ENERGY AND THE CELL

TO UNDERSTAND SCIENCE YOU HAVE TO UNDERSTAND A FEW KEY THEMES

1. Matter and Energy How they interact with each other and the environment How they move through the environment

2. Systems Basic Structure and how to apply to biological

concepts3. Structure & Function

How does the structure aid in the function?4. Change Over Time5. Behavior & Interactions

MATTER AND ENERGY YOU NEED TO KNOW FOR THIS UNIT

Formulas Must Be Memorized!!!!!

Photosynthesis:CO2 + H2O + Energy C6H12O6 + O2

Cellular Respiration:C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + Energy

SYSTEMS BASIC STRUCTURES1. All Systems must have

boundaries

Question:• What is the boundary for the Animal Cell?

Place where

chemical reactions

occur

SYSTEMS BASIC STRUCTURES2. All systems have sub systems

Question:• What are the sub systems for the Animal Cell?

Maybe a chain of reactions

SYSTEMS BASIC STRUCTURES3. All systems (including subsystems) have

inputs

Question:• What are the inputs for the Animal Cell?

Inputs

What goes in?

(Often called

reactants)

SYSTEMS BASIC STRUCTURES4. All systems (including subsystems) have

outputs

Question:• What are the outputs for the Animal Cell?

Inputs Outputs

What goes out?

(Often called

products)

5. All systems have Feedback loops

Question:• What is the feedback loops for the Animal Cell?

Inputs Outputs

Feedback Loops

What converts the Outputs

back into Inputs?

(Recycling)

SYSTEMS BASIC STRUCTURES

OBTAINING ENERGY IN THE ENVIRONMENT

MATTER V. ENERGYEnergy flows through the environment

Sun E(radiant)

Plants(autotrophs

)

Animals(heterotrop

hs)Heat E

(thermal)

Chemical E

HETEROTROPH V. AUTOTROPH

Hetero - = “different”

Auto- = “self”

-troph = “nourish”

A heterotroph relies on ______ to obtain nourishment.

A autotroph relies on ______ to obtain nourishment.

PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION

Draw pictures and label all materials.• Write TELL-Con to explain how the Chloroplast is a system (subsystems can be left out at this time.)• Write TELL-Con to explain how the Mitochondria is a system (subsystems can be left out at this time.)

THE ENERGY STORING COMPOUNDATP – Pockets of Energy to trigger cellular

reactions. (Like a battery!)

ATP = full batteryADP = ½ empty battery

When ATP is used, energy is release and the output is ADP + P

HOW DOES PLANTS FUNCTION TO CAPTURE MATERIALS TO MAKE FOOD?

PHOTOSYNTHESISWhere: Found in Plant Cells and some bacteria

Structure: Occurs in Chloroplast

Function: Absorb Sunlight & Convert to Chemical Energy (glucose)

Chemical Formula:CO2 + H2O + Energy C6H12O6 + O2

Memorize

USING THE ENERGY OF SUNLIGHT Plants, algae and some bacteria

capture about 1% of the energy in the sunlight that reaches Earth and convert it to chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis.

CONNECTING MACROSYSTEMS TO MICROSYSTEMS

COLORING PACKET P. 14

VASCULAR TISSUES

Xylem – vascular tissue that carries water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant.

Phloem vascular tissue that moves organic compounds from the leaves to the rest of the plants.

PHOTOSYNTHESIS Photosynthesis occurs in the

chloroplasts of plant cells.

6CO2 +6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

PHOTOSYNTHESIS SONG

MOVING MATERIALS IN AND OUT OF THE PLANT CELL MEMBRANEInputs: Water – Carbon dioxide --

Outputs: Majority of Glucose -- Oxygen --

FACTORS THAT AFFECT PHOTOSYNTHESIS

FACTORS THAT AFFECT PHOTOSYNTHESIS

1. Light Intensity The rate of photosynthesis increases as

light intensity increases until the maximum rate of photosynthesis is reached. The rate then stays level regardless of further increases in light intensity.

2. Temperature As temperature increases, the rate of

photosynthesis increases to a maximum and then decreases with further rises in temperature.

FACTORS THAT AFFECT PHOTOSYNTHESIS –CONT.

3. Carbon Dioxide Levels As with increasing light intensity, increasing levels

of carbon dioxide also stimulate photosynthesis until the rate levels off.

STOMA AND GUARD CELLS

Stoma - A pore that permits plants to exchange O2 and CO2.

Guard Cell – two cells that surround the stoma. Open to allow the release of O2 and CO2

TRANSPIRATION

Movement of water from the roots to the leaves, through the xylem, with the assistance of cohesion and evaporation.

TRANSLOCATION Movement of carbohydrates from the

leaf (where photosynthesis made the carbohydrates) to the rest of the plant through the phloem.

TRACE THE MATERIALS IN AND OUT OF THE PLANT…6CO2 +6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

MUST KNOW THE STRUCTURE OF THE CHOLOROPLAST

THE CHOLOPLAST AS A SYSTEM

Stage 1 Energy is captured from sunlight.

Stage 2 Light energy converts to chemical energy through the splitting of water (H2O), which is temporarily stored in ATP and the energy carrier molecule NADPH. O2 is an output.

Stage 3 The chemical energy stored in ATP and NADPH powers the formation of organic compounds, using carbon dioxide.

(The Calvin or carbon fixation cycle)

MUST KNOW THE FORMULA FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS

CO2 + H2O + Energy C6H12O6 + O2

Reactants(Inputs)

Products(Outputs)

Energy Tower!

MUST KNOW HOW THE FORMULA RELATES TO THE CHLOROPLAST

Question:• How is the chloroplast a system?

Inputs Outputs

Feedback Loops

1. For each of the two main stages of photosynthesis, identify the inputs.Inputs of the light reactions are light and water, and ADP, P, and NADP+ from the Calvin cycle. Inputs of the Calvin cycle are CO2, and ATP and NADPH from the light reactions.

Outputs of the light reactions are oxygen, which is released to the atmosphere, and ATP and NADPH, which go into the Calvin cycle. Outputs of the Calvin cycle are ADP, P, and NADP+, which go into the light reactions, and sugar, which is used by the plant.

2. Identify the outputs for each stage, and tell how each is used.

PHOTOSYTHESIS

THE END