Energy and Exergy Based Analysis of Hybrid Solar Dryer 7 No 8/Energy and... · Deepika and Sanjay...

International Electrical Engineering Journal (IEEJ)

Vol. 7 (2016) No.8, pp. 2347-2358

ISSN 2078-2365

http://www.ieejournal.com/

2347 Deepika and Sanjay Energy and Exergy Based Analysis of Hybrid Solar Dryer

Abstract- In the present study, hybrid photo-voltaic thermal

(PVT) solar dryer model has been developed. There is no

external source of electrical supply arrangement for force mode

of air circulation has been used. Solar dryer incorporating a

photo-voltaic (PV) delivers electrical power to the DC fan for

forced air circulation. The dryer has been coupled to a PVT air

heater which is having blackened absorber plate for improving

the energy collection efficiency. In order to fulfil our objective a

hybrid PVT system consisting of PVT air heater and a drying

chamber with number of trays has been developed. This hybrid

PVT system can be used for drying of spices, vegetables &

fruits. In the present study, an experiment model has been

proposed without placing any drying material in the tray i.e.

under no load condition. Analysis has been carried on the basis

of thermal energy and exergy gain by considering four weather

conditions under four different climatic condition of India i.e.

New Delhi, Jodhpur, Bangalore and Srinagar.

Keywords-Instantaneous thermal efficiency, Electrical

efficiency, Solar dryer, Solar collector, PV module

I. INTRODUCTION

In the past years, villagers generally used traditional

sun-drying technique for which a lot of land is required. In

order to conserve the conventional energy sources, a lot of

research and development work has been started. For forced

convection drying, PV module powered air circulation has

been used by very few researchers. The fan or blower which is

used to extract the heat and fed it to the dryer is operated

either by grid electricity or by the electricity which is

produced by PV module itself. Forced circulation of heated

air is done with the help of fan or blower. Later on

development of a solar grain incorporating photovoltaic

powered air circulation was done by Mumbe Ji [1] and he

concluded that drying by incorporating PV driven DC fan

reduces the drying time by 70% in comparison to open sun

drying. A comparison of hybrid PVT air heating collector

coupled with CPC & without CPC was carried out by Garg &

Adhikari [2]. The transient performance of conventional PVT

air collector with different configuration i.e single pass &

double pass has also been analysed by Garg & Adhikari [3].

Dincer [4] has reported the various relations which are

basically based on energy, energy policy making, energy and

environment. In regards to this Farkas et al. [5] developed a

solar dryer PV module which can run a fan for artificial

circulation of air. An innovative approach in the field of

double pass photovoltaic thermal (PVT) solar collector for

solar drying purpose was done by Sopian et al. [6]. A

mathematical model of indirect sun drying of banana was

developed by Phougchandag & woods [7] and his results

found to be in good agreement with the experimental result. A

new model of solar dryer was developed by Saleh & Sarkar

[8] in which a separate PV panel of 20W was installed to

operate a 12 V DC fan which can be further used for forced

convection. Hossian et al. [9] optimized a solar tunnel dryer

for chilli drying in Bangladesh and conclude that design

geometry is more sensitive to costs occurred in construction

of collector, solar radiation & air velocity in the dryer in

comparison to material costs, fixed costs and operating costs.

Dubey et al. [10] has done the analysis by performing their

experimental work for fixed mode under no load condition

during April 2008 and their experimental result validate the

theoretical result for New Delhi climatic condition. Hybrid

PVT green house dryer was developed by Barnwal & Tiwari

[11] for grape drying in order to evaluate heat & mass transfer

of the proposed model and various experimental data

regarding amount of moisture content evaporated, surface

temperature of the grape, ambient air temperature &

humidity, green house air temperature & humidity were also

recorded. Four different type of weather conditions have been

classified as Type a-d Singh & Tiwari [12]. Sajith &

Muraleedharan [13] found that the better drying performance

was obtained for drying process of Amla with hybrid system

in comparison to sun drying. D.Parikh [14] has designed a

double shelf cabinet dryer connected to flat plate collector

and studied various combinations of glass and polycarbonate

sheet as glazing & thermocol as insulator. Maia C.B et al. [15]

present a numerical simulation of air flow inside a hybrid

solar –electrical dryer using a commercial CED package and

found that the velocity and temperature of air flow are

homogenous in drying chamber which is desirable & suitable

for drying purpose. H. Mortezapour [16] has study the

Energy and Exergy Based Analysis of

Hybrid Solar Dryer

Deepika Chauhan1*, Sanjay Agrawal 2 1 Jaipur National University, Jaipur-302025, India,

2 School of Engineering and Technology, IGNOU, New Delhi, -110068, India

[email protected],[email protected]



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ISSN 2078-2365



performance of hybrid PV/T solar dryer equipped with heat

pump for Saffron drying and concluded that adding a heat

pump to dryer led to the reduction in drying time & energy

consumption and also increases electrical efficiency of solar

collector. Ravinder et al. [17] give their reviews regarding

various greenhouse structures, constructional and working

principle and concluded that greenhouse technology improves

the quality of products and reduces drying time.

H.Mortezapour [18] done the quality evaluation of Saffron

drying using a heat pump-assisted hybrid PV/T solar dryer

and result showed that colouring characteristics of Saffron

improves with drying temperature & heat pump system and

aromatic strength of Saffron also increased with increasing air

temperature. Sajith et al. [19] has done the economic analysis

for drying of Amla fruit and found payback period to be 5.66

years which was very low compared to the life span (20 years)

of the system. M A Aravidh et al. [20] research reviews

includes different type of dryers, different aspect of solar

drying, parameters involved in drying process and economic

analysis and their conclusion proves that this technology

should be given wider publicity. Takumi et al.[23] concluded

that operation of PV/T panel under condition of maximum

energy point reduces the cell efficiency to half of that

obtained under standard conditions. They also concluded that

combination of PV panel and solar collector with a gap gives

higher performance than conventional PV model. Ahmad

Hussien Besheer et al. [24] concludes with identifying the

major factors that affect the performance of typical PV/T

systems and lead to effective enhancement of the heat removal

mechanisms thus improving the electrical and thermal solar

conversion efficiencies. H. Ben cheikh el hocine et al.[25]

implemented a 3D model of a new PVT collector using the

Comsol environment. A (FEM) approach is used for the

analysis of the thermal and electrical behavior.

A proposed model of PV based solar dryer of 50W

has been designed for analysis purpose. This system consist of

air heater, drying chamber and performance study of the

module was done under no crop condition for four different

climatic condition of India (i.e New Delhi, Bangalore,

Jodhpur and Srinagar) under four different type of weather

condition.

II. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

The proposed model of solar dryer has been designed for the

purpose of analysis. The major component of solar dryer is

solar air heater and drying unit. The solar air heater part

consists of a PV module and a glass as flat plate collector. The

design of hybrid PVT solar dryer is shown in the Fig. 1(a) and

its cross-section view is shown in the Fig. 1(b).The incoming

solar radiation fall on PV module which converts solar

radiation into electricity which is used to drive a DC fan for

forced mode of operation. The function of collector is to

convert solar radiation in the form of solar energy. A 12 V DC

fan which is used to extract the heated air is connected at the

outlet of air heater. This heated air is then forced into the

drying chamber which then passes through number of meshes

which consist of trays in which required crop material for

drying can be placed. This air then takes away the moisture

content of the drying material and get exhausted through

chimney. The sides of the drying chamber are sealed properly

with putty in order to avoid any leakage of air. To face the

problem of rain water drainage in rainy season a slanting roof

was provided above the drying chamber.

In the present study, an analysis has been done to calculate the

temperature in air heater and the drying chamber. In order to

achieve this purpose no crop material is placed in drying

chamber. A fan extracts the heated air from the air heater and

circulates it in the drying chamber so that the required

temperature to be measured is provided by the drying

chamber. During the analysis, following parameters like

outlet temperature, solar cell temperature, back surface

temperature, inlet air temperature have been calculated. The

analysis has been done by considering the data provided by

IMD, Pune Agrawal & Tiwari [21].

III. THERMAL ENERGY ANALYSIS

In order to write the energy balance equation for the hybrid

PVT solar dryer, following assumptions have been made:

1) The system is in quasi steady state condition.

2) Ohmic losses in solar cell are negligible

3) Heat capacity of solar cell is neglected.

4) Temperature gradient along the thickness of solar cell is

not present.

Fig. 1 (a) Schematic diagram of hybrid PVT solar dryer



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ISSN 2078-2365



Fig.1 (b) Cross-section view of solar dryer partially covered

with PV module

The energy balance equations for the given hybrid PVT solar

dryer can be written as:

i) For solar cell

xbdtIc

βcαgτ xbdaTcTatc,U

xbd air

TcTairTc,

U + xbdgτtIcβcηcα

(1)

xbdtIc

βcαgτ Rate of solar energy available on solar

cell

xbdaTcTatc,U =An overall heat loss from top surface

of the solar cell to the ambient

xbd air

TcTairTc,

U =An overall heat loss from solar

cell to the flowing air

xbdgτtIcβcηcα =Rate of electrical energy produced

From equation (1) the temperature of the solar cell can be

obtained as-

airTc,Uatc,U

airT

airTc,UaTatc,UI(t)eff1,

cT

(1a)

ii) For blackened absorber plate

xbdtIcβ12

gτbα = xbd

airT

PT

airp,h +

xbdaTP

Tabp,

U (2)

xbdtIcβ12

gτbα =Rate of solar energy available on

blackened plate

xbdair

TP

Tairp,

h =Rate of heat transfer from

blackened plate to flowing air

xbdaTP

Tabp,

U =An overall heat loss from

blackened plate to ambient

From equation (2) an expression for temperature of blackened

plate can be obtained as-

airp,h

abp,U

airT

airp,haT

abp,UI(t)eff2,

pT

(2a)

iii) For Air flowing through the duct

dxxdair

dTac.am = xbd

airT

PT

airp,h +

xbd air

TcTairTc,

U

(3)

dxxd

airdT

ac.

am =mass flow rate of flowing air

xbdair

TP

Tairp,

h = Rate of heat transfer from

blackened plate to flowing air

xbd air

TcTairTc,

U =An overall heat loss from solar

cell to the flowing air

Solving equation (3) with the help of equation (1a) & (2a) and

rearranging them, we get

ac.am

I(t)effm,ατbaT

airT

ac.am

mL,bU

xdair

dT

(4)

Integrating above equations with initial condition

airinT

airT at x=0 and at x=L,

airoutT

airT , an



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ISSN 2078-2365



expression for outlet air temperature from the PV module can

be obtained as-

ac.am

LL,m

bU

eairin

T

ac.am

LL,m

bU

e1

L,mU

I(t)effm,ατaT

airout1T

(4a)

Rate of thermal energy available at the end of PV collector

airin1airoutaa.

m,uthermal. TTcmQ

(5)

Substituting the value of 1airoutT from equation (4a), we get

aairinm,Leff,mRmmm,uthermal. TTU)t(IFAQ

(6)

Here outlet from the PV module-collector ( 1airoutT ) become

inlet to the glass-collector ( 1airinT ), final outlet temperature

from the PVT module is 2airoutT .The outlet air temperature

from PV/T air collector can be obtained as –

ac.am

LcL,

bU

eairin1

T

ac.am

LcL,

bU

e1

cL,U

I(t)effc,ατaT

airout2T

(7)

Here again 1airinT = 1airoutT , the expression for outlet air

temperature from PV/T air collector reduces

to-

ac.am

LcL,

bU

exac.

am

LmL,

bU

e1

mL,U

I(t)effm,ατ

aT

ac.am

LcL,

bU

e1

cL,U

I(t)effc,ατaT

airout2T

(7a)

Rate of thermal energy available from hybrid PVT solar dryer

can be written as- airin2airoutaa.

)cm(,uthermal. TTcmQ

(8)

a1airoutc,Leff,cRcc

aairinm,Leff,mRmm)cm(,uthermal.

TTU)t(IFA

TTU)t(IFAQ

(8a)

aa.

m,uthermal.

airin1airoutcm

QTT

(8b)

Substituting the values and simplifying it, we get

aairinc,LRcm

aa.

c,LRcc

Rmm

eff,cRcc

aa.

c,LRcc

eff,mRmm)cm(,uthermal.

TTUFAcm

UFA1FA

)t(IFAcm

UFA1FAQ

(8c)

An expression for instantaneous thermal efficiency of flat

plate collector can be obtained as-

)t(I

TTUF aairin

LRi

(9)

Taking the design parameter of the present case,

instantaneous thermal efficiency can be obtained as-

)t(I

TT12.562.0 aairin

i

(10)

IV. ENERGY & EXERGY GAIN ANALYSIS

On the basis of first law of thermodynamics, an expression for

overall thermal gain can be defined as-

38.0

QQQ

ainlgelectrica,u.

ainlgtherma,u.

ainlgoveral,u.

(11)

Above equation shows that electrical energy is a high grade

form of energy which is required for the operation of DC

motor. This electrical energy is converted into the thermal

equivalent by dividing it by the electric power generation

conversion efficiency factor of India i.e by 0.38.



Vol. 7 (2016) No.8, pp. 2347-2358

ISSN 2078-2365



Overall thermal output from a hybrid PVT solar

dryer=Thermal energy gained by the system+ (electrical

power/ power,c )

here power,c is the electric power generation efficiency for a

conventional power plant.

In order to carry out the exergy analysis, second law of

thermodynamics is taken into account which includes total

exergy inflow, exergy outflow and exergy destructed from the

system

xgdest.

xgoutflow.

lowinfxg. EEE

(12)

But xgelect.

xgthermal.

xgoutlow. EEE

(12a)

So above equation reduces to-

xgdest.

xgelect.

xgthermal.

lowinfxg. E)EE(E

(12b)

Where

4

s

a

s

a

cclowinfxg.

T

T

3

1

T

T

3

41

)t(INAE

(12c)

Where cA is the area of collector and sT is the sun’s

temperature in Kelvin.

273T

273T1QE

airout

au

.xgthermal

.

(12d)

)t(IAE cmalxgelectric.

(12e)

electrical,xg.

thermal,xg.

xgoverall. EEE

(12f)

V. RESULT & DISCUSSION

MATLAB 7.0 Software has been used for evaluating various

parameters. Table I shows the design parameters of hybrid

PVT solar dryer. The hourly variation of solar intensity and

ambient temperature for the month of May for New Delhi

climatic condition is shown in the Fig. 2. Hourly variation for

solar cell temperature and electrical efficiency is shown in the

Fig. 3. One can be observed that with the increase in solar cell

temperature, electrical efficiency decreases and vice versa.

Eqn.7 (a) is used to evaluate the outlet air temperature without

placing any drying material in the drying chamber. It has been

observed that the outlet air temperature varies from 32.82 o C

to 44.16 o C. A theoretical value of hourly variation of outlet

air temperature is shown in the Fig. 4. It is clear from the

above Fig. that outlet air temperature is minimum in the

morning hours and it reaches maximum at 12.00-1.00 PM and

again it decreases. It is only due to variation of solar radiation

from morning to noon time. Eqn. (9) is used to obtain the

instantaneous value of thermal efficiency and the value is

shown in the Fig. 5.This is in accordance with the work done

by early researchers like Agrawal & Tiwari [22].

Eqn. (8c) is used to evaluate the useful heat gain obtained

from hybrid PVT solar dryer. The theoretical values of useful

heat gain with respect to time are shown in the Fig.6. It has

been seen from the Figure that the value of useful heat gain

varies from 0.242 to 0.58 kWh.

Table I: Design parameters of hybrid PVT solar dryer

Parameters Values

Ac 1.196 m2

Am 0.364 m2

b 0.65 m

Ca 1005 kJ/kg K

FR 1

L 2.4 m

hp1 0.47

hp2 0.966

Ubp,a 0.675 W/m2 K

UL,C 5.9 W/m2 K

UL,m 3.57 W/m2 K

Utc,a 9.6 W/m2 K

UTc,air 5.6 W/m2 K

αc 0.9

τc 0.95

βc 0.83

η0 0.12

αb 0.8

Τg 0.95

Eqs. 8(c), 12(e) & 12(f) are used to obtain the value of

thermal, electrical and exergy gains. Monthly variation of

electrical, thermal, exergy gain and overall thermal energy

gain for type a, b, c & d type of weather condition for New

Delhi climatic condition have been shown in the Fig. 7(a), (b),

(c) & (d) respectively. It is clear from the above Figure that

maximum value of the gains are obtained during the summer

season in the month of May while minimum during winter

season in the month of December.



Vol. 7 (2016) No.8, pp. 2347-2358

ISSN 2078-2365



8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 170

500

1000

Sola

r in

tensity,I

(t)W

/m2

Time in hrs

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1730

35

40

Am

bie

nt

tem

pera

ture

,Ta 0

c

Fig. 2 Variation of solar intensity & ambient temperature with time for the

month of May of 'a' type weather condition of New Delhi city.

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1745

50

55

60

65

70

75

Sola

r cell T

em

pera

ture

0c

Time in hrs

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1712.5

13

13.5

14

14.5

15

15.5

Eff

icie

ncy %

Fig.3 Variation of solar cell temperature & efficiency with time for the


8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1532

34

36

38

40

42

44

46

outlet

air t

em

pera

ture

0C

Time in hrs

Fig.4 Hourly variation of outlet air temperature in the month of May of 'a'

type weather condition of New Delhi city.

0.608

0.609

0.61

0.611

0.612

0.613

0.614

Inst

an

tan

eou

s T

her

ma

l

Eff

icie

ncy

(Tairin-Ta)/I(t)

Fig. 5 Hourly variation of instantaneous efficiency Vs (Tairin-Ta)/I(t) in the




Vol. 7 (2016) No.8, pp. 2347-2358

ISSN 2078-2365



8 9 10 11 12 13 14 150.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

0.55

0.6

0.65

usef

ul h

eat

gain

kW

h

Time in hrs

Fig. 6 Hourly variation of useful heat gain in the month of May of 'a' type

weather condition of New Delhi city.

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

Januar

y

Feb

uar

y

Mar

ch

Ap

ril

May

June

July

August

sep

tem

ber

Oct

ob

er

No

vem

ber

Dec

emb

er

Ele

ctri

cal g

ain

(k

Wh

)

Month of Year

Type a

Type b

Type c

Type d

Fig. 7(a) Monthly variation of electrical energy gain for a, b, c & d type

weather condition of New Delhi climatic condition.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Januar

y

Feb

uar

y

Mar

ch

Ap

ril

May

June

July

August

sep

tem

ber

Oct

ob

er

No

vem

ber

Dec

emb

er

Th

erm

al

ga

in (

kW

h)

Month of Year

Type a

Type b

Type c

Type d

Fig . 7(b) Monthly variation of thermal energy gain for a, b, c & d type


0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

Januar

y

Feb

uar

y

Mar

ch

Ap

ril

May

June

July

August

sep

tem

ber

Oct

ob

er

No

vem

ber

Dec

emb

er

Ov

era

ll E

xer

gy

ga

in,k

Wh

Month of year

Type a

Type b

Type c

Type d

Fig. 7 (c) Monthly variation of overall exergy gain for a, b, c & d type




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ISSN 2078-2365



Fig. 7(d) Monthly Variation of overall thermal energy gain for a, b, c & d

type weather condition of New Delhi climatic condition.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Januar

y

Feb

uar

y

Mar

ch

Ap

ril

May

June

July

August

sep

tem

ber

Oct

ob

er

No

vem

ber

Dec

emb

er

gain

(k

Wh

)

Month of year

Electrical Energy gain

Overall Exergy gain

Fig. 8(a) Monthly Variation of electrical energy gain & overall exergy gain

for New Delhi climatic condition.

The variation of different gain for type a, b, c & d type

weather condition depends upon the number of clear days

belong to that particular month. Various annual gain obtained

for New Delhi climatic conditions is shown in Fig. 8 (a) &

(b).This again follows the same trend of being maximum in

the month of May and minimum in the month of December.

The annual gain obtained for type a, b, c & d type weather

condition for different climatic condition of India i.e New

Delhi, Jodhpur, Bangalore & Srinagar is shown in the Fig. 9.

It is clear from the Figure that maximum value of gain is

obtained for Bangalore city while minimum for Srinagar city.

The percentage variation between Bangalore and Srinagar

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Januar

yF

ebuar

yM

arch

Ap

ril

May

June

July

August

sep

tem

ber

Oct

ob

erN

ovem

ber

Dec

emb

er

ga

in (

kW

h)

Month of year

Thermal Energy gain

overall Thermal Energy gain

Fig.8(b) Monthly Variation of thermal energy gain & overall thermal energy

gain for New Delhi climatic conditions.

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

The

rmal

& o

vera

ll T

her

ma

l

Ene

rgy

gain

(k

Wh

)

overall Thermal Energy gain

Thermal Energy gain

Fig. 9 Annual thermal energy gain & overall thermal energy gain for four

different cities of India by considering a-d type weather condition.

City is 11.72% while it is 16.06% & 11.15% between Jodhpur

& New Delhi with Srinagar city.

VI. CONCLUSION

Following conclusions have been drawn:

1. Analysis on the basis of thermal gain, electrical gain

and exergy gain for New Delhi, Jodhpur, Bangalore

and Srinagar shows that the Bangalore city is the best

city to install such type of hybrid PVT solar dryer.

2. Since this type of system does not require any external

source of supply hence it is beneficial to install such

system in remote areas where agriculture crop drying

and electricity generation can be done

simultaneously.

3. The present module can also be analysed under load

condition i.e by placing drying material in the trays



Vol. 7 (2016) No.8, pp. 2347-2358

ISSN 2078-2365



and economic analysis of that module can also be

done.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The Author would like to express his great thank to

Dr.G.N.Tiwari ,Centre for Energy Studies, IITD, New Delhi

for his valuable suggestions and discussion.

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Vol.6, No.2, 2016


http://www/


Vol. 7 (2016) No.8, pp. 2347-2358

ISSN 2078-2365



Average hourly global radiation (W/m2) on horizontal surface, number of day falling under different weather condition and the

average ambient temperature (0C) (Source:IMD Pune)

New Delhi: i) average hourly global radiation for “type a” weather condition (W/m2)

Solar Intensity

Time

Month of Year

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

Global

8am 132.99 180.29 266.77 368.14 406.31 436.67 367.36 333.59 277.96 168.75 121.46 93.12

9am 355.56 403.58 488.94 588.48 608.84 637.22 587.04 528.54 501.30 364.58 316.04 275.27

10am 554.69 594.44 671.21 767.81 776.26 802.22 737.27 674.49 682.04 565.28 485.35 443.25

11am 680.73 729.39 804.33 888.32 897.98 915.00 831.71 820.20 809.07 694.45 609.97 565.87

12am 726.74 786.02 866.93 941.0 956.82 951.67 881.48 868.18 869.07 761.8 664.01 621.83

1pm 733.85 792.03 869.28 944.12 950.51 946.11 896.53 807.83 855.19 756.25 657.45 618.39

2pm 656.08 728.58 803.15 878.68 886.62 882.78 820.60 766.67 779.81 686.11 587.37 553.31

3pm 500.00 584.23 665.33 746.90 761.37 765.56 753.24 658.08 656.48 543.75 454.17 426.19

4pm 311.46 391.22 483.01 568.30 580.81 611.67 569.68 477.78 483.89 362.50 274.62 253.97

5pm 106.42 178.23 264.10 348.61 372.48 420.00 373.15 305.81 270.19 152.08 84.09 68.78

ii) average hourly global radiation for “type b” weather condition (W/m2)

Solar

Intensity

Time

Month of Year


Global

8am 119.58 186.67 300.45 413.11 439.11 433.34 398.66 366.89 277.34 260.00 153.11 86.66

9am 332.50 425.84 540.22 635.55 641.34 641.34 592.22 551.78 499.78 442.00 332.22 280.22

10am 516.25 609.59 733.78 808.89 794.45 794.45 751.11 713.55 687.55 598.00 470.89 456.45

11am 650.41 752.50 872.45 936.00 898.45 912.89 840.66 832.00 788.66 693.34 574.89 580.66

12am 708.75 813.75 933.11 999.55 947.55 999.55 936.00 881.11 837.78 728.00 606.66 629.78

1pm 723.33 822.50 938.89 982.22 936.00 996.66 907.11 881.11 860.89 702.00 563.34 635.55

2pm 650.41 758.33 869.55 901.34 852.22 912.89 837.78 808.89 800.22 615.34 491.11 566.22

3pm 498.75 603.75 713.55 751.11 722.22 808.89 707.78 687.55 667.34 465.11 352.45 424.66

4pm 315.00 408.33 522.89 557.55 540.22 635.55 554.66 505.55 462.22 283.11 193.55 228.22

5pm 110.84 183.75 288.89 332.22 340.89 416.00 352.45 317.78 265.78 98.22 86.66 63.55

iii) average hourly global radiation for “type c” weather condition (W/m2)

Solar

Intensity

Time

Month of Year


Global

8am 71.11 117.78 197.78 288.89 361.11 358.33 333.33 297.50 261.25 195.83 66.66 66.66

9am 235.55 284.45 366.66 453.34 566.67 555.56 530.67 490.00 456.53 365.56 206.66 216.00

10am 360.00 420.00 513.34 582.22 708.33 727.78 642.66 597.50 617.50 496.11 333.34 365.34

11am 457.78 522.22 613.34 677.78 841.67 816.67 744.0 700.00 691.39 587.50 415.55 482.67

12am 515.55 562.22 664.45 724.45 894.44 833.33 778.67 702.50 730.97 624.06 444.45 544.00

1pm 515.55 562.22 662.22 720.00 872.22 861.11 762.66 702.50 752.09 608.39 453.34 522.66

2pm 462.22 506.66 602.22 664.45 805.56 763.89 722.67 630.00 712.50 514.39 406.66 448.00

3pm 353.34 384.45 497.78 564.45 666.67 688.89 602.67 540.00 575.28 383.83 313.34 341.34

4pm 217.78 266.66 353.34 420.00 513.89 538.89 469.33 430.00 414.30 229.77 177.78 200.00

5pm 71.11 111.11 188.89 233.34 322.22 333.33 280.00 282.50 255.97 73.11 62.22 58.67



Vol. 7 (2016) No.8, pp. 2347-2358

ISSN 2078-2365



iv) average hourly global radiation for “type d” weather condition (W/m2)

Solar

Intensity

Time

Month of Year


Global

8am 51.20 94.30 169.75 266.75 304.12 235.12 262.50 208.47 155.00 110.84 63.88 54.45

9am 188.61 331.42 441.89 503.44 350.12 397.50 358.89 287.50 237.66 184.00 176.95 176.95

10am 237.11 247.89 479.61 600.86 623.56 454.88 515.00 440.70 425.00 375.66 273.44 272.22

11am 301.78 291.00 552.36 716.72 702.78 595.44 587.50 530.41 557.5 488.12 375.66 356.61

12am 379.92 369.14 590.08 773.30 761.56 672.12 605.0 572.64 585.00 503.44 444.66 397.45

1pm 379.92 412.25 627.80 757.14 764.12 682.34 615.00 588.47 585.00 511.12 477.8 405.61

2pm 328.72 374.53 568.53 689.78 621.00 631.22 517.50 562.09 530.00 454.88 424.22 359.34

3pm 261.36 299.08 463.45 541.58 529.00 536.66 445.00 496.11 442.50 339.88 337.34 239.55

4pm 161.67 204.78 307.17 425.72 426.78 426.78 347.50 348.34 350.00 237.66 198.33 141.55

5pm 45.80 88.92 161.67 239.80 255.56 281.12 232.50 195.28 187.50 113.75 66.44 52.72

Number of Days fall under different weather condition

Type of Weather

condition

Jan. Feb. Mar Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

Type a 3 3 5 4 4 3 2 2 7 5 6 3

Type b 8 4 6 7 9 4 3 3 3 10 10 7

Type c 11 12 12 14 12 14 10 7 10 13 12 13

Type d 9 9 8 5 6 9 17 19 10 3 2 8

Yearly Average Ambient Temperature (0C)

Time

Month of Year


8am 7.90 9.20 15.80 25.00 30.80 26.50 26.10 24.30 27.90 21.00 17.00 9.60

9am 7.90 9.10 15.90 25.00 30.80 26.30 26.10 24.30 27.90 21.00 16.70 9.10

10am 7.90 8.90 15.9 25.00 30.10 26.30 26.20 24.30 27.90 20.50 16.50 8.90

11am 6.60 8.80 15.80 25.10 30.60 26.50 26.30 24.30 28.30 20.50 16.00 8.70

12am 6.40 8.90 16.60 25.90 31.80 27.30 26.60 24.40 28.90 22.70 16.20 9.40

1pm 7.70 11.40 19.90 27.60 33.80 29.90 28.00 25.50 30.60 25.0 20.50 13.10

2pm 10.60 15.10 22.80 30.30 35.30 31.40 28.40 25.60 32.30 28.30 25.00 16.80

3pm 13.00 18.30 26.20 31.70 36.60 32.20 29.30 26.00 33.50 30.50 27.60 19.30

4pm 15.00 20.10 27.00 33.20 37.60 33.60 30.40 26.40 33.90 31.60 28.50 20.90

5pm 16.50 21.60 28.90 34.40 38.50 34.30 30.40 27.10 35.50 32.70 29.60 21.70



Vol. 7 (2016) No.8, pp. 2347-2358

ISSN 2078-2365



Nomenclature

A Area of PV module, m2

Ac Area of glass collector, m2

Am Area of PV module, m2

b Breadth of PV module, m

ca Specific heat of air, kJ/kg K

xd Elemental length, m

21, pp hh Penalty factor due to glass cover of PV module (dimensionless)

a,tcU Overall heat transfer co-efficient from solar cell to ambient through glass cover , W/m2 K

air,TCU An overall heat transfer co-efficient from solar cell to flowing air through glass cover, W/m2 K

air,ph Heat transfer co-efficient from blackened plate to flowing air, W/m2 K

bpU Overall heat transfer co-efficient from bottom to ambient, W/m2 K

Incident solar intensity on the inclined module surface, W/m2

Rate of useful energy, W

Ambient temperature, °C

Flowing air temperature inside the duct, °C

Inlet air temperature, °C

Outlet air temperature, °C

t time ,s

T temperature, K

Subscript

Inlet air

outlet air

a ambient

c solar cell

eff effective

b blackened plate

T tedlar

G glass

m module

Greek alphabets

τ transmittivity

α absorptivity

βc packing factor

ηel temperature dependent electrical efficiency

βo temperature coefficient,K-1

η0 efficiency at standard test condition

ῤ density,kg/m3


Energy and Exergy Based Analysis of Hybrid Solar Dryer 7 No 8/Energy and... · Deepika and Sanjay...

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