Pool ampMetabolic Pathways
bull Unlike carbohydrate or fat there is no specific storage depot for proteins or amino acids
bull Instead the amino acid pool of the blood plasma acts as a reservoir which each tissue can draw upon
bull bullEach tissue makes those specific proteins which it needs controlled by the active genes in that tissue
bull The liver is the major organ involved in protein metabolism especially for deamination urea synthesis and gluconeogenesis
bull A normal diet should contain sufficient protein for metabolic needs
bull Complete proteins with 9 essential amino acids which the body cannot synthesize eg phenylalanine Most plant proteins are incomplete
Metabolic Pathways of Proteins amp Amino Acids
Protein amp Amino Acid Anabolism
bull bull PROTEIN SYNTHESIS occurs on ribosomes in every cell and is stimulated by Anabolic Hormones
bull - Insulin-like Growth Factor(IGF)bull - Thyroxine (in growing children) bull - Insulinbull - Estrogen amp Testosteronebull bull Weight-bearing exercise causesbull anabolism amp growth of musclebull Non essential amino acids can be synthesized by
TRANSAMINATION (transfer of an amino group to a keto acid to create an amino acid)
Answers for Metabolic Pathways
bull 1 GLYCOLYSISbull 2 KREBS (TCA) CYCLEbull 3 OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATIONbull 4 GLYCOGENOLYSISbull 5 GLYCOGENESISbull 6 GLUCONEOGENESISbull 7 LIPOLYSIS (LIPID MOBILISATION)bull 8 LIPOGENESISbull 9 PROTEIN HYDROLYSIS (PROTEIN MOBILISATION)bull 10 PROTEIN SYNTHESISbull 11 BETA OXIDATIONbull 12 KETOGENESISbull 13 DEAMINATION
RECOMMENDED NUTRITIONAL INTAKECOMPOSITION
bull 55 to 65 Carbohydratebull 25 to 30 Fatbull 10 to 15 Protein
SOME CONCLUSIONS ABOUT PROTEIN
bull Dietary supplementation of protein beyond that necessary to maintain nitrogen balance does not provide additional ergogenic benefit
bull Ingesting carbohydrateprotein prior to exercise may reduce catabolism whereas ingesting carbohydrate protein following exercise may promote glycogen resynthesis a more anabolic hormonal environment and recovery
bull The extent to which these strategies affect training adaptations is unknown
Ergogenic Properties of Protein
bull 1048714 Builds fat-free muscle massbull 1048714 Strength athletes need 14 to 18 g per
kg body weightbull 1048714 Endurance athletes need 12 to 14 g
per kg body weightbull 1048714 Diets exceeding 18 to 20 g per kg body
weight per day have not been proven to provide additional benefits and may damage kidney function
Protein deficiency can lead to symptoms such as fatigue insulin resistance hair loss loss of hair pigment loss of muscle mass low body temperature and hormonal irregularities
Severe protein deficiency is fatal
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) contains 3 forms
kwashiorkor (KW) marasmus
marasmic KW
PEM represent a group of pathologic conditions associated with a nutritional and energy deficit occurring mainly in young children from developing countries at the time of weaning frequently associated with infections mainly gastrointestinal infections
Kwashiorkor occurs in areas of famine limited food supply and low levels of education lead to inadequate knowledge of proper dietEarly symptoms are fatigue irritability and lethargy As protein deprivation continues growth failure loss of muscle mass generalized swelling (edema) decreased immunity occur A large protuberant belly is common Skin conditions (such as dermatitis changes in pigmentation thinning of hair and vitiligo) are seen frequently Shock and coma precede death
protuberant belly
loss of hair pigment
swelling (edema)
6 个月大 出生时有 8 斤半由于母乳少出生几天就给孩子冲奶粉食用两个月后体重是 14 斤 现在却仅有 12 斤乌黑的头发也渐渐稀疏变黄再变白 Skin pigmentation
Marasmus resulting from an insufficient nutritional intake associated with acute conditions (gastroenteritis) or chronic conditions (eg tuberculosis HIV infection)
Marasmus results from a negative energy balance a decreased energy intake increased energy expenditure or both Children adapt to an energy deficit with a decrease in physical activity lethargy a decrease in basal energy metabolism slowing of growth and finally weight loss Pathophysiological changes associated with nutritional and energy deficits can be described as (1) body composition changes (2) metabolic changes and (3) anatomic changes
Body compositionBody mass Body mass is significantly decreased Fat stores can decrease to as low as 5 of the body weight and be macroscopically undetectable The remaining fat is usually stored in the liver body water The proportion of water increases proportion of extracellular water also increases resulting in edema protein mass can decrease up to 30 The muscle fibers are thin Muscle cells are atrophic
Other organ mass
The brain skeleton and kidney are
preserved whereas the liver heart
pancreas and digestive tract are first
affected
bull This is typically a disease of impoverished countries because of drought or political turmoil
bull Improving calorie and protein intake will correct it treatment is not started too late
bull Full height and growth potential will never be achieved in children
bull Severe kwashiorkor may leave a child with permanent mental and physical disabilities
Monkey face
Excess protein can cause problems as well such as causing the immune system to overreact liver dysfunction from increased toxic residues bone loss due to increased acidity in the blood diet high in meat could lead to high cholesterol or other diseases such as gout Another potential problem is that may put a strain on the kidneys
Side Effects
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bull Metabolism will be studied in various parts Interrelationships will be pointed out as they are encountered Just as there are three basic biomolecules - carbohydrates lipids and proteins the metabolism of each of these will be studied individually
bull Techniques are available for short- and long-term measurements of energy expenditure which serve different purposes
bull The principal techniques are suitable for the age range from birth to adolescence
bull The theory of energy metabolism is briefly discussed including a summary of the different working definitions
bull The principles and practicalities of classical indirect calorimetry the doubly labeled water method the bicarbonate method and heart rate monitoring are then described
Proteinbull A protein is a complex high molecular
weight organic compound consists of amino acids joined by peptide bonds
Protein
bull 1048714 Makes up cell structurebull 1048714 Helps develop repair and maintain tissuesbull 1048714 Produces hemoglobin enzymes and many
hormonesbull 1048714Maintains normal blood osmotic pressurebull 1048714 Forms antibodiesbull 1048714 Can be energy sourcebull 1048714 Breaks down into amino acids to be usedbull by the body
In human nutritional needsproteins come in two forms
complete proteins contain all eight of EAA that humans cannot produce themselves all meat and other animal products are sources include beef lamb pork poultry fish shellfish eggs milk and milk products
complete proteins incomplete proteins
incomplete proteins lack or contain only a very small proportion of one or more EAAProtein in foods (such as grains fruits and vegetables) are either low are considered incomplete proteins
HEMOGOLBINbull The hemoglobin
molecule consists ofbull the protein globin which
is composed ofbull four subunit polypeptide
chains (2 alphabull and 2 beta) each of
which contains abull single heme group with
its single ironbull atom for the transport of
oxygen
MYOGLOBIN
20 AMINO ACIDS
PROTEIN METABOLISM
Proteins have a variety of structures so have a variety of functions in the body
bull enzymes many hormones antibodies hemoglobin cytochromes support (collagen) movement (actinmyosin)
bull Amino acids form hormones neurotransmitters
bull Thyroxine epinephrine dopamine (from tyrosine)
Amino acids can be a source of energy
bull bull Dietary proteins contain about the same amount of energy per gram as carbohydrates
bull bull the non-nitrogen part of amino acids can be oxidised directly in cell respiration or after conversion to ketone bodies
bull bull Normally about 12 of our daily energy needs come from amino acids
bull bull Excessive use of amino acids for energy causes a deficiency of tissue proteins and an excess of ketone bodies
Dietary Protein Amino Acid Pool ampMetabolic Pathways
bull Unlike carbohydrate or fat there is no specific storage depot for proteins or amino acids
bull Instead the amino acid pool of the blood plasma acts as a reservoir which each tissue can draw upon
bull bullEach tissue makes those specific proteins which it needs controlled by the active genes in that tissue
bull The liver is the major organ involved in protein metabolism especially for deamination urea synthesis and gluconeogenesis
bull A normal diet should contain sufficient protein for metabolic needs
bull Complete proteins with 9 essential amino acids which the body cannot synthesize eg phenylalanine Most plant proteins are incomplete
Metabolic Pathways of Proteins amp Amino Acids
Protein amp Amino Acid Anabolism
bull bull PROTEIN SYNTHESIS occurs on ribosomes in every cell and is stimulated by Anabolic Hormones
bull - Insulin-like Growth Factor(IGF)bull - Thyroxine (in growing children) bull - Insulinbull - Estrogen amp Testosteronebull bull Weight-bearing exercise causesbull anabolism amp growth of musclebull Non essential amino acids can be synthesized by
TRANSAMINATION (transfer of an amino group to a keto acid to create an amino acid)
Answers for Metabolic Pathways
bull 1 GLYCOLYSISbull 2 KREBS (TCA) CYCLEbull 3 OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATIONbull 4 GLYCOGENOLYSISbull 5 GLYCOGENESISbull 6 GLUCONEOGENESISbull 7 LIPOLYSIS (LIPID MOBILISATION)bull 8 LIPOGENESISbull 9 PROTEIN HYDROLYSIS (PROTEIN MOBILISATION)bull 10 PROTEIN SYNTHESISbull 11 BETA OXIDATIONbull 12 KETOGENESISbull 13 DEAMINATION
RECOMMENDED NUTRITIONAL INTAKECOMPOSITION
bull 55 to 65 Carbohydratebull 25 to 30 Fatbull 10 to 15 Protein
SOME CONCLUSIONS ABOUT PROTEIN
bull Dietary supplementation of protein beyond that necessary to maintain nitrogen balance does not provide additional ergogenic benefit
bull Ingesting carbohydrateprotein prior to exercise may reduce catabolism whereas ingesting carbohydrate protein following exercise may promote glycogen resynthesis a more anabolic hormonal environment and recovery
bull The extent to which these strategies affect training adaptations is unknown
Ergogenic Properties of Protein
bull 1048714 Builds fat-free muscle massbull 1048714 Strength athletes need 14 to 18 g per
kg body weightbull 1048714 Endurance athletes need 12 to 14 g
per kg body weightbull 1048714 Diets exceeding 18 to 20 g per kg body
weight per day have not been proven to provide additional benefits and may damage kidney function
Protein deficiency can lead to symptoms such as fatigue insulin resistance hair loss loss of hair pigment loss of muscle mass low body temperature and hormonal irregularities
Severe protein deficiency is fatal
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) contains 3 forms
kwashiorkor (KW) marasmus
marasmic KW
PEM represent a group of pathologic conditions associated with a nutritional and energy deficit occurring mainly in young children from developing countries at the time of weaning frequently associated with infections mainly gastrointestinal infections
Kwashiorkor occurs in areas of famine limited food supply and low levels of education lead to inadequate knowledge of proper dietEarly symptoms are fatigue irritability and lethargy As protein deprivation continues growth failure loss of muscle mass generalized swelling (edema) decreased immunity occur A large protuberant belly is common Skin conditions (such as dermatitis changes in pigmentation thinning of hair and vitiligo) are seen frequently Shock and coma precede death
protuberant belly
loss of hair pigment
swelling (edema)
6 个月大 出生时有 8 斤半由于母乳少出生几天就给孩子冲奶粉食用两个月后体重是 14 斤 现在却仅有 12 斤乌黑的头发也渐渐稀疏变黄再变白 Skin pigmentation
Marasmus resulting from an insufficient nutritional intake associated with acute conditions (gastroenteritis) or chronic conditions (eg tuberculosis HIV infection)
Marasmus results from a negative energy balance a decreased energy intake increased energy expenditure or both Children adapt to an energy deficit with a decrease in physical activity lethargy a decrease in basal energy metabolism slowing of growth and finally weight loss Pathophysiological changes associated with nutritional and energy deficits can be described as (1) body composition changes (2) metabolic changes and (3) anatomic changes
Body compositionBody mass Body mass is significantly decreased Fat stores can decrease to as low as 5 of the body weight and be macroscopically undetectable The remaining fat is usually stored in the liver body water The proportion of water increases proportion of extracellular water also increases resulting in edema protein mass can decrease up to 30 The muscle fibers are thin Muscle cells are atrophic
Other organ mass
The brain skeleton and kidney are
preserved whereas the liver heart
pancreas and digestive tract are first
affected
bull This is typically a disease of impoverished countries because of drought or political turmoil
bull Improving calorie and protein intake will correct it treatment is not started too late
bull Full height and growth potential will never be achieved in children
bull Severe kwashiorkor may leave a child with permanent mental and physical disabilities
Monkey face
Excess protein can cause problems as well such as causing the immune system to overreact liver dysfunction from increased toxic residues bone loss due to increased acidity in the blood diet high in meat could lead to high cholesterol or other diseases such as gout Another potential problem is that may put a strain on the kidneys
Side Effects
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bull Techniques are available for short- and long-term measurements of energy expenditure which serve different purposes
bull The principal techniques are suitable for the age range from birth to adolescence
bull The theory of energy metabolism is briefly discussed including a summary of the different working definitions
bull The principles and practicalities of classical indirect calorimetry the doubly labeled water method the bicarbonate method and heart rate monitoring are then described
Proteinbull A protein is a complex high molecular
weight organic compound consists of amino acids joined by peptide bonds
Protein
bull 1048714 Makes up cell structurebull 1048714 Helps develop repair and maintain tissuesbull 1048714 Produces hemoglobin enzymes and many
hormonesbull 1048714Maintains normal blood osmotic pressurebull 1048714 Forms antibodiesbull 1048714 Can be energy sourcebull 1048714 Breaks down into amino acids to be usedbull by the body
In human nutritional needsproteins come in two forms
complete proteins contain all eight of EAA that humans cannot produce themselves all meat and other animal products are sources include beef lamb pork poultry fish shellfish eggs milk and milk products
complete proteins incomplete proteins
incomplete proteins lack or contain only a very small proportion of one or more EAAProtein in foods (such as grains fruits and vegetables) are either low are considered incomplete proteins
HEMOGOLBINbull The hemoglobin
molecule consists ofbull the protein globin which
is composed ofbull four subunit polypeptide
chains (2 alphabull and 2 beta) each of
which contains abull single heme group with
its single ironbull atom for the transport of
oxygen
MYOGLOBIN
20 AMINO ACIDS
PROTEIN METABOLISM
Proteins have a variety of structures so have a variety of functions in the body
bull enzymes many hormones antibodies hemoglobin cytochromes support (collagen) movement (actinmyosin)
bull Amino acids form hormones neurotransmitters
bull Thyroxine epinephrine dopamine (from tyrosine)
Amino acids can be a source of energy
bull bull Dietary proteins contain about the same amount of energy per gram as carbohydrates
bull bull the non-nitrogen part of amino acids can be oxidised directly in cell respiration or after conversion to ketone bodies
bull bull Normally about 12 of our daily energy needs come from amino acids
bull bull Excessive use of amino acids for energy causes a deficiency of tissue proteins and an excess of ketone bodies
Dietary Protein Amino Acid Pool ampMetabolic Pathways
bull Unlike carbohydrate or fat there is no specific storage depot for proteins or amino acids
bull Instead the amino acid pool of the blood plasma acts as a reservoir which each tissue can draw upon
bull bullEach tissue makes those specific proteins which it needs controlled by the active genes in that tissue
bull The liver is the major organ involved in protein metabolism especially for deamination urea synthesis and gluconeogenesis
bull A normal diet should contain sufficient protein for metabolic needs
bull Complete proteins with 9 essential amino acids which the body cannot synthesize eg phenylalanine Most plant proteins are incomplete
Metabolic Pathways of Proteins amp Amino Acids
Protein amp Amino Acid Anabolism
bull bull PROTEIN SYNTHESIS occurs on ribosomes in every cell and is stimulated by Anabolic Hormones
bull - Insulin-like Growth Factor(IGF)bull - Thyroxine (in growing children) bull - Insulinbull - Estrogen amp Testosteronebull bull Weight-bearing exercise causesbull anabolism amp growth of musclebull Non essential amino acids can be synthesized by
TRANSAMINATION (transfer of an amino group to a keto acid to create an amino acid)
Answers for Metabolic Pathways
bull 1 GLYCOLYSISbull 2 KREBS (TCA) CYCLEbull 3 OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATIONbull 4 GLYCOGENOLYSISbull 5 GLYCOGENESISbull 6 GLUCONEOGENESISbull 7 LIPOLYSIS (LIPID MOBILISATION)bull 8 LIPOGENESISbull 9 PROTEIN HYDROLYSIS (PROTEIN MOBILISATION)bull 10 PROTEIN SYNTHESISbull 11 BETA OXIDATIONbull 12 KETOGENESISbull 13 DEAMINATION
RECOMMENDED NUTRITIONAL INTAKECOMPOSITION
bull 55 to 65 Carbohydratebull 25 to 30 Fatbull 10 to 15 Protein
SOME CONCLUSIONS ABOUT PROTEIN
bull Dietary supplementation of protein beyond that necessary to maintain nitrogen balance does not provide additional ergogenic benefit
bull Ingesting carbohydrateprotein prior to exercise may reduce catabolism whereas ingesting carbohydrate protein following exercise may promote glycogen resynthesis a more anabolic hormonal environment and recovery
bull The extent to which these strategies affect training adaptations is unknown
Ergogenic Properties of Protein
bull 1048714 Builds fat-free muscle massbull 1048714 Strength athletes need 14 to 18 g per
kg body weightbull 1048714 Endurance athletes need 12 to 14 g
per kg body weightbull 1048714 Diets exceeding 18 to 20 g per kg body
weight per day have not been proven to provide additional benefits and may damage kidney function
Protein deficiency can lead to symptoms such as fatigue insulin resistance hair loss loss of hair pigment loss of muscle mass low body temperature and hormonal irregularities
Severe protein deficiency is fatal
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) contains 3 forms
kwashiorkor (KW) marasmus
marasmic KW
PEM represent a group of pathologic conditions associated with a nutritional and energy deficit occurring mainly in young children from developing countries at the time of weaning frequently associated with infections mainly gastrointestinal infections
Kwashiorkor occurs in areas of famine limited food supply and low levels of education lead to inadequate knowledge of proper dietEarly symptoms are fatigue irritability and lethargy As protein deprivation continues growth failure loss of muscle mass generalized swelling (edema) decreased immunity occur A large protuberant belly is common Skin conditions (such as dermatitis changes in pigmentation thinning of hair and vitiligo) are seen frequently Shock and coma precede death
protuberant belly
loss of hair pigment
swelling (edema)
6 个月大 出生时有 8 斤半由于母乳少出生几天就给孩子冲奶粉食用两个月后体重是 14 斤 现在却仅有 12 斤乌黑的头发也渐渐稀疏变黄再变白 Skin pigmentation
Marasmus resulting from an insufficient nutritional intake associated with acute conditions (gastroenteritis) or chronic conditions (eg tuberculosis HIV infection)
Marasmus results from a negative energy balance a decreased energy intake increased energy expenditure or both Children adapt to an energy deficit with a decrease in physical activity lethargy a decrease in basal energy metabolism slowing of growth and finally weight loss Pathophysiological changes associated with nutritional and energy deficits can be described as (1) body composition changes (2) metabolic changes and (3) anatomic changes
Body compositionBody mass Body mass is significantly decreased Fat stores can decrease to as low as 5 of the body weight and be macroscopically undetectable The remaining fat is usually stored in the liver body water The proportion of water increases proportion of extracellular water also increases resulting in edema protein mass can decrease up to 30 The muscle fibers are thin Muscle cells are atrophic
Other organ mass
The brain skeleton and kidney are
preserved whereas the liver heart
pancreas and digestive tract are first
affected
bull This is typically a disease of impoverished countries because of drought or political turmoil
bull Improving calorie and protein intake will correct it treatment is not started too late
bull Full height and growth potential will never be achieved in children
bull Severe kwashiorkor may leave a child with permanent mental and physical disabilities
Monkey face
Excess protein can cause problems as well such as causing the immune system to overreact liver dysfunction from increased toxic residues bone loss due to increased acidity in the blood diet high in meat could lead to high cholesterol or other diseases such as gout Another potential problem is that may put a strain on the kidneys
Side Effects
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Proteinbull A protein is a complex high molecular
weight organic compound consists of amino acids joined by peptide bonds
Protein
bull 1048714 Makes up cell structurebull 1048714 Helps develop repair and maintain tissuesbull 1048714 Produces hemoglobin enzymes and many
hormonesbull 1048714Maintains normal blood osmotic pressurebull 1048714 Forms antibodiesbull 1048714 Can be energy sourcebull 1048714 Breaks down into amino acids to be usedbull by the body
In human nutritional needsproteins come in two forms
complete proteins contain all eight of EAA that humans cannot produce themselves all meat and other animal products are sources include beef lamb pork poultry fish shellfish eggs milk and milk products
complete proteins incomplete proteins
incomplete proteins lack or contain only a very small proportion of one or more EAAProtein in foods (such as grains fruits and vegetables) are either low are considered incomplete proteins
HEMOGOLBINbull The hemoglobin
molecule consists ofbull the protein globin which
is composed ofbull four subunit polypeptide
chains (2 alphabull and 2 beta) each of
which contains abull single heme group with
its single ironbull atom for the transport of
oxygen
MYOGLOBIN
20 AMINO ACIDS
PROTEIN METABOLISM
Proteins have a variety of structures so have a variety of functions in the body
bull enzymes many hormones antibodies hemoglobin cytochromes support (collagen) movement (actinmyosin)
bull Amino acids form hormones neurotransmitters
bull Thyroxine epinephrine dopamine (from tyrosine)
Amino acids can be a source of energy
bull bull Dietary proteins contain about the same amount of energy per gram as carbohydrates
bull bull the non-nitrogen part of amino acids can be oxidised directly in cell respiration or after conversion to ketone bodies
bull bull Normally about 12 of our daily energy needs come from amino acids
bull bull Excessive use of amino acids for energy causes a deficiency of tissue proteins and an excess of ketone bodies
Dietary Protein Amino Acid Pool ampMetabolic Pathways
bull Unlike carbohydrate or fat there is no specific storage depot for proteins or amino acids
bull Instead the amino acid pool of the blood plasma acts as a reservoir which each tissue can draw upon
bull bullEach tissue makes those specific proteins which it needs controlled by the active genes in that tissue
bull The liver is the major organ involved in protein metabolism especially for deamination urea synthesis and gluconeogenesis
bull A normal diet should contain sufficient protein for metabolic needs
bull Complete proteins with 9 essential amino acids which the body cannot synthesize eg phenylalanine Most plant proteins are incomplete
Metabolic Pathways of Proteins amp Amino Acids
Protein amp Amino Acid Anabolism
bull bull PROTEIN SYNTHESIS occurs on ribosomes in every cell and is stimulated by Anabolic Hormones
bull - Insulin-like Growth Factor(IGF)bull - Thyroxine (in growing children) bull - Insulinbull - Estrogen amp Testosteronebull bull Weight-bearing exercise causesbull anabolism amp growth of musclebull Non essential amino acids can be synthesized by
TRANSAMINATION (transfer of an amino group to a keto acid to create an amino acid)
Answers for Metabolic Pathways
bull 1 GLYCOLYSISbull 2 KREBS (TCA) CYCLEbull 3 OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATIONbull 4 GLYCOGENOLYSISbull 5 GLYCOGENESISbull 6 GLUCONEOGENESISbull 7 LIPOLYSIS (LIPID MOBILISATION)bull 8 LIPOGENESISbull 9 PROTEIN HYDROLYSIS (PROTEIN MOBILISATION)bull 10 PROTEIN SYNTHESISbull 11 BETA OXIDATIONbull 12 KETOGENESISbull 13 DEAMINATION
RECOMMENDED NUTRITIONAL INTAKECOMPOSITION
bull 55 to 65 Carbohydratebull 25 to 30 Fatbull 10 to 15 Protein
SOME CONCLUSIONS ABOUT PROTEIN
bull Dietary supplementation of protein beyond that necessary to maintain nitrogen balance does not provide additional ergogenic benefit
bull Ingesting carbohydrateprotein prior to exercise may reduce catabolism whereas ingesting carbohydrate protein following exercise may promote glycogen resynthesis a more anabolic hormonal environment and recovery
bull The extent to which these strategies affect training adaptations is unknown
Ergogenic Properties of Protein
bull 1048714 Builds fat-free muscle massbull 1048714 Strength athletes need 14 to 18 g per
kg body weightbull 1048714 Endurance athletes need 12 to 14 g
per kg body weightbull 1048714 Diets exceeding 18 to 20 g per kg body
weight per day have not been proven to provide additional benefits and may damage kidney function
Protein deficiency can lead to symptoms such as fatigue insulin resistance hair loss loss of hair pigment loss of muscle mass low body temperature and hormonal irregularities
Severe protein deficiency is fatal
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) contains 3 forms
kwashiorkor (KW) marasmus
marasmic KW
PEM represent a group of pathologic conditions associated with a nutritional and energy deficit occurring mainly in young children from developing countries at the time of weaning frequently associated with infections mainly gastrointestinal infections
Kwashiorkor occurs in areas of famine limited food supply and low levels of education lead to inadequate knowledge of proper dietEarly symptoms are fatigue irritability and lethargy As protein deprivation continues growth failure loss of muscle mass generalized swelling (edema) decreased immunity occur A large protuberant belly is common Skin conditions (such as dermatitis changes in pigmentation thinning of hair and vitiligo) are seen frequently Shock and coma precede death
protuberant belly
loss of hair pigment
swelling (edema)
6 个月大 出生时有 8 斤半由于母乳少出生几天就给孩子冲奶粉食用两个月后体重是 14 斤 现在却仅有 12 斤乌黑的头发也渐渐稀疏变黄再变白 Skin pigmentation
Marasmus resulting from an insufficient nutritional intake associated with acute conditions (gastroenteritis) or chronic conditions (eg tuberculosis HIV infection)
Marasmus results from a negative energy balance a decreased energy intake increased energy expenditure or both Children adapt to an energy deficit with a decrease in physical activity lethargy a decrease in basal energy metabolism slowing of growth and finally weight loss Pathophysiological changes associated with nutritional and energy deficits can be described as (1) body composition changes (2) metabolic changes and (3) anatomic changes
Body compositionBody mass Body mass is significantly decreased Fat stores can decrease to as low as 5 of the body weight and be macroscopically undetectable The remaining fat is usually stored in the liver body water The proportion of water increases proportion of extracellular water also increases resulting in edema protein mass can decrease up to 30 The muscle fibers are thin Muscle cells are atrophic
Other organ mass
The brain skeleton and kidney are
preserved whereas the liver heart
pancreas and digestive tract are first
affected
bull This is typically a disease of impoverished countries because of drought or political turmoil
bull Improving calorie and protein intake will correct it treatment is not started too late
bull Full height and growth potential will never be achieved in children
bull Severe kwashiorkor may leave a child with permanent mental and physical disabilities
Monkey face
Excess protein can cause problems as well such as causing the immune system to overreact liver dysfunction from increased toxic residues bone loss due to increased acidity in the blood diet high in meat could lead to high cholesterol or other diseases such as gout Another potential problem is that may put a strain on the kidneys
Side Effects
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Protein
bull 1048714 Makes up cell structurebull 1048714 Helps develop repair and maintain tissuesbull 1048714 Produces hemoglobin enzymes and many
hormonesbull 1048714Maintains normal blood osmotic pressurebull 1048714 Forms antibodiesbull 1048714 Can be energy sourcebull 1048714 Breaks down into amino acids to be usedbull by the body
In human nutritional needsproteins come in two forms
complete proteins contain all eight of EAA that humans cannot produce themselves all meat and other animal products are sources include beef lamb pork poultry fish shellfish eggs milk and milk products
complete proteins incomplete proteins
incomplete proteins lack or contain only a very small proportion of one or more EAAProtein in foods (such as grains fruits and vegetables) are either low are considered incomplete proteins
HEMOGOLBINbull The hemoglobin
molecule consists ofbull the protein globin which
is composed ofbull four subunit polypeptide
chains (2 alphabull and 2 beta) each of
which contains abull single heme group with
its single ironbull atom for the transport of
oxygen
MYOGLOBIN
20 AMINO ACIDS
PROTEIN METABOLISM
Proteins have a variety of structures so have a variety of functions in the body
bull enzymes many hormones antibodies hemoglobin cytochromes support (collagen) movement (actinmyosin)
bull Amino acids form hormones neurotransmitters
bull Thyroxine epinephrine dopamine (from tyrosine)
Amino acids can be a source of energy
bull bull Dietary proteins contain about the same amount of energy per gram as carbohydrates
bull bull the non-nitrogen part of amino acids can be oxidised directly in cell respiration or after conversion to ketone bodies
bull bull Normally about 12 of our daily energy needs come from amino acids
bull bull Excessive use of amino acids for energy causes a deficiency of tissue proteins and an excess of ketone bodies
Dietary Protein Amino Acid Pool ampMetabolic Pathways
bull Unlike carbohydrate or fat there is no specific storage depot for proteins or amino acids
bull Instead the amino acid pool of the blood plasma acts as a reservoir which each tissue can draw upon
bull bullEach tissue makes those specific proteins which it needs controlled by the active genes in that tissue
bull The liver is the major organ involved in protein metabolism especially for deamination urea synthesis and gluconeogenesis
bull A normal diet should contain sufficient protein for metabolic needs
bull Complete proteins with 9 essential amino acids which the body cannot synthesize eg phenylalanine Most plant proteins are incomplete
Metabolic Pathways of Proteins amp Amino Acids
Protein amp Amino Acid Anabolism
bull bull PROTEIN SYNTHESIS occurs on ribosomes in every cell and is stimulated by Anabolic Hormones
bull - Insulin-like Growth Factor(IGF)bull - Thyroxine (in growing children) bull - Insulinbull - Estrogen amp Testosteronebull bull Weight-bearing exercise causesbull anabolism amp growth of musclebull Non essential amino acids can be synthesized by
TRANSAMINATION (transfer of an amino group to a keto acid to create an amino acid)
Answers for Metabolic Pathways
bull 1 GLYCOLYSISbull 2 KREBS (TCA) CYCLEbull 3 OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATIONbull 4 GLYCOGENOLYSISbull 5 GLYCOGENESISbull 6 GLUCONEOGENESISbull 7 LIPOLYSIS (LIPID MOBILISATION)bull 8 LIPOGENESISbull 9 PROTEIN HYDROLYSIS (PROTEIN MOBILISATION)bull 10 PROTEIN SYNTHESISbull 11 BETA OXIDATIONbull 12 KETOGENESISbull 13 DEAMINATION
RECOMMENDED NUTRITIONAL INTAKECOMPOSITION
bull 55 to 65 Carbohydratebull 25 to 30 Fatbull 10 to 15 Protein
SOME CONCLUSIONS ABOUT PROTEIN
bull Dietary supplementation of protein beyond that necessary to maintain nitrogen balance does not provide additional ergogenic benefit
bull Ingesting carbohydrateprotein prior to exercise may reduce catabolism whereas ingesting carbohydrate protein following exercise may promote glycogen resynthesis a more anabolic hormonal environment and recovery
bull The extent to which these strategies affect training adaptations is unknown
Ergogenic Properties of Protein
bull 1048714 Builds fat-free muscle massbull 1048714 Strength athletes need 14 to 18 g per
kg body weightbull 1048714 Endurance athletes need 12 to 14 g
per kg body weightbull 1048714 Diets exceeding 18 to 20 g per kg body
weight per day have not been proven to provide additional benefits and may damage kidney function
Protein deficiency can lead to symptoms such as fatigue insulin resistance hair loss loss of hair pigment loss of muscle mass low body temperature and hormonal irregularities
Severe protein deficiency is fatal
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) contains 3 forms
kwashiorkor (KW) marasmus
marasmic KW
PEM represent a group of pathologic conditions associated with a nutritional and energy deficit occurring mainly in young children from developing countries at the time of weaning frequently associated with infections mainly gastrointestinal infections
Kwashiorkor occurs in areas of famine limited food supply and low levels of education lead to inadequate knowledge of proper dietEarly symptoms are fatigue irritability and lethargy As protein deprivation continues growth failure loss of muscle mass generalized swelling (edema) decreased immunity occur A large protuberant belly is common Skin conditions (such as dermatitis changes in pigmentation thinning of hair and vitiligo) are seen frequently Shock and coma precede death
protuberant belly
loss of hair pigment
swelling (edema)
6 个月大 出生时有 8 斤半由于母乳少出生几天就给孩子冲奶粉食用两个月后体重是 14 斤 现在却仅有 12 斤乌黑的头发也渐渐稀疏变黄再变白 Skin pigmentation
Marasmus resulting from an insufficient nutritional intake associated with acute conditions (gastroenteritis) or chronic conditions (eg tuberculosis HIV infection)
Marasmus results from a negative energy balance a decreased energy intake increased energy expenditure or both Children adapt to an energy deficit with a decrease in physical activity lethargy a decrease in basal energy metabolism slowing of growth and finally weight loss Pathophysiological changes associated with nutritional and energy deficits can be described as (1) body composition changes (2) metabolic changes and (3) anatomic changes
Body compositionBody mass Body mass is significantly decreased Fat stores can decrease to as low as 5 of the body weight and be macroscopically undetectable The remaining fat is usually stored in the liver body water The proportion of water increases proportion of extracellular water also increases resulting in edema protein mass can decrease up to 30 The muscle fibers are thin Muscle cells are atrophic
Other organ mass
The brain skeleton and kidney are
preserved whereas the liver heart
pancreas and digestive tract are first
affected
bull This is typically a disease of impoverished countries because of drought or political turmoil
bull Improving calorie and protein intake will correct it treatment is not started too late
bull Full height and growth potential will never be achieved in children
bull Severe kwashiorkor may leave a child with permanent mental and physical disabilities
Monkey face
Excess protein can cause problems as well such as causing the immune system to overreact liver dysfunction from increased toxic residues bone loss due to increased acidity in the blood diet high in meat could lead to high cholesterol or other diseases such as gout Another potential problem is that may put a strain on the kidneys
Side Effects
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In human nutritional needsproteins come in two forms
complete proteins contain all eight of EAA that humans cannot produce themselves all meat and other animal products are sources include beef lamb pork poultry fish shellfish eggs milk and milk products
complete proteins incomplete proteins
incomplete proteins lack or contain only a very small proportion of one or more EAAProtein in foods (such as grains fruits and vegetables) are either low are considered incomplete proteins
HEMOGOLBINbull The hemoglobin
molecule consists ofbull the protein globin which
is composed ofbull four subunit polypeptide
chains (2 alphabull and 2 beta) each of
which contains abull single heme group with
its single ironbull atom for the transport of
oxygen
MYOGLOBIN
20 AMINO ACIDS
PROTEIN METABOLISM
Proteins have a variety of structures so have a variety of functions in the body
bull enzymes many hormones antibodies hemoglobin cytochromes support (collagen) movement (actinmyosin)
bull Amino acids form hormones neurotransmitters
bull Thyroxine epinephrine dopamine (from tyrosine)
Amino acids can be a source of energy
bull bull Dietary proteins contain about the same amount of energy per gram as carbohydrates
bull bull the non-nitrogen part of amino acids can be oxidised directly in cell respiration or after conversion to ketone bodies
bull bull Normally about 12 of our daily energy needs come from amino acids
bull bull Excessive use of amino acids for energy causes a deficiency of tissue proteins and an excess of ketone bodies
Dietary Protein Amino Acid Pool ampMetabolic Pathways
bull Unlike carbohydrate or fat there is no specific storage depot for proteins or amino acids
bull Instead the amino acid pool of the blood plasma acts as a reservoir which each tissue can draw upon
bull bullEach tissue makes those specific proteins which it needs controlled by the active genes in that tissue
bull The liver is the major organ involved in protein metabolism especially for deamination urea synthesis and gluconeogenesis
bull A normal diet should contain sufficient protein for metabolic needs
bull Complete proteins with 9 essential amino acids which the body cannot synthesize eg phenylalanine Most plant proteins are incomplete
Metabolic Pathways of Proteins amp Amino Acids
Protein amp Amino Acid Anabolism
bull bull PROTEIN SYNTHESIS occurs on ribosomes in every cell and is stimulated by Anabolic Hormones
bull - Insulin-like Growth Factor(IGF)bull - Thyroxine (in growing children) bull - Insulinbull - Estrogen amp Testosteronebull bull Weight-bearing exercise causesbull anabolism amp growth of musclebull Non essential amino acids can be synthesized by
TRANSAMINATION (transfer of an amino group to a keto acid to create an amino acid)
Answers for Metabolic Pathways
bull 1 GLYCOLYSISbull 2 KREBS (TCA) CYCLEbull 3 OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATIONbull 4 GLYCOGENOLYSISbull 5 GLYCOGENESISbull 6 GLUCONEOGENESISbull 7 LIPOLYSIS (LIPID MOBILISATION)bull 8 LIPOGENESISbull 9 PROTEIN HYDROLYSIS (PROTEIN MOBILISATION)bull 10 PROTEIN SYNTHESISbull 11 BETA OXIDATIONbull 12 KETOGENESISbull 13 DEAMINATION
RECOMMENDED NUTRITIONAL INTAKECOMPOSITION
bull 55 to 65 Carbohydratebull 25 to 30 Fatbull 10 to 15 Protein
SOME CONCLUSIONS ABOUT PROTEIN
bull Dietary supplementation of protein beyond that necessary to maintain nitrogen balance does not provide additional ergogenic benefit
bull Ingesting carbohydrateprotein prior to exercise may reduce catabolism whereas ingesting carbohydrate protein following exercise may promote glycogen resynthesis a more anabolic hormonal environment and recovery
bull The extent to which these strategies affect training adaptations is unknown
Ergogenic Properties of Protein
bull 1048714 Builds fat-free muscle massbull 1048714 Strength athletes need 14 to 18 g per
kg body weightbull 1048714 Endurance athletes need 12 to 14 g
per kg body weightbull 1048714 Diets exceeding 18 to 20 g per kg body
weight per day have not been proven to provide additional benefits and may damage kidney function
Protein deficiency can lead to symptoms such as fatigue insulin resistance hair loss loss of hair pigment loss of muscle mass low body temperature and hormonal irregularities
Severe protein deficiency is fatal
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) contains 3 forms
kwashiorkor (KW) marasmus
marasmic KW
PEM represent a group of pathologic conditions associated with a nutritional and energy deficit occurring mainly in young children from developing countries at the time of weaning frequently associated with infections mainly gastrointestinal infections
Kwashiorkor occurs in areas of famine limited food supply and low levels of education lead to inadequate knowledge of proper dietEarly symptoms are fatigue irritability and lethargy As protein deprivation continues growth failure loss of muscle mass generalized swelling (edema) decreased immunity occur A large protuberant belly is common Skin conditions (such as dermatitis changes in pigmentation thinning of hair and vitiligo) are seen frequently Shock and coma precede death
protuberant belly
loss of hair pigment
swelling (edema)
6 个月大 出生时有 8 斤半由于母乳少出生几天就给孩子冲奶粉食用两个月后体重是 14 斤 现在却仅有 12 斤乌黑的头发也渐渐稀疏变黄再变白 Skin pigmentation
Marasmus resulting from an insufficient nutritional intake associated with acute conditions (gastroenteritis) or chronic conditions (eg tuberculosis HIV infection)
Marasmus results from a negative energy balance a decreased energy intake increased energy expenditure or both Children adapt to an energy deficit with a decrease in physical activity lethargy a decrease in basal energy metabolism slowing of growth and finally weight loss Pathophysiological changes associated with nutritional and energy deficits can be described as (1) body composition changes (2) metabolic changes and (3) anatomic changes
Body compositionBody mass Body mass is significantly decreased Fat stores can decrease to as low as 5 of the body weight and be macroscopically undetectable The remaining fat is usually stored in the liver body water The proportion of water increases proportion of extracellular water also increases resulting in edema protein mass can decrease up to 30 The muscle fibers are thin Muscle cells are atrophic
Other organ mass
The brain skeleton and kidney are
preserved whereas the liver heart
pancreas and digestive tract are first
affected
bull This is typically a disease of impoverished countries because of drought or political turmoil
bull Improving calorie and protein intake will correct it treatment is not started too late
bull Full height and growth potential will never be achieved in children
bull Severe kwashiorkor may leave a child with permanent mental and physical disabilities
Monkey face
Excess protein can cause problems as well such as causing the immune system to overreact liver dysfunction from increased toxic residues bone loss due to increased acidity in the blood diet high in meat could lead to high cholesterol or other diseases such as gout Another potential problem is that may put a strain on the kidneys
Side Effects
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HEMOGOLBINbull The hemoglobin
molecule consists ofbull the protein globin which
is composed ofbull four subunit polypeptide
chains (2 alphabull and 2 beta) each of
which contains abull single heme group with
its single ironbull atom for the transport of
oxygen
MYOGLOBIN
20 AMINO ACIDS
PROTEIN METABOLISM
Proteins have a variety of structures so have a variety of functions in the body
bull enzymes many hormones antibodies hemoglobin cytochromes support (collagen) movement (actinmyosin)
bull Amino acids form hormones neurotransmitters
bull Thyroxine epinephrine dopamine (from tyrosine)
Amino acids can be a source of energy
bull bull Dietary proteins contain about the same amount of energy per gram as carbohydrates
bull bull the non-nitrogen part of amino acids can be oxidised directly in cell respiration or after conversion to ketone bodies
bull bull Normally about 12 of our daily energy needs come from amino acids
bull bull Excessive use of amino acids for energy causes a deficiency of tissue proteins and an excess of ketone bodies
Dietary Protein Amino Acid Pool ampMetabolic Pathways
bull Unlike carbohydrate or fat there is no specific storage depot for proteins or amino acids
bull Instead the amino acid pool of the blood plasma acts as a reservoir which each tissue can draw upon
bull bullEach tissue makes those specific proteins which it needs controlled by the active genes in that tissue
bull The liver is the major organ involved in protein metabolism especially for deamination urea synthesis and gluconeogenesis
bull A normal diet should contain sufficient protein for metabolic needs
bull Complete proteins with 9 essential amino acids which the body cannot synthesize eg phenylalanine Most plant proteins are incomplete
Metabolic Pathways of Proteins amp Amino Acids
Protein amp Amino Acid Anabolism
bull bull PROTEIN SYNTHESIS occurs on ribosomes in every cell and is stimulated by Anabolic Hormones
bull - Insulin-like Growth Factor(IGF)bull - Thyroxine (in growing children) bull - Insulinbull - Estrogen amp Testosteronebull bull Weight-bearing exercise causesbull anabolism amp growth of musclebull Non essential amino acids can be synthesized by
TRANSAMINATION (transfer of an amino group to a keto acid to create an amino acid)
Answers for Metabolic Pathways
bull 1 GLYCOLYSISbull 2 KREBS (TCA) CYCLEbull 3 OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATIONbull 4 GLYCOGENOLYSISbull 5 GLYCOGENESISbull 6 GLUCONEOGENESISbull 7 LIPOLYSIS (LIPID MOBILISATION)bull 8 LIPOGENESISbull 9 PROTEIN HYDROLYSIS (PROTEIN MOBILISATION)bull 10 PROTEIN SYNTHESISbull 11 BETA OXIDATIONbull 12 KETOGENESISbull 13 DEAMINATION
RECOMMENDED NUTRITIONAL INTAKECOMPOSITION
bull 55 to 65 Carbohydratebull 25 to 30 Fatbull 10 to 15 Protein
SOME CONCLUSIONS ABOUT PROTEIN
bull Dietary supplementation of protein beyond that necessary to maintain nitrogen balance does not provide additional ergogenic benefit
bull Ingesting carbohydrateprotein prior to exercise may reduce catabolism whereas ingesting carbohydrate protein following exercise may promote glycogen resynthesis a more anabolic hormonal environment and recovery
bull The extent to which these strategies affect training adaptations is unknown
Ergogenic Properties of Protein
bull 1048714 Builds fat-free muscle massbull 1048714 Strength athletes need 14 to 18 g per
kg body weightbull 1048714 Endurance athletes need 12 to 14 g
per kg body weightbull 1048714 Diets exceeding 18 to 20 g per kg body
weight per day have not been proven to provide additional benefits and may damage kidney function
Protein deficiency can lead to symptoms such as fatigue insulin resistance hair loss loss of hair pigment loss of muscle mass low body temperature and hormonal irregularities
Severe protein deficiency is fatal
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) contains 3 forms
kwashiorkor (KW) marasmus
marasmic KW
PEM represent a group of pathologic conditions associated with a nutritional and energy deficit occurring mainly in young children from developing countries at the time of weaning frequently associated with infections mainly gastrointestinal infections
Kwashiorkor occurs in areas of famine limited food supply and low levels of education lead to inadequate knowledge of proper dietEarly symptoms are fatigue irritability and lethargy As protein deprivation continues growth failure loss of muscle mass generalized swelling (edema) decreased immunity occur A large protuberant belly is common Skin conditions (such as dermatitis changes in pigmentation thinning of hair and vitiligo) are seen frequently Shock and coma precede death
protuberant belly
loss of hair pigment
swelling (edema)
6 个月大 出生时有 8 斤半由于母乳少出生几天就给孩子冲奶粉食用两个月后体重是 14 斤 现在却仅有 12 斤乌黑的头发也渐渐稀疏变黄再变白 Skin pigmentation
Marasmus resulting from an insufficient nutritional intake associated with acute conditions (gastroenteritis) or chronic conditions (eg tuberculosis HIV infection)
Marasmus results from a negative energy balance a decreased energy intake increased energy expenditure or both Children adapt to an energy deficit with a decrease in physical activity lethargy a decrease in basal energy metabolism slowing of growth and finally weight loss Pathophysiological changes associated with nutritional and energy deficits can be described as (1) body composition changes (2) metabolic changes and (3) anatomic changes
Body compositionBody mass Body mass is significantly decreased Fat stores can decrease to as low as 5 of the body weight and be macroscopically undetectable The remaining fat is usually stored in the liver body water The proportion of water increases proportion of extracellular water also increases resulting in edema protein mass can decrease up to 30 The muscle fibers are thin Muscle cells are atrophic
Other organ mass
The brain skeleton and kidney are
preserved whereas the liver heart
pancreas and digestive tract are first
affected
bull This is typically a disease of impoverished countries because of drought or political turmoil
bull Improving calorie and protein intake will correct it treatment is not started too late
bull Full height and growth potential will never be achieved in children
bull Severe kwashiorkor may leave a child with permanent mental and physical disabilities
Monkey face
Excess protein can cause problems as well such as causing the immune system to overreact liver dysfunction from increased toxic residues bone loss due to increased acidity in the blood diet high in meat could lead to high cholesterol or other diseases such as gout Another potential problem is that may put a strain on the kidneys
Side Effects
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MYOGLOBIN
20 AMINO ACIDS
PROTEIN METABOLISM
Proteins have a variety of structures so have a variety of functions in the body
bull enzymes many hormones antibodies hemoglobin cytochromes support (collagen) movement (actinmyosin)
bull Amino acids form hormones neurotransmitters
bull Thyroxine epinephrine dopamine (from tyrosine)
Amino acids can be a source of energy
bull bull Dietary proteins contain about the same amount of energy per gram as carbohydrates
bull bull the non-nitrogen part of amino acids can be oxidised directly in cell respiration or after conversion to ketone bodies
bull bull Normally about 12 of our daily energy needs come from amino acids
bull bull Excessive use of amino acids for energy causes a deficiency of tissue proteins and an excess of ketone bodies
Dietary Protein Amino Acid Pool ampMetabolic Pathways
bull Unlike carbohydrate or fat there is no specific storage depot for proteins or amino acids
bull Instead the amino acid pool of the blood plasma acts as a reservoir which each tissue can draw upon
bull bullEach tissue makes those specific proteins which it needs controlled by the active genes in that tissue
bull The liver is the major organ involved in protein metabolism especially for deamination urea synthesis and gluconeogenesis
bull A normal diet should contain sufficient protein for metabolic needs
bull Complete proteins with 9 essential amino acids which the body cannot synthesize eg phenylalanine Most plant proteins are incomplete
Metabolic Pathways of Proteins amp Amino Acids
Protein amp Amino Acid Anabolism
bull bull PROTEIN SYNTHESIS occurs on ribosomes in every cell and is stimulated by Anabolic Hormones
bull - Insulin-like Growth Factor(IGF)bull - Thyroxine (in growing children) bull - Insulinbull - Estrogen amp Testosteronebull bull Weight-bearing exercise causesbull anabolism amp growth of musclebull Non essential amino acids can be synthesized by
TRANSAMINATION (transfer of an amino group to a keto acid to create an amino acid)
Answers for Metabolic Pathways
bull 1 GLYCOLYSISbull 2 KREBS (TCA) CYCLEbull 3 OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATIONbull 4 GLYCOGENOLYSISbull 5 GLYCOGENESISbull 6 GLUCONEOGENESISbull 7 LIPOLYSIS (LIPID MOBILISATION)bull 8 LIPOGENESISbull 9 PROTEIN HYDROLYSIS (PROTEIN MOBILISATION)bull 10 PROTEIN SYNTHESISbull 11 BETA OXIDATIONbull 12 KETOGENESISbull 13 DEAMINATION
RECOMMENDED NUTRITIONAL INTAKECOMPOSITION
bull 55 to 65 Carbohydratebull 25 to 30 Fatbull 10 to 15 Protein
SOME CONCLUSIONS ABOUT PROTEIN
bull Dietary supplementation of protein beyond that necessary to maintain nitrogen balance does not provide additional ergogenic benefit
bull Ingesting carbohydrateprotein prior to exercise may reduce catabolism whereas ingesting carbohydrate protein following exercise may promote glycogen resynthesis a more anabolic hormonal environment and recovery
bull The extent to which these strategies affect training adaptations is unknown
Ergogenic Properties of Protein
bull 1048714 Builds fat-free muscle massbull 1048714 Strength athletes need 14 to 18 g per
kg body weightbull 1048714 Endurance athletes need 12 to 14 g
per kg body weightbull 1048714 Diets exceeding 18 to 20 g per kg body
weight per day have not been proven to provide additional benefits and may damage kidney function
Protein deficiency can lead to symptoms such as fatigue insulin resistance hair loss loss of hair pigment loss of muscle mass low body temperature and hormonal irregularities
Severe protein deficiency is fatal
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) contains 3 forms
kwashiorkor (KW) marasmus
marasmic KW
PEM represent a group of pathologic conditions associated with a nutritional and energy deficit occurring mainly in young children from developing countries at the time of weaning frequently associated with infections mainly gastrointestinal infections
Kwashiorkor occurs in areas of famine limited food supply and low levels of education lead to inadequate knowledge of proper dietEarly symptoms are fatigue irritability and lethargy As protein deprivation continues growth failure loss of muscle mass generalized swelling (edema) decreased immunity occur A large protuberant belly is common Skin conditions (such as dermatitis changes in pigmentation thinning of hair and vitiligo) are seen frequently Shock and coma precede death
protuberant belly
loss of hair pigment
swelling (edema)
6 个月大 出生时有 8 斤半由于母乳少出生几天就给孩子冲奶粉食用两个月后体重是 14 斤 现在却仅有 12 斤乌黑的头发也渐渐稀疏变黄再变白 Skin pigmentation
Marasmus resulting from an insufficient nutritional intake associated with acute conditions (gastroenteritis) or chronic conditions (eg tuberculosis HIV infection)
Marasmus results from a negative energy balance a decreased energy intake increased energy expenditure or both Children adapt to an energy deficit with a decrease in physical activity lethargy a decrease in basal energy metabolism slowing of growth and finally weight loss Pathophysiological changes associated with nutritional and energy deficits can be described as (1) body composition changes (2) metabolic changes and (3) anatomic changes
Body compositionBody mass Body mass is significantly decreased Fat stores can decrease to as low as 5 of the body weight and be macroscopically undetectable The remaining fat is usually stored in the liver body water The proportion of water increases proportion of extracellular water also increases resulting in edema protein mass can decrease up to 30 The muscle fibers are thin Muscle cells are atrophic
Other organ mass
The brain skeleton and kidney are
preserved whereas the liver heart
pancreas and digestive tract are first
affected
bull This is typically a disease of impoverished countries because of drought or political turmoil
bull Improving calorie and protein intake will correct it treatment is not started too late
bull Full height and growth potential will never be achieved in children
bull Severe kwashiorkor may leave a child with permanent mental and physical disabilities
Monkey face
Excess protein can cause problems as well such as causing the immune system to overreact liver dysfunction from increased toxic residues bone loss due to increased acidity in the blood diet high in meat could lead to high cholesterol or other diseases such as gout Another potential problem is that may put a strain on the kidneys
Side Effects
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20 AMINO ACIDS
PROTEIN METABOLISM
Proteins have a variety of structures so have a variety of functions in the body
bull enzymes many hormones antibodies hemoglobin cytochromes support (collagen) movement (actinmyosin)
bull Amino acids form hormones neurotransmitters
bull Thyroxine epinephrine dopamine (from tyrosine)
Amino acids can be a source of energy
bull bull Dietary proteins contain about the same amount of energy per gram as carbohydrates
bull bull the non-nitrogen part of amino acids can be oxidised directly in cell respiration or after conversion to ketone bodies
bull bull Normally about 12 of our daily energy needs come from amino acids
bull bull Excessive use of amino acids for energy causes a deficiency of tissue proteins and an excess of ketone bodies
Dietary Protein Amino Acid Pool ampMetabolic Pathways
bull Unlike carbohydrate or fat there is no specific storage depot for proteins or amino acids
bull Instead the amino acid pool of the blood plasma acts as a reservoir which each tissue can draw upon
bull bullEach tissue makes those specific proteins which it needs controlled by the active genes in that tissue
bull The liver is the major organ involved in protein metabolism especially for deamination urea synthesis and gluconeogenesis
bull A normal diet should contain sufficient protein for metabolic needs
bull Complete proteins with 9 essential amino acids which the body cannot synthesize eg phenylalanine Most plant proteins are incomplete
Metabolic Pathways of Proteins amp Amino Acids
Protein amp Amino Acid Anabolism
bull bull PROTEIN SYNTHESIS occurs on ribosomes in every cell and is stimulated by Anabolic Hormones
bull - Insulin-like Growth Factor(IGF)bull - Thyroxine (in growing children) bull - Insulinbull - Estrogen amp Testosteronebull bull Weight-bearing exercise causesbull anabolism amp growth of musclebull Non essential amino acids can be synthesized by
TRANSAMINATION (transfer of an amino group to a keto acid to create an amino acid)
Answers for Metabolic Pathways
bull 1 GLYCOLYSISbull 2 KREBS (TCA) CYCLEbull 3 OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATIONbull 4 GLYCOGENOLYSISbull 5 GLYCOGENESISbull 6 GLUCONEOGENESISbull 7 LIPOLYSIS (LIPID MOBILISATION)bull 8 LIPOGENESISbull 9 PROTEIN HYDROLYSIS (PROTEIN MOBILISATION)bull 10 PROTEIN SYNTHESISbull 11 BETA OXIDATIONbull 12 KETOGENESISbull 13 DEAMINATION
RECOMMENDED NUTRITIONAL INTAKECOMPOSITION
bull 55 to 65 Carbohydratebull 25 to 30 Fatbull 10 to 15 Protein
SOME CONCLUSIONS ABOUT PROTEIN
bull Dietary supplementation of protein beyond that necessary to maintain nitrogen balance does not provide additional ergogenic benefit
bull Ingesting carbohydrateprotein prior to exercise may reduce catabolism whereas ingesting carbohydrate protein following exercise may promote glycogen resynthesis a more anabolic hormonal environment and recovery
bull The extent to which these strategies affect training adaptations is unknown
Ergogenic Properties of Protein
bull 1048714 Builds fat-free muscle massbull 1048714 Strength athletes need 14 to 18 g per
kg body weightbull 1048714 Endurance athletes need 12 to 14 g
per kg body weightbull 1048714 Diets exceeding 18 to 20 g per kg body
weight per day have not been proven to provide additional benefits and may damage kidney function
Protein deficiency can lead to symptoms such as fatigue insulin resistance hair loss loss of hair pigment loss of muscle mass low body temperature and hormonal irregularities
Severe protein deficiency is fatal
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) contains 3 forms
kwashiorkor (KW) marasmus
marasmic KW
PEM represent a group of pathologic conditions associated with a nutritional and energy deficit occurring mainly in young children from developing countries at the time of weaning frequently associated with infections mainly gastrointestinal infections
Kwashiorkor occurs in areas of famine limited food supply and low levels of education lead to inadequate knowledge of proper dietEarly symptoms are fatigue irritability and lethargy As protein deprivation continues growth failure loss of muscle mass generalized swelling (edema) decreased immunity occur A large protuberant belly is common Skin conditions (such as dermatitis changes in pigmentation thinning of hair and vitiligo) are seen frequently Shock and coma precede death
protuberant belly
loss of hair pigment
swelling (edema)
6 个月大 出生时有 8 斤半由于母乳少出生几天就给孩子冲奶粉食用两个月后体重是 14 斤 现在却仅有 12 斤乌黑的头发也渐渐稀疏变黄再变白 Skin pigmentation
Marasmus resulting from an insufficient nutritional intake associated with acute conditions (gastroenteritis) or chronic conditions (eg tuberculosis HIV infection)
Marasmus results from a negative energy balance a decreased energy intake increased energy expenditure or both Children adapt to an energy deficit with a decrease in physical activity lethargy a decrease in basal energy metabolism slowing of growth and finally weight loss Pathophysiological changes associated with nutritional and energy deficits can be described as (1) body composition changes (2) metabolic changes and (3) anatomic changes
Body compositionBody mass Body mass is significantly decreased Fat stores can decrease to as low as 5 of the body weight and be macroscopically undetectable The remaining fat is usually stored in the liver body water The proportion of water increases proportion of extracellular water also increases resulting in edema protein mass can decrease up to 30 The muscle fibers are thin Muscle cells are atrophic
Other organ mass
The brain skeleton and kidney are
preserved whereas the liver heart
pancreas and digestive tract are first
affected
bull This is typically a disease of impoverished countries because of drought or political turmoil
bull Improving calorie and protein intake will correct it treatment is not started too late
bull Full height and growth potential will never be achieved in children
bull Severe kwashiorkor may leave a child with permanent mental and physical disabilities
Monkey face
Excess protein can cause problems as well such as causing the immune system to overreact liver dysfunction from increased toxic residues bone loss due to increased acidity in the blood diet high in meat could lead to high cholesterol or other diseases such as gout Another potential problem is that may put a strain on the kidneys
Side Effects
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PROTEIN METABOLISM
Proteins have a variety of structures so have a variety of functions in the body
bull enzymes many hormones antibodies hemoglobin cytochromes support (collagen) movement (actinmyosin)
bull Amino acids form hormones neurotransmitters
bull Thyroxine epinephrine dopamine (from tyrosine)
Amino acids can be a source of energy
bull bull Dietary proteins contain about the same amount of energy per gram as carbohydrates
bull bull the non-nitrogen part of amino acids can be oxidised directly in cell respiration or after conversion to ketone bodies
bull bull Normally about 12 of our daily energy needs come from amino acids
bull bull Excessive use of amino acids for energy causes a deficiency of tissue proteins and an excess of ketone bodies
Dietary Protein Amino Acid Pool ampMetabolic Pathways
bull Unlike carbohydrate or fat there is no specific storage depot for proteins or amino acids
bull Instead the amino acid pool of the blood plasma acts as a reservoir which each tissue can draw upon
bull bullEach tissue makes those specific proteins which it needs controlled by the active genes in that tissue
bull The liver is the major organ involved in protein metabolism especially for deamination urea synthesis and gluconeogenesis
bull A normal diet should contain sufficient protein for metabolic needs
bull Complete proteins with 9 essential amino acids which the body cannot synthesize eg phenylalanine Most plant proteins are incomplete
Metabolic Pathways of Proteins amp Amino Acids
Protein amp Amino Acid Anabolism
bull bull PROTEIN SYNTHESIS occurs on ribosomes in every cell and is stimulated by Anabolic Hormones
bull - Insulin-like Growth Factor(IGF)bull - Thyroxine (in growing children) bull - Insulinbull - Estrogen amp Testosteronebull bull Weight-bearing exercise causesbull anabolism amp growth of musclebull Non essential amino acids can be synthesized by
TRANSAMINATION (transfer of an amino group to a keto acid to create an amino acid)
Answers for Metabolic Pathways
bull 1 GLYCOLYSISbull 2 KREBS (TCA) CYCLEbull 3 OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATIONbull 4 GLYCOGENOLYSISbull 5 GLYCOGENESISbull 6 GLUCONEOGENESISbull 7 LIPOLYSIS (LIPID MOBILISATION)bull 8 LIPOGENESISbull 9 PROTEIN HYDROLYSIS (PROTEIN MOBILISATION)bull 10 PROTEIN SYNTHESISbull 11 BETA OXIDATIONbull 12 KETOGENESISbull 13 DEAMINATION
RECOMMENDED NUTRITIONAL INTAKECOMPOSITION
bull 55 to 65 Carbohydratebull 25 to 30 Fatbull 10 to 15 Protein
SOME CONCLUSIONS ABOUT PROTEIN
bull Dietary supplementation of protein beyond that necessary to maintain nitrogen balance does not provide additional ergogenic benefit
bull Ingesting carbohydrateprotein prior to exercise may reduce catabolism whereas ingesting carbohydrate protein following exercise may promote glycogen resynthesis a more anabolic hormonal environment and recovery
bull The extent to which these strategies affect training adaptations is unknown
Ergogenic Properties of Protein
bull 1048714 Builds fat-free muscle massbull 1048714 Strength athletes need 14 to 18 g per
kg body weightbull 1048714 Endurance athletes need 12 to 14 g
per kg body weightbull 1048714 Diets exceeding 18 to 20 g per kg body
weight per day have not been proven to provide additional benefits and may damage kidney function
Protein deficiency can lead to symptoms such as fatigue insulin resistance hair loss loss of hair pigment loss of muscle mass low body temperature and hormonal irregularities
Severe protein deficiency is fatal
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) contains 3 forms
kwashiorkor (KW) marasmus
marasmic KW
PEM represent a group of pathologic conditions associated with a nutritional and energy deficit occurring mainly in young children from developing countries at the time of weaning frequently associated with infections mainly gastrointestinal infections
Kwashiorkor occurs in areas of famine limited food supply and low levels of education lead to inadequate knowledge of proper dietEarly symptoms are fatigue irritability and lethargy As protein deprivation continues growth failure loss of muscle mass generalized swelling (edema) decreased immunity occur A large protuberant belly is common Skin conditions (such as dermatitis changes in pigmentation thinning of hair and vitiligo) are seen frequently Shock and coma precede death
protuberant belly
loss of hair pigment
swelling (edema)
6 个月大 出生时有 8 斤半由于母乳少出生几天就给孩子冲奶粉食用两个月后体重是 14 斤 现在却仅有 12 斤乌黑的头发也渐渐稀疏变黄再变白 Skin pigmentation
Marasmus resulting from an insufficient nutritional intake associated with acute conditions (gastroenteritis) or chronic conditions (eg tuberculosis HIV infection)
Marasmus results from a negative energy balance a decreased energy intake increased energy expenditure or both Children adapt to an energy deficit with a decrease in physical activity lethargy a decrease in basal energy metabolism slowing of growth and finally weight loss Pathophysiological changes associated with nutritional and energy deficits can be described as (1) body composition changes (2) metabolic changes and (3) anatomic changes
Body compositionBody mass Body mass is significantly decreased Fat stores can decrease to as low as 5 of the body weight and be macroscopically undetectable The remaining fat is usually stored in the liver body water The proportion of water increases proportion of extracellular water also increases resulting in edema protein mass can decrease up to 30 The muscle fibers are thin Muscle cells are atrophic
Other organ mass
The brain skeleton and kidney are
preserved whereas the liver heart
pancreas and digestive tract are first
affected
bull This is typically a disease of impoverished countries because of drought or political turmoil
bull Improving calorie and protein intake will correct it treatment is not started too late
bull Full height and growth potential will never be achieved in children
bull Severe kwashiorkor may leave a child with permanent mental and physical disabilities
Monkey face
Excess protein can cause problems as well such as causing the immune system to overreact liver dysfunction from increased toxic residues bone loss due to increased acidity in the blood diet high in meat could lead to high cholesterol or other diseases such as gout Another potential problem is that may put a strain on the kidneys
Side Effects
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Proteins have a variety of structures so have a variety of functions in the body
bull enzymes many hormones antibodies hemoglobin cytochromes support (collagen) movement (actinmyosin)
bull Amino acids form hormones neurotransmitters
bull Thyroxine epinephrine dopamine (from tyrosine)
Amino acids can be a source of energy
bull bull Dietary proteins contain about the same amount of energy per gram as carbohydrates
bull bull the non-nitrogen part of amino acids can be oxidised directly in cell respiration or after conversion to ketone bodies
bull bull Normally about 12 of our daily energy needs come from amino acids
bull bull Excessive use of amino acids for energy causes a deficiency of tissue proteins and an excess of ketone bodies
Dietary Protein Amino Acid Pool ampMetabolic Pathways
bull Unlike carbohydrate or fat there is no specific storage depot for proteins or amino acids
bull Instead the amino acid pool of the blood plasma acts as a reservoir which each tissue can draw upon
bull bullEach tissue makes those specific proteins which it needs controlled by the active genes in that tissue
bull The liver is the major organ involved in protein metabolism especially for deamination urea synthesis and gluconeogenesis
bull A normal diet should contain sufficient protein for metabolic needs
bull Complete proteins with 9 essential amino acids which the body cannot synthesize eg phenylalanine Most plant proteins are incomplete
Metabolic Pathways of Proteins amp Amino Acids
Protein amp Amino Acid Anabolism
bull bull PROTEIN SYNTHESIS occurs on ribosomes in every cell and is stimulated by Anabolic Hormones
bull - Insulin-like Growth Factor(IGF)bull - Thyroxine (in growing children) bull - Insulinbull - Estrogen amp Testosteronebull bull Weight-bearing exercise causesbull anabolism amp growth of musclebull Non essential amino acids can be synthesized by
TRANSAMINATION (transfer of an amino group to a keto acid to create an amino acid)
Answers for Metabolic Pathways
bull 1 GLYCOLYSISbull 2 KREBS (TCA) CYCLEbull 3 OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATIONbull 4 GLYCOGENOLYSISbull 5 GLYCOGENESISbull 6 GLUCONEOGENESISbull 7 LIPOLYSIS (LIPID MOBILISATION)bull 8 LIPOGENESISbull 9 PROTEIN HYDROLYSIS (PROTEIN MOBILISATION)bull 10 PROTEIN SYNTHESISbull 11 BETA OXIDATIONbull 12 KETOGENESISbull 13 DEAMINATION
RECOMMENDED NUTRITIONAL INTAKECOMPOSITION
bull 55 to 65 Carbohydratebull 25 to 30 Fatbull 10 to 15 Protein
SOME CONCLUSIONS ABOUT PROTEIN
bull Dietary supplementation of protein beyond that necessary to maintain nitrogen balance does not provide additional ergogenic benefit
bull Ingesting carbohydrateprotein prior to exercise may reduce catabolism whereas ingesting carbohydrate protein following exercise may promote glycogen resynthesis a more anabolic hormonal environment and recovery
bull The extent to which these strategies affect training adaptations is unknown
Ergogenic Properties of Protein
bull 1048714 Builds fat-free muscle massbull 1048714 Strength athletes need 14 to 18 g per
kg body weightbull 1048714 Endurance athletes need 12 to 14 g
per kg body weightbull 1048714 Diets exceeding 18 to 20 g per kg body
weight per day have not been proven to provide additional benefits and may damage kidney function
Protein deficiency can lead to symptoms such as fatigue insulin resistance hair loss loss of hair pigment loss of muscle mass low body temperature and hormonal irregularities
Severe protein deficiency is fatal
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) contains 3 forms
kwashiorkor (KW) marasmus
marasmic KW
PEM represent a group of pathologic conditions associated with a nutritional and energy deficit occurring mainly in young children from developing countries at the time of weaning frequently associated with infections mainly gastrointestinal infections
Kwashiorkor occurs in areas of famine limited food supply and low levels of education lead to inadequate knowledge of proper dietEarly symptoms are fatigue irritability and lethargy As protein deprivation continues growth failure loss of muscle mass generalized swelling (edema) decreased immunity occur A large protuberant belly is common Skin conditions (such as dermatitis changes in pigmentation thinning of hair and vitiligo) are seen frequently Shock and coma precede death
protuberant belly
loss of hair pigment
swelling (edema)
6 个月大 出生时有 8 斤半由于母乳少出生几天就给孩子冲奶粉食用两个月后体重是 14 斤 现在却仅有 12 斤乌黑的头发也渐渐稀疏变黄再变白 Skin pigmentation
Marasmus resulting from an insufficient nutritional intake associated with acute conditions (gastroenteritis) or chronic conditions (eg tuberculosis HIV infection)
Marasmus results from a negative energy balance a decreased energy intake increased energy expenditure or both Children adapt to an energy deficit with a decrease in physical activity lethargy a decrease in basal energy metabolism slowing of growth and finally weight loss Pathophysiological changes associated with nutritional and energy deficits can be described as (1) body composition changes (2) metabolic changes and (3) anatomic changes
Body compositionBody mass Body mass is significantly decreased Fat stores can decrease to as low as 5 of the body weight and be macroscopically undetectable The remaining fat is usually stored in the liver body water The proportion of water increases proportion of extracellular water also increases resulting in edema protein mass can decrease up to 30 The muscle fibers are thin Muscle cells are atrophic
Other organ mass
The brain skeleton and kidney are
preserved whereas the liver heart
pancreas and digestive tract are first
affected
bull This is typically a disease of impoverished countries because of drought or political turmoil
bull Improving calorie and protein intake will correct it treatment is not started too late
bull Full height and growth potential will never be achieved in children
bull Severe kwashiorkor may leave a child with permanent mental and physical disabilities
Monkey face
Excess protein can cause problems as well such as causing the immune system to overreact liver dysfunction from increased toxic residues bone loss due to increased acidity in the blood diet high in meat could lead to high cholesterol or other diseases such as gout Another potential problem is that may put a strain on the kidneys
Side Effects
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Amino acids can be a source of energy
bull bull Dietary proteins contain about the same amount of energy per gram as carbohydrates
bull bull the non-nitrogen part of amino acids can be oxidised directly in cell respiration or after conversion to ketone bodies
bull bull Normally about 12 of our daily energy needs come from amino acids
bull bull Excessive use of amino acids for energy causes a deficiency of tissue proteins and an excess of ketone bodies
Dietary Protein Amino Acid Pool ampMetabolic Pathways
bull Unlike carbohydrate or fat there is no specific storage depot for proteins or amino acids
bull Instead the amino acid pool of the blood plasma acts as a reservoir which each tissue can draw upon
bull bullEach tissue makes those specific proteins which it needs controlled by the active genes in that tissue
bull The liver is the major organ involved in protein metabolism especially for deamination urea synthesis and gluconeogenesis
bull A normal diet should contain sufficient protein for metabolic needs
bull Complete proteins with 9 essential amino acids which the body cannot synthesize eg phenylalanine Most plant proteins are incomplete
Metabolic Pathways of Proteins amp Amino Acids
Protein amp Amino Acid Anabolism
bull bull PROTEIN SYNTHESIS occurs on ribosomes in every cell and is stimulated by Anabolic Hormones
bull - Insulin-like Growth Factor(IGF)bull - Thyroxine (in growing children) bull - Insulinbull - Estrogen amp Testosteronebull bull Weight-bearing exercise causesbull anabolism amp growth of musclebull Non essential amino acids can be synthesized by
TRANSAMINATION (transfer of an amino group to a keto acid to create an amino acid)
Answers for Metabolic Pathways
bull 1 GLYCOLYSISbull 2 KREBS (TCA) CYCLEbull 3 OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATIONbull 4 GLYCOGENOLYSISbull 5 GLYCOGENESISbull 6 GLUCONEOGENESISbull 7 LIPOLYSIS (LIPID MOBILISATION)bull 8 LIPOGENESISbull 9 PROTEIN HYDROLYSIS (PROTEIN MOBILISATION)bull 10 PROTEIN SYNTHESISbull 11 BETA OXIDATIONbull 12 KETOGENESISbull 13 DEAMINATION
RECOMMENDED NUTRITIONAL INTAKECOMPOSITION
bull 55 to 65 Carbohydratebull 25 to 30 Fatbull 10 to 15 Protein
SOME CONCLUSIONS ABOUT PROTEIN
bull Dietary supplementation of protein beyond that necessary to maintain nitrogen balance does not provide additional ergogenic benefit
bull Ingesting carbohydrateprotein prior to exercise may reduce catabolism whereas ingesting carbohydrate protein following exercise may promote glycogen resynthesis a more anabolic hormonal environment and recovery
bull The extent to which these strategies affect training adaptations is unknown
Ergogenic Properties of Protein
bull 1048714 Builds fat-free muscle massbull 1048714 Strength athletes need 14 to 18 g per
kg body weightbull 1048714 Endurance athletes need 12 to 14 g
per kg body weightbull 1048714 Diets exceeding 18 to 20 g per kg body
weight per day have not been proven to provide additional benefits and may damage kidney function
Protein deficiency can lead to symptoms such as fatigue insulin resistance hair loss loss of hair pigment loss of muscle mass low body temperature and hormonal irregularities
Severe protein deficiency is fatal
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) contains 3 forms
kwashiorkor (KW) marasmus
marasmic KW
PEM represent a group of pathologic conditions associated with a nutritional and energy deficit occurring mainly in young children from developing countries at the time of weaning frequently associated with infections mainly gastrointestinal infections
Kwashiorkor occurs in areas of famine limited food supply and low levels of education lead to inadequate knowledge of proper dietEarly symptoms are fatigue irritability and lethargy As protein deprivation continues growth failure loss of muscle mass generalized swelling (edema) decreased immunity occur A large protuberant belly is common Skin conditions (such as dermatitis changes in pigmentation thinning of hair and vitiligo) are seen frequently Shock and coma precede death
protuberant belly
loss of hair pigment
swelling (edema)
6 个月大 出生时有 8 斤半由于母乳少出生几天就给孩子冲奶粉食用两个月后体重是 14 斤 现在却仅有 12 斤乌黑的头发也渐渐稀疏变黄再变白 Skin pigmentation
Marasmus resulting from an insufficient nutritional intake associated with acute conditions (gastroenteritis) or chronic conditions (eg tuberculosis HIV infection)
Marasmus results from a negative energy balance a decreased energy intake increased energy expenditure or both Children adapt to an energy deficit with a decrease in physical activity lethargy a decrease in basal energy metabolism slowing of growth and finally weight loss Pathophysiological changes associated with nutritional and energy deficits can be described as (1) body composition changes (2) metabolic changes and (3) anatomic changes
Body compositionBody mass Body mass is significantly decreased Fat stores can decrease to as low as 5 of the body weight and be macroscopically undetectable The remaining fat is usually stored in the liver body water The proportion of water increases proportion of extracellular water also increases resulting in edema protein mass can decrease up to 30 The muscle fibers are thin Muscle cells are atrophic
Other organ mass
The brain skeleton and kidney are
preserved whereas the liver heart
pancreas and digestive tract are first
affected
bull This is typically a disease of impoverished countries because of drought or political turmoil
bull Improving calorie and protein intake will correct it treatment is not started too late
bull Full height and growth potential will never be achieved in children
bull Severe kwashiorkor may leave a child with permanent mental and physical disabilities
Monkey face
Excess protein can cause problems as well such as causing the immune system to overreact liver dysfunction from increased toxic residues bone loss due to increased acidity in the blood diet high in meat could lead to high cholesterol or other diseases such as gout Another potential problem is that may put a strain on the kidneys
Side Effects
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Dietary Protein Amino Acid Pool ampMetabolic Pathways
bull Unlike carbohydrate or fat there is no specific storage depot for proteins or amino acids
bull Instead the amino acid pool of the blood plasma acts as a reservoir which each tissue can draw upon
bull bullEach tissue makes those specific proteins which it needs controlled by the active genes in that tissue
bull The liver is the major organ involved in protein metabolism especially for deamination urea synthesis and gluconeogenesis
bull A normal diet should contain sufficient protein for metabolic needs
bull Complete proteins with 9 essential amino acids which the body cannot synthesize eg phenylalanine Most plant proteins are incomplete
Metabolic Pathways of Proteins amp Amino Acids
Protein amp Amino Acid Anabolism
bull bull PROTEIN SYNTHESIS occurs on ribosomes in every cell and is stimulated by Anabolic Hormones
bull - Insulin-like Growth Factor(IGF)bull - Thyroxine (in growing children) bull - Insulinbull - Estrogen amp Testosteronebull bull Weight-bearing exercise causesbull anabolism amp growth of musclebull Non essential amino acids can be synthesized by
TRANSAMINATION (transfer of an amino group to a keto acid to create an amino acid)
Answers for Metabolic Pathways
bull 1 GLYCOLYSISbull 2 KREBS (TCA) CYCLEbull 3 OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATIONbull 4 GLYCOGENOLYSISbull 5 GLYCOGENESISbull 6 GLUCONEOGENESISbull 7 LIPOLYSIS (LIPID MOBILISATION)bull 8 LIPOGENESISbull 9 PROTEIN HYDROLYSIS (PROTEIN MOBILISATION)bull 10 PROTEIN SYNTHESISbull 11 BETA OXIDATIONbull 12 KETOGENESISbull 13 DEAMINATION
RECOMMENDED NUTRITIONAL INTAKECOMPOSITION
bull 55 to 65 Carbohydratebull 25 to 30 Fatbull 10 to 15 Protein
SOME CONCLUSIONS ABOUT PROTEIN
bull Dietary supplementation of protein beyond that necessary to maintain nitrogen balance does not provide additional ergogenic benefit
bull Ingesting carbohydrateprotein prior to exercise may reduce catabolism whereas ingesting carbohydrate protein following exercise may promote glycogen resynthesis a more anabolic hormonal environment and recovery
bull The extent to which these strategies affect training adaptations is unknown
Ergogenic Properties of Protein
bull 1048714 Builds fat-free muscle massbull 1048714 Strength athletes need 14 to 18 g per
kg body weightbull 1048714 Endurance athletes need 12 to 14 g
per kg body weightbull 1048714 Diets exceeding 18 to 20 g per kg body
weight per day have not been proven to provide additional benefits and may damage kidney function
Protein deficiency can lead to symptoms such as fatigue insulin resistance hair loss loss of hair pigment loss of muscle mass low body temperature and hormonal irregularities
Severe protein deficiency is fatal
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) contains 3 forms
kwashiorkor (KW) marasmus
marasmic KW
PEM represent a group of pathologic conditions associated with a nutritional and energy deficit occurring mainly in young children from developing countries at the time of weaning frequently associated with infections mainly gastrointestinal infections
Kwashiorkor occurs in areas of famine limited food supply and low levels of education lead to inadequate knowledge of proper dietEarly symptoms are fatigue irritability and lethargy As protein deprivation continues growth failure loss of muscle mass generalized swelling (edema) decreased immunity occur A large protuberant belly is common Skin conditions (such as dermatitis changes in pigmentation thinning of hair and vitiligo) are seen frequently Shock and coma precede death
protuberant belly
loss of hair pigment
swelling (edema)
6 个月大 出生时有 8 斤半由于母乳少出生几天就给孩子冲奶粉食用两个月后体重是 14 斤 现在却仅有 12 斤乌黑的头发也渐渐稀疏变黄再变白 Skin pigmentation
Marasmus resulting from an insufficient nutritional intake associated with acute conditions (gastroenteritis) or chronic conditions (eg tuberculosis HIV infection)
Marasmus results from a negative energy balance a decreased energy intake increased energy expenditure or both Children adapt to an energy deficit with a decrease in physical activity lethargy a decrease in basal energy metabolism slowing of growth and finally weight loss Pathophysiological changes associated with nutritional and energy deficits can be described as (1) body composition changes (2) metabolic changes and (3) anatomic changes
Body compositionBody mass Body mass is significantly decreased Fat stores can decrease to as low as 5 of the body weight and be macroscopically undetectable The remaining fat is usually stored in the liver body water The proportion of water increases proportion of extracellular water also increases resulting in edema protein mass can decrease up to 30 The muscle fibers are thin Muscle cells are atrophic
Other organ mass
The brain skeleton and kidney are
preserved whereas the liver heart
pancreas and digestive tract are first
affected
bull This is typically a disease of impoverished countries because of drought or political turmoil
bull Improving calorie and protein intake will correct it treatment is not started too late
bull Full height and growth potential will never be achieved in children
bull Severe kwashiorkor may leave a child with permanent mental and physical disabilities
Monkey face
Excess protein can cause problems as well such as causing the immune system to overreact liver dysfunction from increased toxic residues bone loss due to increased acidity in the blood diet high in meat could lead to high cholesterol or other diseases such as gout Another potential problem is that may put a strain on the kidneys
Side Effects
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bull The liver is the major organ involved in protein metabolism especially for deamination urea synthesis and gluconeogenesis
bull A normal diet should contain sufficient protein for metabolic needs
bull Complete proteins with 9 essential amino acids which the body cannot synthesize eg phenylalanine Most plant proteins are incomplete
Metabolic Pathways of Proteins amp Amino Acids
Protein amp Amino Acid Anabolism
bull bull PROTEIN SYNTHESIS occurs on ribosomes in every cell and is stimulated by Anabolic Hormones
bull - Insulin-like Growth Factor(IGF)bull - Thyroxine (in growing children) bull - Insulinbull - Estrogen amp Testosteronebull bull Weight-bearing exercise causesbull anabolism amp growth of musclebull Non essential amino acids can be synthesized by
TRANSAMINATION (transfer of an amino group to a keto acid to create an amino acid)
Answers for Metabolic Pathways
bull 1 GLYCOLYSISbull 2 KREBS (TCA) CYCLEbull 3 OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATIONbull 4 GLYCOGENOLYSISbull 5 GLYCOGENESISbull 6 GLUCONEOGENESISbull 7 LIPOLYSIS (LIPID MOBILISATION)bull 8 LIPOGENESISbull 9 PROTEIN HYDROLYSIS (PROTEIN MOBILISATION)bull 10 PROTEIN SYNTHESISbull 11 BETA OXIDATIONbull 12 KETOGENESISbull 13 DEAMINATION
RECOMMENDED NUTRITIONAL INTAKECOMPOSITION
bull 55 to 65 Carbohydratebull 25 to 30 Fatbull 10 to 15 Protein
SOME CONCLUSIONS ABOUT PROTEIN
bull Dietary supplementation of protein beyond that necessary to maintain nitrogen balance does not provide additional ergogenic benefit
bull Ingesting carbohydrateprotein prior to exercise may reduce catabolism whereas ingesting carbohydrate protein following exercise may promote glycogen resynthesis a more anabolic hormonal environment and recovery
bull The extent to which these strategies affect training adaptations is unknown
Ergogenic Properties of Protein
bull 1048714 Builds fat-free muscle massbull 1048714 Strength athletes need 14 to 18 g per
kg body weightbull 1048714 Endurance athletes need 12 to 14 g
per kg body weightbull 1048714 Diets exceeding 18 to 20 g per kg body
weight per day have not been proven to provide additional benefits and may damage kidney function
Protein deficiency can lead to symptoms such as fatigue insulin resistance hair loss loss of hair pigment loss of muscle mass low body temperature and hormonal irregularities
Severe protein deficiency is fatal
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) contains 3 forms
kwashiorkor (KW) marasmus
marasmic KW
PEM represent a group of pathologic conditions associated with a nutritional and energy deficit occurring mainly in young children from developing countries at the time of weaning frequently associated with infections mainly gastrointestinal infections
Kwashiorkor occurs in areas of famine limited food supply and low levels of education lead to inadequate knowledge of proper dietEarly symptoms are fatigue irritability and lethargy As protein deprivation continues growth failure loss of muscle mass generalized swelling (edema) decreased immunity occur A large protuberant belly is common Skin conditions (such as dermatitis changes in pigmentation thinning of hair and vitiligo) are seen frequently Shock and coma precede death
protuberant belly
loss of hair pigment
swelling (edema)
6 个月大 出生时有 8 斤半由于母乳少出生几天就给孩子冲奶粉食用两个月后体重是 14 斤 现在却仅有 12 斤乌黑的头发也渐渐稀疏变黄再变白 Skin pigmentation
Marasmus resulting from an insufficient nutritional intake associated with acute conditions (gastroenteritis) or chronic conditions (eg tuberculosis HIV infection)
Marasmus results from a negative energy balance a decreased energy intake increased energy expenditure or both Children adapt to an energy deficit with a decrease in physical activity lethargy a decrease in basal energy metabolism slowing of growth and finally weight loss Pathophysiological changes associated with nutritional and energy deficits can be described as (1) body composition changes (2) metabolic changes and (3) anatomic changes
Body compositionBody mass Body mass is significantly decreased Fat stores can decrease to as low as 5 of the body weight and be macroscopically undetectable The remaining fat is usually stored in the liver body water The proportion of water increases proportion of extracellular water also increases resulting in edema protein mass can decrease up to 30 The muscle fibers are thin Muscle cells are atrophic
Other organ mass
The brain skeleton and kidney are
preserved whereas the liver heart
pancreas and digestive tract are first
affected
bull This is typically a disease of impoverished countries because of drought or political turmoil
bull Improving calorie and protein intake will correct it treatment is not started too late
bull Full height and growth potential will never be achieved in children
bull Severe kwashiorkor may leave a child with permanent mental and physical disabilities
Monkey face
Excess protein can cause problems as well such as causing the immune system to overreact liver dysfunction from increased toxic residues bone loss due to increased acidity in the blood diet high in meat could lead to high cholesterol or other diseases such as gout Another potential problem is that may put a strain on the kidneys
Side Effects
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Metabolic Pathways of Proteins amp Amino Acids
Protein amp Amino Acid Anabolism
bull bull PROTEIN SYNTHESIS occurs on ribosomes in every cell and is stimulated by Anabolic Hormones
bull - Insulin-like Growth Factor(IGF)bull - Thyroxine (in growing children) bull - Insulinbull - Estrogen amp Testosteronebull bull Weight-bearing exercise causesbull anabolism amp growth of musclebull Non essential amino acids can be synthesized by
TRANSAMINATION (transfer of an amino group to a keto acid to create an amino acid)
Answers for Metabolic Pathways
bull 1 GLYCOLYSISbull 2 KREBS (TCA) CYCLEbull 3 OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATIONbull 4 GLYCOGENOLYSISbull 5 GLYCOGENESISbull 6 GLUCONEOGENESISbull 7 LIPOLYSIS (LIPID MOBILISATION)bull 8 LIPOGENESISbull 9 PROTEIN HYDROLYSIS (PROTEIN MOBILISATION)bull 10 PROTEIN SYNTHESISbull 11 BETA OXIDATIONbull 12 KETOGENESISbull 13 DEAMINATION
RECOMMENDED NUTRITIONAL INTAKECOMPOSITION
bull 55 to 65 Carbohydratebull 25 to 30 Fatbull 10 to 15 Protein
SOME CONCLUSIONS ABOUT PROTEIN
bull Dietary supplementation of protein beyond that necessary to maintain nitrogen balance does not provide additional ergogenic benefit
bull Ingesting carbohydrateprotein prior to exercise may reduce catabolism whereas ingesting carbohydrate protein following exercise may promote glycogen resynthesis a more anabolic hormonal environment and recovery
bull The extent to which these strategies affect training adaptations is unknown
Ergogenic Properties of Protein
bull 1048714 Builds fat-free muscle massbull 1048714 Strength athletes need 14 to 18 g per
kg body weightbull 1048714 Endurance athletes need 12 to 14 g
per kg body weightbull 1048714 Diets exceeding 18 to 20 g per kg body
weight per day have not been proven to provide additional benefits and may damage kidney function
Protein deficiency can lead to symptoms such as fatigue insulin resistance hair loss loss of hair pigment loss of muscle mass low body temperature and hormonal irregularities
Severe protein deficiency is fatal
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) contains 3 forms
kwashiorkor (KW) marasmus
marasmic KW
PEM represent a group of pathologic conditions associated with a nutritional and energy deficit occurring mainly in young children from developing countries at the time of weaning frequently associated with infections mainly gastrointestinal infections
Kwashiorkor occurs in areas of famine limited food supply and low levels of education lead to inadequate knowledge of proper dietEarly symptoms are fatigue irritability and lethargy As protein deprivation continues growth failure loss of muscle mass generalized swelling (edema) decreased immunity occur A large protuberant belly is common Skin conditions (such as dermatitis changes in pigmentation thinning of hair and vitiligo) are seen frequently Shock and coma precede death
protuberant belly
loss of hair pigment
swelling (edema)
6 个月大 出生时有 8 斤半由于母乳少出生几天就给孩子冲奶粉食用两个月后体重是 14 斤 现在却仅有 12 斤乌黑的头发也渐渐稀疏变黄再变白 Skin pigmentation
Marasmus resulting from an insufficient nutritional intake associated with acute conditions (gastroenteritis) or chronic conditions (eg tuberculosis HIV infection)
Marasmus results from a negative energy balance a decreased energy intake increased energy expenditure or both Children adapt to an energy deficit with a decrease in physical activity lethargy a decrease in basal energy metabolism slowing of growth and finally weight loss Pathophysiological changes associated with nutritional and energy deficits can be described as (1) body composition changes (2) metabolic changes and (3) anatomic changes
Body compositionBody mass Body mass is significantly decreased Fat stores can decrease to as low as 5 of the body weight and be macroscopically undetectable The remaining fat is usually stored in the liver body water The proportion of water increases proportion of extracellular water also increases resulting in edema protein mass can decrease up to 30 The muscle fibers are thin Muscle cells are atrophic
Other organ mass
The brain skeleton and kidney are
preserved whereas the liver heart
pancreas and digestive tract are first
affected
bull This is typically a disease of impoverished countries because of drought or political turmoil
bull Improving calorie and protein intake will correct it treatment is not started too late
bull Full height and growth potential will never be achieved in children
bull Severe kwashiorkor may leave a child with permanent mental and physical disabilities
Monkey face
Excess protein can cause problems as well such as causing the immune system to overreact liver dysfunction from increased toxic residues bone loss due to increased acidity in the blood diet high in meat could lead to high cholesterol or other diseases such as gout Another potential problem is that may put a strain on the kidneys
Side Effects
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Protein amp Amino Acid Anabolism
bull bull PROTEIN SYNTHESIS occurs on ribosomes in every cell and is stimulated by Anabolic Hormones
bull - Insulin-like Growth Factor(IGF)bull - Thyroxine (in growing children) bull - Insulinbull - Estrogen amp Testosteronebull bull Weight-bearing exercise causesbull anabolism amp growth of musclebull Non essential amino acids can be synthesized by
TRANSAMINATION (transfer of an amino group to a keto acid to create an amino acid)
Answers for Metabolic Pathways
bull 1 GLYCOLYSISbull 2 KREBS (TCA) CYCLEbull 3 OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATIONbull 4 GLYCOGENOLYSISbull 5 GLYCOGENESISbull 6 GLUCONEOGENESISbull 7 LIPOLYSIS (LIPID MOBILISATION)bull 8 LIPOGENESISbull 9 PROTEIN HYDROLYSIS (PROTEIN MOBILISATION)bull 10 PROTEIN SYNTHESISbull 11 BETA OXIDATIONbull 12 KETOGENESISbull 13 DEAMINATION
RECOMMENDED NUTRITIONAL INTAKECOMPOSITION
bull 55 to 65 Carbohydratebull 25 to 30 Fatbull 10 to 15 Protein
SOME CONCLUSIONS ABOUT PROTEIN
bull Dietary supplementation of protein beyond that necessary to maintain nitrogen balance does not provide additional ergogenic benefit
bull Ingesting carbohydrateprotein prior to exercise may reduce catabolism whereas ingesting carbohydrate protein following exercise may promote glycogen resynthesis a more anabolic hormonal environment and recovery
bull The extent to which these strategies affect training adaptations is unknown
Ergogenic Properties of Protein
bull 1048714 Builds fat-free muscle massbull 1048714 Strength athletes need 14 to 18 g per
kg body weightbull 1048714 Endurance athletes need 12 to 14 g
per kg body weightbull 1048714 Diets exceeding 18 to 20 g per kg body
weight per day have not been proven to provide additional benefits and may damage kidney function
Protein deficiency can lead to symptoms such as fatigue insulin resistance hair loss loss of hair pigment loss of muscle mass low body temperature and hormonal irregularities
Severe protein deficiency is fatal
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) contains 3 forms
kwashiorkor (KW) marasmus
marasmic KW
PEM represent a group of pathologic conditions associated with a nutritional and energy deficit occurring mainly in young children from developing countries at the time of weaning frequently associated with infections mainly gastrointestinal infections
Kwashiorkor occurs in areas of famine limited food supply and low levels of education lead to inadequate knowledge of proper dietEarly symptoms are fatigue irritability and lethargy As protein deprivation continues growth failure loss of muscle mass generalized swelling (edema) decreased immunity occur A large protuberant belly is common Skin conditions (such as dermatitis changes in pigmentation thinning of hair and vitiligo) are seen frequently Shock and coma precede death
protuberant belly
loss of hair pigment
swelling (edema)
6 个月大 出生时有 8 斤半由于母乳少出生几天就给孩子冲奶粉食用两个月后体重是 14 斤 现在却仅有 12 斤乌黑的头发也渐渐稀疏变黄再变白 Skin pigmentation
Marasmus resulting from an insufficient nutritional intake associated with acute conditions (gastroenteritis) or chronic conditions (eg tuberculosis HIV infection)
Marasmus results from a negative energy balance a decreased energy intake increased energy expenditure or both Children adapt to an energy deficit with a decrease in physical activity lethargy a decrease in basal energy metabolism slowing of growth and finally weight loss Pathophysiological changes associated with nutritional and energy deficits can be described as (1) body composition changes (2) metabolic changes and (3) anatomic changes
Body compositionBody mass Body mass is significantly decreased Fat stores can decrease to as low as 5 of the body weight and be macroscopically undetectable The remaining fat is usually stored in the liver body water The proportion of water increases proportion of extracellular water also increases resulting in edema protein mass can decrease up to 30 The muscle fibers are thin Muscle cells are atrophic
Other organ mass
The brain skeleton and kidney are
preserved whereas the liver heart
pancreas and digestive tract are first
affected
bull This is typically a disease of impoverished countries because of drought or political turmoil
bull Improving calorie and protein intake will correct it treatment is not started too late
bull Full height and growth potential will never be achieved in children
bull Severe kwashiorkor may leave a child with permanent mental and physical disabilities
Monkey face
Excess protein can cause problems as well such as causing the immune system to overreact liver dysfunction from increased toxic residues bone loss due to increased acidity in the blood diet high in meat could lead to high cholesterol or other diseases such as gout Another potential problem is that may put a strain on the kidneys
Side Effects
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Answers for Metabolic Pathways
bull 1 GLYCOLYSISbull 2 KREBS (TCA) CYCLEbull 3 OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATIONbull 4 GLYCOGENOLYSISbull 5 GLYCOGENESISbull 6 GLUCONEOGENESISbull 7 LIPOLYSIS (LIPID MOBILISATION)bull 8 LIPOGENESISbull 9 PROTEIN HYDROLYSIS (PROTEIN MOBILISATION)bull 10 PROTEIN SYNTHESISbull 11 BETA OXIDATIONbull 12 KETOGENESISbull 13 DEAMINATION
RECOMMENDED NUTRITIONAL INTAKECOMPOSITION
bull 55 to 65 Carbohydratebull 25 to 30 Fatbull 10 to 15 Protein
SOME CONCLUSIONS ABOUT PROTEIN
bull Dietary supplementation of protein beyond that necessary to maintain nitrogen balance does not provide additional ergogenic benefit
bull Ingesting carbohydrateprotein prior to exercise may reduce catabolism whereas ingesting carbohydrate protein following exercise may promote glycogen resynthesis a more anabolic hormonal environment and recovery
bull The extent to which these strategies affect training adaptations is unknown
Ergogenic Properties of Protein
bull 1048714 Builds fat-free muscle massbull 1048714 Strength athletes need 14 to 18 g per
kg body weightbull 1048714 Endurance athletes need 12 to 14 g
per kg body weightbull 1048714 Diets exceeding 18 to 20 g per kg body
weight per day have not been proven to provide additional benefits and may damage kidney function
Protein deficiency can lead to symptoms such as fatigue insulin resistance hair loss loss of hair pigment loss of muscle mass low body temperature and hormonal irregularities
Severe protein deficiency is fatal
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) contains 3 forms
kwashiorkor (KW) marasmus
marasmic KW
PEM represent a group of pathologic conditions associated with a nutritional and energy deficit occurring mainly in young children from developing countries at the time of weaning frequently associated with infections mainly gastrointestinal infections
Kwashiorkor occurs in areas of famine limited food supply and low levels of education lead to inadequate knowledge of proper dietEarly symptoms are fatigue irritability and lethargy As protein deprivation continues growth failure loss of muscle mass generalized swelling (edema) decreased immunity occur A large protuberant belly is common Skin conditions (such as dermatitis changes in pigmentation thinning of hair and vitiligo) are seen frequently Shock and coma precede death
protuberant belly
loss of hair pigment
swelling (edema)
6 个月大 出生时有 8 斤半由于母乳少出生几天就给孩子冲奶粉食用两个月后体重是 14 斤 现在却仅有 12 斤乌黑的头发也渐渐稀疏变黄再变白 Skin pigmentation
Marasmus resulting from an insufficient nutritional intake associated with acute conditions (gastroenteritis) or chronic conditions (eg tuberculosis HIV infection)
Marasmus results from a negative energy balance a decreased energy intake increased energy expenditure or both Children adapt to an energy deficit with a decrease in physical activity lethargy a decrease in basal energy metabolism slowing of growth and finally weight loss Pathophysiological changes associated with nutritional and energy deficits can be described as (1) body composition changes (2) metabolic changes and (3) anatomic changes
Body compositionBody mass Body mass is significantly decreased Fat stores can decrease to as low as 5 of the body weight and be macroscopically undetectable The remaining fat is usually stored in the liver body water The proportion of water increases proportion of extracellular water also increases resulting in edema protein mass can decrease up to 30 The muscle fibers are thin Muscle cells are atrophic
Other organ mass
The brain skeleton and kidney are
preserved whereas the liver heart
pancreas and digestive tract are first
affected
bull This is typically a disease of impoverished countries because of drought or political turmoil
bull Improving calorie and protein intake will correct it treatment is not started too late
bull Full height and growth potential will never be achieved in children
bull Severe kwashiorkor may leave a child with permanent mental and physical disabilities
Monkey face
Excess protein can cause problems as well such as causing the immune system to overreact liver dysfunction from increased toxic residues bone loss due to increased acidity in the blood diet high in meat could lead to high cholesterol or other diseases such as gout Another potential problem is that may put a strain on the kidneys
Side Effects
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RECOMMENDED NUTRITIONAL INTAKECOMPOSITION
bull 55 to 65 Carbohydratebull 25 to 30 Fatbull 10 to 15 Protein
SOME CONCLUSIONS ABOUT PROTEIN
bull Dietary supplementation of protein beyond that necessary to maintain nitrogen balance does not provide additional ergogenic benefit
bull Ingesting carbohydrateprotein prior to exercise may reduce catabolism whereas ingesting carbohydrate protein following exercise may promote glycogen resynthesis a more anabolic hormonal environment and recovery
bull The extent to which these strategies affect training adaptations is unknown
Ergogenic Properties of Protein
bull 1048714 Builds fat-free muscle massbull 1048714 Strength athletes need 14 to 18 g per
kg body weightbull 1048714 Endurance athletes need 12 to 14 g
per kg body weightbull 1048714 Diets exceeding 18 to 20 g per kg body
weight per day have not been proven to provide additional benefits and may damage kidney function
Protein deficiency can lead to symptoms such as fatigue insulin resistance hair loss loss of hair pigment loss of muscle mass low body temperature and hormonal irregularities
Severe protein deficiency is fatal
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) contains 3 forms
kwashiorkor (KW) marasmus
marasmic KW
PEM represent a group of pathologic conditions associated with a nutritional and energy deficit occurring mainly in young children from developing countries at the time of weaning frequently associated with infections mainly gastrointestinal infections
Kwashiorkor occurs in areas of famine limited food supply and low levels of education lead to inadequate knowledge of proper dietEarly symptoms are fatigue irritability and lethargy As protein deprivation continues growth failure loss of muscle mass generalized swelling (edema) decreased immunity occur A large protuberant belly is common Skin conditions (such as dermatitis changes in pigmentation thinning of hair and vitiligo) are seen frequently Shock and coma precede death
protuberant belly
loss of hair pigment
swelling (edema)
6 个月大 出生时有 8 斤半由于母乳少出生几天就给孩子冲奶粉食用两个月后体重是 14 斤 现在却仅有 12 斤乌黑的头发也渐渐稀疏变黄再变白 Skin pigmentation
Marasmus resulting from an insufficient nutritional intake associated with acute conditions (gastroenteritis) or chronic conditions (eg tuberculosis HIV infection)
Marasmus results from a negative energy balance a decreased energy intake increased energy expenditure or both Children adapt to an energy deficit with a decrease in physical activity lethargy a decrease in basal energy metabolism slowing of growth and finally weight loss Pathophysiological changes associated with nutritional and energy deficits can be described as (1) body composition changes (2) metabolic changes and (3) anatomic changes
Body compositionBody mass Body mass is significantly decreased Fat stores can decrease to as low as 5 of the body weight and be macroscopically undetectable The remaining fat is usually stored in the liver body water The proportion of water increases proportion of extracellular water also increases resulting in edema protein mass can decrease up to 30 The muscle fibers are thin Muscle cells are atrophic
Other organ mass
The brain skeleton and kidney are
preserved whereas the liver heart
pancreas and digestive tract are first
affected
bull This is typically a disease of impoverished countries because of drought or political turmoil
bull Improving calorie and protein intake will correct it treatment is not started too late
bull Full height and growth potential will never be achieved in children
bull Severe kwashiorkor may leave a child with permanent mental and physical disabilities
Monkey face
Excess protein can cause problems as well such as causing the immune system to overreact liver dysfunction from increased toxic residues bone loss due to increased acidity in the blood diet high in meat could lead to high cholesterol or other diseases such as gout Another potential problem is that may put a strain on the kidneys
Side Effects
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SOME CONCLUSIONS ABOUT PROTEIN
bull Dietary supplementation of protein beyond that necessary to maintain nitrogen balance does not provide additional ergogenic benefit
bull Ingesting carbohydrateprotein prior to exercise may reduce catabolism whereas ingesting carbohydrate protein following exercise may promote glycogen resynthesis a more anabolic hormonal environment and recovery
bull The extent to which these strategies affect training adaptations is unknown
Ergogenic Properties of Protein
bull 1048714 Builds fat-free muscle massbull 1048714 Strength athletes need 14 to 18 g per
kg body weightbull 1048714 Endurance athletes need 12 to 14 g
per kg body weightbull 1048714 Diets exceeding 18 to 20 g per kg body
weight per day have not been proven to provide additional benefits and may damage kidney function
Protein deficiency can lead to symptoms such as fatigue insulin resistance hair loss loss of hair pigment loss of muscle mass low body temperature and hormonal irregularities
Severe protein deficiency is fatal
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) contains 3 forms
kwashiorkor (KW) marasmus
marasmic KW
PEM represent a group of pathologic conditions associated with a nutritional and energy deficit occurring mainly in young children from developing countries at the time of weaning frequently associated with infections mainly gastrointestinal infections
Kwashiorkor occurs in areas of famine limited food supply and low levels of education lead to inadequate knowledge of proper dietEarly symptoms are fatigue irritability and lethargy As protein deprivation continues growth failure loss of muscle mass generalized swelling (edema) decreased immunity occur A large protuberant belly is common Skin conditions (such as dermatitis changes in pigmentation thinning of hair and vitiligo) are seen frequently Shock and coma precede death
protuberant belly
loss of hair pigment
swelling (edema)
6 个月大 出生时有 8 斤半由于母乳少出生几天就给孩子冲奶粉食用两个月后体重是 14 斤 现在却仅有 12 斤乌黑的头发也渐渐稀疏变黄再变白 Skin pigmentation
Marasmus resulting from an insufficient nutritional intake associated with acute conditions (gastroenteritis) or chronic conditions (eg tuberculosis HIV infection)
Marasmus results from a negative energy balance a decreased energy intake increased energy expenditure or both Children adapt to an energy deficit with a decrease in physical activity lethargy a decrease in basal energy metabolism slowing of growth and finally weight loss Pathophysiological changes associated with nutritional and energy deficits can be described as (1) body composition changes (2) metabolic changes and (3) anatomic changes
Body compositionBody mass Body mass is significantly decreased Fat stores can decrease to as low as 5 of the body weight and be macroscopically undetectable The remaining fat is usually stored in the liver body water The proportion of water increases proportion of extracellular water also increases resulting in edema protein mass can decrease up to 30 The muscle fibers are thin Muscle cells are atrophic
Other organ mass
The brain skeleton and kidney are
preserved whereas the liver heart
pancreas and digestive tract are first
affected
bull This is typically a disease of impoverished countries because of drought or political turmoil
bull Improving calorie and protein intake will correct it treatment is not started too late
bull Full height and growth potential will never be achieved in children
bull Severe kwashiorkor may leave a child with permanent mental and physical disabilities
Monkey face
Excess protein can cause problems as well such as causing the immune system to overreact liver dysfunction from increased toxic residues bone loss due to increased acidity in the blood diet high in meat could lead to high cholesterol or other diseases such as gout Another potential problem is that may put a strain on the kidneys
Side Effects
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Ergogenic Properties of Protein
bull 1048714 Builds fat-free muscle massbull 1048714 Strength athletes need 14 to 18 g per
kg body weightbull 1048714 Endurance athletes need 12 to 14 g
per kg body weightbull 1048714 Diets exceeding 18 to 20 g per kg body
weight per day have not been proven to provide additional benefits and may damage kidney function
Protein deficiency can lead to symptoms such as fatigue insulin resistance hair loss loss of hair pigment loss of muscle mass low body temperature and hormonal irregularities
Severe protein deficiency is fatal
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) contains 3 forms
kwashiorkor (KW) marasmus
marasmic KW
PEM represent a group of pathologic conditions associated with a nutritional and energy deficit occurring mainly in young children from developing countries at the time of weaning frequently associated with infections mainly gastrointestinal infections
Kwashiorkor occurs in areas of famine limited food supply and low levels of education lead to inadequate knowledge of proper dietEarly symptoms are fatigue irritability and lethargy As protein deprivation continues growth failure loss of muscle mass generalized swelling (edema) decreased immunity occur A large protuberant belly is common Skin conditions (such as dermatitis changes in pigmentation thinning of hair and vitiligo) are seen frequently Shock and coma precede death
protuberant belly
loss of hair pigment
swelling (edema)
6 个月大 出生时有 8 斤半由于母乳少出生几天就给孩子冲奶粉食用两个月后体重是 14 斤 现在却仅有 12 斤乌黑的头发也渐渐稀疏变黄再变白 Skin pigmentation
Marasmus resulting from an insufficient nutritional intake associated with acute conditions (gastroenteritis) or chronic conditions (eg tuberculosis HIV infection)
Marasmus results from a negative energy balance a decreased energy intake increased energy expenditure or both Children adapt to an energy deficit with a decrease in physical activity lethargy a decrease in basal energy metabolism slowing of growth and finally weight loss Pathophysiological changes associated with nutritional and energy deficits can be described as (1) body composition changes (2) metabolic changes and (3) anatomic changes
Body compositionBody mass Body mass is significantly decreased Fat stores can decrease to as low as 5 of the body weight and be macroscopically undetectable The remaining fat is usually stored in the liver body water The proportion of water increases proportion of extracellular water also increases resulting in edema protein mass can decrease up to 30 The muscle fibers are thin Muscle cells are atrophic
Other organ mass
The brain skeleton and kidney are
preserved whereas the liver heart
pancreas and digestive tract are first
affected
bull This is typically a disease of impoverished countries because of drought or political turmoil
bull Improving calorie and protein intake will correct it treatment is not started too late
bull Full height and growth potential will never be achieved in children
bull Severe kwashiorkor may leave a child with permanent mental and physical disabilities
Monkey face
Excess protein can cause problems as well such as causing the immune system to overreact liver dysfunction from increased toxic residues bone loss due to increased acidity in the blood diet high in meat could lead to high cholesterol or other diseases such as gout Another potential problem is that may put a strain on the kidneys
Side Effects
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Protein deficiency can lead to symptoms such as fatigue insulin resistance hair loss loss of hair pigment loss of muscle mass low body temperature and hormonal irregularities
Severe protein deficiency is fatal
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) contains 3 forms
kwashiorkor (KW) marasmus
marasmic KW
PEM represent a group of pathologic conditions associated with a nutritional and energy deficit occurring mainly in young children from developing countries at the time of weaning frequently associated with infections mainly gastrointestinal infections
Kwashiorkor occurs in areas of famine limited food supply and low levels of education lead to inadequate knowledge of proper dietEarly symptoms are fatigue irritability and lethargy As protein deprivation continues growth failure loss of muscle mass generalized swelling (edema) decreased immunity occur A large protuberant belly is common Skin conditions (such as dermatitis changes in pigmentation thinning of hair and vitiligo) are seen frequently Shock and coma precede death
protuberant belly
loss of hair pigment
swelling (edema)
6 个月大 出生时有 8 斤半由于母乳少出生几天就给孩子冲奶粉食用两个月后体重是 14 斤 现在却仅有 12 斤乌黑的头发也渐渐稀疏变黄再变白 Skin pigmentation
Marasmus resulting from an insufficient nutritional intake associated with acute conditions (gastroenteritis) or chronic conditions (eg tuberculosis HIV infection)
Marasmus results from a negative energy balance a decreased energy intake increased energy expenditure or both Children adapt to an energy deficit with a decrease in physical activity lethargy a decrease in basal energy metabolism slowing of growth and finally weight loss Pathophysiological changes associated with nutritional and energy deficits can be described as (1) body composition changes (2) metabolic changes and (3) anatomic changes
Body compositionBody mass Body mass is significantly decreased Fat stores can decrease to as low as 5 of the body weight and be macroscopically undetectable The remaining fat is usually stored in the liver body water The proportion of water increases proportion of extracellular water also increases resulting in edema protein mass can decrease up to 30 The muscle fibers are thin Muscle cells are atrophic
Other organ mass
The brain skeleton and kidney are
preserved whereas the liver heart
pancreas and digestive tract are first
affected
bull This is typically a disease of impoverished countries because of drought or political turmoil
bull Improving calorie and protein intake will correct it treatment is not started too late
bull Full height and growth potential will never be achieved in children
bull Severe kwashiorkor may leave a child with permanent mental and physical disabilities
Monkey face
Excess protein can cause problems as well such as causing the immune system to overreact liver dysfunction from increased toxic residues bone loss due to increased acidity in the blood diet high in meat could lead to high cholesterol or other diseases such as gout Another potential problem is that may put a strain on the kidneys
Side Effects
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Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) contains 3 forms
kwashiorkor (KW) marasmus
marasmic KW
PEM represent a group of pathologic conditions associated with a nutritional and energy deficit occurring mainly in young children from developing countries at the time of weaning frequently associated with infections mainly gastrointestinal infections
Kwashiorkor occurs in areas of famine limited food supply and low levels of education lead to inadequate knowledge of proper dietEarly symptoms are fatigue irritability and lethargy As protein deprivation continues growth failure loss of muscle mass generalized swelling (edema) decreased immunity occur A large protuberant belly is common Skin conditions (such as dermatitis changes in pigmentation thinning of hair and vitiligo) are seen frequently Shock and coma precede death
protuberant belly
loss of hair pigment
swelling (edema)
6 个月大 出生时有 8 斤半由于母乳少出生几天就给孩子冲奶粉食用两个月后体重是 14 斤 现在却仅有 12 斤乌黑的头发也渐渐稀疏变黄再变白 Skin pigmentation
Marasmus resulting from an insufficient nutritional intake associated with acute conditions (gastroenteritis) or chronic conditions (eg tuberculosis HIV infection)
Marasmus results from a negative energy balance a decreased energy intake increased energy expenditure or both Children adapt to an energy deficit with a decrease in physical activity lethargy a decrease in basal energy metabolism slowing of growth and finally weight loss Pathophysiological changes associated with nutritional and energy deficits can be described as (1) body composition changes (2) metabolic changes and (3) anatomic changes
Body compositionBody mass Body mass is significantly decreased Fat stores can decrease to as low as 5 of the body weight and be macroscopically undetectable The remaining fat is usually stored in the liver body water The proportion of water increases proportion of extracellular water also increases resulting in edema protein mass can decrease up to 30 The muscle fibers are thin Muscle cells are atrophic
Other organ mass
The brain skeleton and kidney are
preserved whereas the liver heart
pancreas and digestive tract are first
affected
bull This is typically a disease of impoverished countries because of drought or political turmoil
bull Improving calorie and protein intake will correct it treatment is not started too late
bull Full height and growth potential will never be achieved in children
bull Severe kwashiorkor may leave a child with permanent mental and physical disabilities
Monkey face
Excess protein can cause problems as well such as causing the immune system to overreact liver dysfunction from increased toxic residues bone loss due to increased acidity in the blood diet high in meat could lead to high cholesterol or other diseases such as gout Another potential problem is that may put a strain on the kidneys
Side Effects
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Kwashiorkor occurs in areas of famine limited food supply and low levels of education lead to inadequate knowledge of proper dietEarly symptoms are fatigue irritability and lethargy As protein deprivation continues growth failure loss of muscle mass generalized swelling (edema) decreased immunity occur A large protuberant belly is common Skin conditions (such as dermatitis changes in pigmentation thinning of hair and vitiligo) are seen frequently Shock and coma precede death
protuberant belly
loss of hair pigment
swelling (edema)
6 个月大 出生时有 8 斤半由于母乳少出生几天就给孩子冲奶粉食用两个月后体重是 14 斤 现在却仅有 12 斤乌黑的头发也渐渐稀疏变黄再变白 Skin pigmentation
Marasmus resulting from an insufficient nutritional intake associated with acute conditions (gastroenteritis) or chronic conditions (eg tuberculosis HIV infection)
Marasmus results from a negative energy balance a decreased energy intake increased energy expenditure or both Children adapt to an energy deficit with a decrease in physical activity lethargy a decrease in basal energy metabolism slowing of growth and finally weight loss Pathophysiological changes associated with nutritional and energy deficits can be described as (1) body composition changes (2) metabolic changes and (3) anatomic changes
Body compositionBody mass Body mass is significantly decreased Fat stores can decrease to as low as 5 of the body weight and be macroscopically undetectable The remaining fat is usually stored in the liver body water The proportion of water increases proportion of extracellular water also increases resulting in edema protein mass can decrease up to 30 The muscle fibers are thin Muscle cells are atrophic
Other organ mass
The brain skeleton and kidney are
preserved whereas the liver heart
pancreas and digestive tract are first
affected
bull This is typically a disease of impoverished countries because of drought or political turmoil
bull Improving calorie and protein intake will correct it treatment is not started too late
bull Full height and growth potential will never be achieved in children
bull Severe kwashiorkor may leave a child with permanent mental and physical disabilities
Monkey face
Excess protein can cause problems as well such as causing the immune system to overreact liver dysfunction from increased toxic residues bone loss due to increased acidity in the blood diet high in meat could lead to high cholesterol or other diseases such as gout Another potential problem is that may put a strain on the kidneys
Side Effects
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protuberant belly
loss of hair pigment
swelling (edema)
6 个月大 出生时有 8 斤半由于母乳少出生几天就给孩子冲奶粉食用两个月后体重是 14 斤 现在却仅有 12 斤乌黑的头发也渐渐稀疏变黄再变白 Skin pigmentation
Marasmus resulting from an insufficient nutritional intake associated with acute conditions (gastroenteritis) or chronic conditions (eg tuberculosis HIV infection)
Marasmus results from a negative energy balance a decreased energy intake increased energy expenditure or both Children adapt to an energy deficit with a decrease in physical activity lethargy a decrease in basal energy metabolism slowing of growth and finally weight loss Pathophysiological changes associated with nutritional and energy deficits can be described as (1) body composition changes (2) metabolic changes and (3) anatomic changes
Body compositionBody mass Body mass is significantly decreased Fat stores can decrease to as low as 5 of the body weight and be macroscopically undetectable The remaining fat is usually stored in the liver body water The proportion of water increases proportion of extracellular water also increases resulting in edema protein mass can decrease up to 30 The muscle fibers are thin Muscle cells are atrophic
Other organ mass
The brain skeleton and kidney are
preserved whereas the liver heart
pancreas and digestive tract are first
affected
bull This is typically a disease of impoverished countries because of drought or political turmoil
bull Improving calorie and protein intake will correct it treatment is not started too late
bull Full height and growth potential will never be achieved in children
bull Severe kwashiorkor may leave a child with permanent mental and physical disabilities
Monkey face
Excess protein can cause problems as well such as causing the immune system to overreact liver dysfunction from increased toxic residues bone loss due to increased acidity in the blood diet high in meat could lead to high cholesterol or other diseases such as gout Another potential problem is that may put a strain on the kidneys
Side Effects
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loss of hair pigment
swelling (edema)
6 个月大 出生时有 8 斤半由于母乳少出生几天就给孩子冲奶粉食用两个月后体重是 14 斤 现在却仅有 12 斤乌黑的头发也渐渐稀疏变黄再变白 Skin pigmentation
Marasmus resulting from an insufficient nutritional intake associated with acute conditions (gastroenteritis) or chronic conditions (eg tuberculosis HIV infection)
Marasmus results from a negative energy balance a decreased energy intake increased energy expenditure or both Children adapt to an energy deficit with a decrease in physical activity lethargy a decrease in basal energy metabolism slowing of growth and finally weight loss Pathophysiological changes associated with nutritional and energy deficits can be described as (1) body composition changes (2) metabolic changes and (3) anatomic changes
Body compositionBody mass Body mass is significantly decreased Fat stores can decrease to as low as 5 of the body weight and be macroscopically undetectable The remaining fat is usually stored in the liver body water The proportion of water increases proportion of extracellular water also increases resulting in edema protein mass can decrease up to 30 The muscle fibers are thin Muscle cells are atrophic
Other organ mass
The brain skeleton and kidney are
preserved whereas the liver heart
pancreas and digestive tract are first
affected
bull This is typically a disease of impoverished countries because of drought or political turmoil
bull Improving calorie and protein intake will correct it treatment is not started too late
bull Full height and growth potential will never be achieved in children
bull Severe kwashiorkor may leave a child with permanent mental and physical disabilities
Monkey face
Excess protein can cause problems as well such as causing the immune system to overreact liver dysfunction from increased toxic residues bone loss due to increased acidity in the blood diet high in meat could lead to high cholesterol or other diseases such as gout Another potential problem is that may put a strain on the kidneys
Side Effects
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swelling (edema)
6 个月大 出生时有 8 斤半由于母乳少出生几天就给孩子冲奶粉食用两个月后体重是 14 斤 现在却仅有 12 斤乌黑的头发也渐渐稀疏变黄再变白 Skin pigmentation
Marasmus resulting from an insufficient nutritional intake associated with acute conditions (gastroenteritis) or chronic conditions (eg tuberculosis HIV infection)
Marasmus results from a negative energy balance a decreased energy intake increased energy expenditure or both Children adapt to an energy deficit with a decrease in physical activity lethargy a decrease in basal energy metabolism slowing of growth and finally weight loss Pathophysiological changes associated with nutritional and energy deficits can be described as (1) body composition changes (2) metabolic changes and (3) anatomic changes
Body compositionBody mass Body mass is significantly decreased Fat stores can decrease to as low as 5 of the body weight and be macroscopically undetectable The remaining fat is usually stored in the liver body water The proportion of water increases proportion of extracellular water also increases resulting in edema protein mass can decrease up to 30 The muscle fibers are thin Muscle cells are atrophic
Other organ mass
The brain skeleton and kidney are
preserved whereas the liver heart
pancreas and digestive tract are first
affected
bull This is typically a disease of impoverished countries because of drought or political turmoil
bull Improving calorie and protein intake will correct it treatment is not started too late
bull Full height and growth potential will never be achieved in children
bull Severe kwashiorkor may leave a child with permanent mental and physical disabilities
Monkey face
Excess protein can cause problems as well such as causing the immune system to overreact liver dysfunction from increased toxic residues bone loss due to increased acidity in the blood diet high in meat could lead to high cholesterol or other diseases such as gout Another potential problem is that may put a strain on the kidneys
Side Effects
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6 个月大 出生时有 8 斤半由于母乳少出生几天就给孩子冲奶粉食用两个月后体重是 14 斤 现在却仅有 12 斤乌黑的头发也渐渐稀疏变黄再变白 Skin pigmentation
Marasmus resulting from an insufficient nutritional intake associated with acute conditions (gastroenteritis) or chronic conditions (eg tuberculosis HIV infection)
Marasmus results from a negative energy balance a decreased energy intake increased energy expenditure or both Children adapt to an energy deficit with a decrease in physical activity lethargy a decrease in basal energy metabolism slowing of growth and finally weight loss Pathophysiological changes associated with nutritional and energy deficits can be described as (1) body composition changes (2) metabolic changes and (3) anatomic changes
Body compositionBody mass Body mass is significantly decreased Fat stores can decrease to as low as 5 of the body weight and be macroscopically undetectable The remaining fat is usually stored in the liver body water The proportion of water increases proportion of extracellular water also increases resulting in edema protein mass can decrease up to 30 The muscle fibers are thin Muscle cells are atrophic
Other organ mass
The brain skeleton and kidney are
preserved whereas the liver heart
pancreas and digestive tract are first
affected
bull This is typically a disease of impoverished countries because of drought or political turmoil
bull Improving calorie and protein intake will correct it treatment is not started too late
bull Full height and growth potential will never be achieved in children
bull Severe kwashiorkor may leave a child with permanent mental and physical disabilities
Monkey face
Excess protein can cause problems as well such as causing the immune system to overreact liver dysfunction from increased toxic residues bone loss due to increased acidity in the blood diet high in meat could lead to high cholesterol or other diseases such as gout Another potential problem is that may put a strain on the kidneys
Side Effects
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Marasmus resulting from an insufficient nutritional intake associated with acute conditions (gastroenteritis) or chronic conditions (eg tuberculosis HIV infection)
Marasmus results from a negative energy balance a decreased energy intake increased energy expenditure or both Children adapt to an energy deficit with a decrease in physical activity lethargy a decrease in basal energy metabolism slowing of growth and finally weight loss Pathophysiological changes associated with nutritional and energy deficits can be described as (1) body composition changes (2) metabolic changes and (3) anatomic changes
Body compositionBody mass Body mass is significantly decreased Fat stores can decrease to as low as 5 of the body weight and be macroscopically undetectable The remaining fat is usually stored in the liver body water The proportion of water increases proportion of extracellular water also increases resulting in edema protein mass can decrease up to 30 The muscle fibers are thin Muscle cells are atrophic
Other organ mass
The brain skeleton and kidney are
preserved whereas the liver heart
pancreas and digestive tract are first
affected
bull This is typically a disease of impoverished countries because of drought or political turmoil
bull Improving calorie and protein intake will correct it treatment is not started too late
bull Full height and growth potential will never be achieved in children
bull Severe kwashiorkor may leave a child with permanent mental and physical disabilities
Monkey face
Excess protein can cause problems as well such as causing the immune system to overreact liver dysfunction from increased toxic residues bone loss due to increased acidity in the blood diet high in meat could lead to high cholesterol or other diseases such as gout Another potential problem is that may put a strain on the kidneys
Side Effects
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Body compositionBody mass Body mass is significantly decreased Fat stores can decrease to as low as 5 of the body weight and be macroscopically undetectable The remaining fat is usually stored in the liver body water The proportion of water increases proportion of extracellular water also increases resulting in edema protein mass can decrease up to 30 The muscle fibers are thin Muscle cells are atrophic
Other organ mass
The brain skeleton and kidney are
preserved whereas the liver heart
pancreas and digestive tract are first
affected
bull This is typically a disease of impoverished countries because of drought or political turmoil
bull Improving calorie and protein intake will correct it treatment is not started too late
bull Full height and growth potential will never be achieved in children
bull Severe kwashiorkor may leave a child with permanent mental and physical disabilities
Monkey face
Excess protein can cause problems as well such as causing the immune system to overreact liver dysfunction from increased toxic residues bone loss due to increased acidity in the blood diet high in meat could lead to high cholesterol or other diseases such as gout Another potential problem is that may put a strain on the kidneys
Side Effects
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Other organ mass
The brain skeleton and kidney are
preserved whereas the liver heart
pancreas and digestive tract are first
affected
bull This is typically a disease of impoverished countries because of drought or political turmoil
bull Improving calorie and protein intake will correct it treatment is not started too late
bull Full height and growth potential will never be achieved in children
bull Severe kwashiorkor may leave a child with permanent mental and physical disabilities
Monkey face
Excess protein can cause problems as well such as causing the immune system to overreact liver dysfunction from increased toxic residues bone loss due to increased acidity in the blood diet high in meat could lead to high cholesterol or other diseases such as gout Another potential problem is that may put a strain on the kidneys
Side Effects
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bull This is typically a disease of impoverished countries because of drought or political turmoil
bull Improving calorie and protein intake will correct it treatment is not started too late
bull Full height and growth potential will never be achieved in children
bull Severe kwashiorkor may leave a child with permanent mental and physical disabilities
Monkey face
Excess protein can cause problems as well such as causing the immune system to overreact liver dysfunction from increased toxic residues bone loss due to increased acidity in the blood diet high in meat could lead to high cholesterol or other diseases such as gout Another potential problem is that may put a strain on the kidneys
Side Effects
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Monkey face
Excess protein can cause problems as well such as causing the immune system to overreact liver dysfunction from increased toxic residues bone loss due to increased acidity in the blood diet high in meat could lead to high cholesterol or other diseases such as gout Another potential problem is that may put a strain on the kidneys
Side Effects
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Excess protein can cause problems as well such as causing the immune system to overreact liver dysfunction from increased toxic residues bone loss due to increased acidity in the blood diet high in meat could lead to high cholesterol or other diseases such as gout Another potential problem is that may put a strain on the kidneys
Side Effects
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