AP Biology 2008- 2009 ATP Making energy! The point is to make ATP!
Energy & ATP Vocab: ATP Objectives: 1.Describe the structure of ATP and how it stores energy. 2.Give...
-
Upload
franklin-armstrong -
Category
Documents
-
view
212 -
download
0
Transcript of Energy & ATP Vocab: ATP Objectives: 1.Describe the structure of ATP and how it stores energy. 2.Give...
![Page 1: Energy & ATP Vocab: ATP Objectives: 1.Describe the structure of ATP and how it stores energy. 2.Give examples of work that cells perform. 3.Summarize the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfec1a28abf838cb891f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Energy & ATP
Vocab: ATP
Objectives:
1. Describe the structure of ATP and how it stores energy.
2. Give examples of work that cells perform.
3. Summarize the ATP cycle.
![Page 2: Energy & ATP Vocab: ATP Objectives: 1.Describe the structure of ATP and how it stores energy. 2.Give examples of work that cells perform. 3.Summarize the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfec1a28abf838cb891f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Life depends on the fact that energy can be converted from one form to another.
![Page 3: Energy & ATP Vocab: ATP Objectives: 1.Describe the structure of ATP and how it stores energy. 2.Give examples of work that cells perform. 3.Summarize the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfec1a28abf838cb891f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
EnergyEnergy• Energy: the capacity to rearrange matter/ “do
work”• There are two basic forms of energy:
– Kinetic energy- energy of motion; moving objects do work by transferring motion to other matter
• Examples: Motion of one car causes motion of others in a crash.
• Includes: heat (random motion of molecules) & light
– Potential energy- stored energy as a result of location or structure (energy in arrangement of atoms in a molecule)
• Includes: Chemical energy- energy available to cell to do work
![Page 4: Energy & ATP Vocab: ATP Objectives: 1.Describe the structure of ATP and how it stores energy. 2.Give examples of work that cells perform. 3.Summarize the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfec1a28abf838cb891f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Energy Transformations
• Thermodynamics- study of energy transformation that occur in a system (collection of matter)
![Page 5: Energy & ATP Vocab: ATP Objectives: 1.Describe the structure of ATP and how it stores energy. 2.Give examples of work that cells perform. 3.Summarize the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfec1a28abf838cb891f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Endergonic v. Exergonic Rxns
Release EnergyEnergy in Bonds of reactants > Bonds of products Ex.: Combustion; Respiration
Energy Required/AbsorbedEnergy in Bonds of Product > Bonds of Reactants Ex.: Photosynthesis; Biosynthesis
![Page 6: Energy & ATP Vocab: ATP Objectives: 1.Describe the structure of ATP and how it stores energy. 2.Give examples of work that cells perform. 3.Summarize the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfec1a28abf838cb891f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Reactants
Pote
ntia
l ene
rgy
of m
olec
ules
Energy required
Products
Amount ofenergy
required
•Endergonic reaction, energy is absorbed from surroundings.
• Products contain more energy in bonds than reactants.
Examples of endergonic reactions?
![Page 7: Energy & ATP Vocab: ATP Objectives: 1.Describe the structure of ATP and how it stores energy. 2.Give examples of work that cells perform. 3.Summarize the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfec1a28abf838cb891f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Reactants
Amount ofenergy
released
Pote
ntia
l ene
rgy
of m
olec
ules
Energy released
Products
•Exergonic reaction, energy is released.
•Bonds of reactants contain more energy than those in the products. Examples of exergonic reactions?
![Page 8: Energy & ATP Vocab: ATP Objectives: 1.Describe the structure of ATP and how it stores energy. 2.Give examples of work that cells perform. 3.Summarize the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfec1a28abf838cb891f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Endo or Exergonic Reaction?
1. Use of gasoline in a lawn mower2. Photosynthesis3. Synthesis of a protein in a cell4. Synthesis of glycogen in a cell5. Cell Respiration6. Hydrolysis of ATP
![Page 9: Energy & ATP Vocab: ATP Objectives: 1.Describe the structure of ATP and how it stores energy. 2.Give examples of work that cells perform. 3.Summarize the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfec1a28abf838cb891f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
MetabolismSum of all reactions in an organismsMetabolic Pathway: Series of chem. Rxns that builds or breaks down complex molecules.Ex: Respiration; series of rxns that breaks down glucose and slowly releases energy stored in sugar.
![Page 10: Energy & ATP Vocab: ATP Objectives: 1.Describe the structure of ATP and how it stores energy. 2.Give examples of work that cells perform. 3.Summarize the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfec1a28abf838cb891f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Coupled Reactions
Use of energy released in exergonic to drive endergonic reactions
![Page 11: Energy & ATP Vocab: ATP Objectives: 1.Describe the structure of ATP and how it stores energy. 2.Give examples of work that cells perform. 3.Summarize the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfec1a28abf838cb891f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Coupled Reactions
![Page 12: Energy & ATP Vocab: ATP Objectives: 1.Describe the structure of ATP and how it stores energy. 2.Give examples of work that cells perform. 3.Summarize the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfec1a28abf838cb891f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
ATP
Cells do NOT get energy directly from foods; Chemical energy stored in food must first be converted to energy stored in ATP.
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE
Adenosine: nitrogen-containing compound called ADENINE + 5 carbon sugar called RIBOSE
Tail: 3 phosphate groups; SOURCE OF CELLULAR ENERGY.
![Page 13: Energy & ATP Vocab: ATP Objectives: 1.Describe the structure of ATP and how it stores energy. 2.Give examples of work that cells perform. 3.Summarize the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfec1a28abf838cb891f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
ATP to ADP releases Energy
ATP --> ADP + P + ENERGYMore energy Less energy
(Remember: Energy cannot be gained or lost)
Phosphate groups are negatively charged & REPEL one another – This makes ATP unstable.
More Phosphate groups = more potential energy (trying to get away fr. One another).
Energy is released when ATP --> ADP + P
ADP: Adenosine Diphosphate (2 phosphates)
![Page 14: Energy & ATP Vocab: ATP Objectives: 1.Describe the structure of ATP and how it stores energy. 2.Give examples of work that cells perform. 3.Summarize the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfec1a28abf838cb891f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
ATP Cycle
ATP <--> ADP + P + ENERGY
More energy Less energy
![Page 15: Energy & ATP Vocab: ATP Objectives: 1.Describe the structure of ATP and how it stores energy. 2.Give examples of work that cells perform. 3.Summarize the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfec1a28abf838cb891f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Cellular Respiration
![Page 16: Energy & ATP Vocab: ATP Objectives: 1.Describe the structure of ATP and how it stores energy. 2.Give examples of work that cells perform. 3.Summarize the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfec1a28abf838cb891f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
ATP and Cellular WorkATP --> ADP + P + Energy
Enzymes transfer the “P” to other molecules = PHOSPHOROLATION
= Phosphate forms a bond with something else (something more stable; energy released)
Energy released used to MAKE THINGS HAPPEN” = “work”
![Page 17: Energy & ATP Vocab: ATP Objectives: 1.Describe the structure of ATP and how it stores energy. 2.Give examples of work that cells perform. 3.Summarize the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfec1a28abf838cb891f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
EnzymesLower activation energy for reactions to proceed.
![Page 18: Energy & ATP Vocab: ATP Objectives: 1.Describe the structure of ATP and how it stores energy. 2.Give examples of work that cells perform. 3.Summarize the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfec1a28abf838cb891f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Reactionwithoutenzyme
EA with enzyme
Ene
rgy Reactants
Reaction withenzyme
EA withoutenzyme
Netchangein energy(the same)
Products
Progress of the reaction
Figure 5.14 The effect of an enzyme is to lower EA
![Page 19: Energy & ATP Vocab: ATP Objectives: 1.Describe the structure of ATP and how it stores energy. 2.Give examples of work that cells perform. 3.Summarize the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfec1a28abf838cb891f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
a.
b.c.
d.
e.
f.
Enzyme (sucrase)
Active siteSubstrate(sucrose)
Induced Fit
Products released
Substrate hydrolyzed
Catalytic cycle of an enzyme:
![Page 20: Energy & ATP Vocab: ATP Objectives: 1.Describe the structure of ATP and how it stores energy. 2.Give examples of work that cells perform. 3.Summarize the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfec1a28abf838cb891f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Why don’t macromolecules such as DNA, carbohydrates, lipids spontaneously break down into simpler less energetic molecules?
• Energy barrier must be overcome, bonds between atoms must be weakened
• Referred to as energy of activation (EA)
• How can this be accomplished?
1. add heat- problem?
2. enzyme- proteins that function as biological catalyst, lowers EA and are not consumed in reaction