ENERGY BALANCE 16 MARCH 2015. Introduction to energy (nrg) balance As far as energy in the body goes...
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Transcript of ENERGY BALANCE 16 MARCH 2015. Introduction to energy (nrg) balance As far as energy in the body goes...
![Page 1: ENERGY BALANCE 16 MARCH 2015. Introduction to energy (nrg) balance As far as energy in the body goes it is a case of constant spend (catabolism or breakdown.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032723/56649d165503460f949ebb86/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
ENERGY BALANCE
16 MARCH 2015
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Introduction to energy (nrg) balance As far as energy in the body goes it is a case of constant spend (catabolism or breakdown of energy yielding nutrients) and refill (anabolism or build up of energy yielding nutrients Not all excess energy in is stored-some extra energy is used for maintaining extra body weight Slow weight loss desirable –otherwise get the yo-yo effect - diet and exercise is the key to proper weightmanagement
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Energy in governed by a) and b)a) Food composition-calories in food
b) Amount of food intake driven by:
Hunger
Satiation
Satiety
Overriding hunger and satiety signals
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Energy inFood composition
Food composition – the more carbohydrate, lipid and/or protein in food consumed the greater the amount of energy consumed
O2 helps to make energy from food and, in
that sense, oxygen is a nutrient even though the oxygen in food does not contribute to metabolism of the carbohydrate, lipid and protein in food
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Energy in Food intake governed in part by hunger-in part hunger depends on food content of stomach:
-smaller stomach requires less food to fill it
-larger stomach requires more food to fill it
-stomach fullness of course stops hunger -hunger also depends on receptors in the gastrointestinal tract that determine whether nutrient intake has been high or low and this also signals whether one is still hungry
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ENERGY INTAKE CONTINUEDFOOD INTAKE ALSO CONTROLLED BY:
Satiation and Satiety Satiation signal says-when to stop eating Satiety signal says-do not start eating again
Overriding hunger and satiety signals due to: boredom, stress, time of day, availability of food
sight, and/or taste of food all of which may cause us to continue to eat
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Energy outComponents of energy expenditure
Basal metabolism
Physical activity
Thermic effect of food
Adaptive thermogenesis
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Energy out continued
50 % dietary Kcal goes to make ATP and therest of dietary Kcal radiates as heat
50 % of ATP goes to work and 50 % of ATP goes to heat
therefore only 25 % of dietary kcal used for work
Basal metabolismJust to keep the doors open and the heat and lights on -calculated as weight (lbs) x 10 cal/lb
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ENERGY OUT CONTINUEDPhysical activity amount of energy expended depends on in direct proportion to body mass and activity (duration, frequency and intensity). Thermic effect of food-energy utilised to digest absorb and transport and store nutrients
Adaptive thermogenesis-energy consumed during shivering Adaptation to stress (e.g. exercise) - body needs extra energy to build tissues
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GRAND TOTAL ENERGY OUT 2200 kcal/day for females
2900 kcal/day for males
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Measures of body fat distribution
BMI
BMI =kg/m2
underweight <18.5 correct 18.5-24.9 overweight > 25 - 29.9 obese > 30
BMI is not a good measure of body fat distribution
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Measures of body fat distributionWaist circumference Europid Males > 94 cm - increased risk of heart disease, type 2 diabetes, stroke, cancer (including but not limited to colon, prostate, breast)
Europid Females > 80 cm-risk - increased risk of heart disease, type 2 diabetes, stroke, cancer (including but not limited to colon, prostate, breast)
Waist circumference is a good measure of body fatdistribution-particularly good measure of the extent of visceral fat
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Health risks associated with body weight and body fatHealth risks of underweight•Tougher to preserve lean tissue against wasting•Infertility•Giving birth to unhealthy infants
Health risks of overweight•Atherosclerosis(stroke) •Diabetes-type 2 diabetes already discussed •Cancer- weight and weight gain tied in here-
not fully understood why- may be related to hormones
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Supplements alleged to control bodyweight -all claims are false!!
Ma Huang-herb containing ephedrine alleged to induce weight loss
Chromium picolinate-alleged to burn fat
Spirulina-powder from algae-alleged to suppress appetite
Guar gum -alleged to suppress appetite by absorbing water and bloating stomach
Gymnena Sylvestre plant-claimed to block sugar absorption
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Energy control (diet) and exercise combined are the best way to control body weight and hence health.
Energy control (diet) and exercise combined prevent excess body fat related diseases