Energy and Energy Balance
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Transcript of Energy and Energy Balance
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ENERGY and ENERGY BALANCE
ENERGY BALANCE
Amount of Intake = Energy Expended
ENERGY SYSTEMS
1. External Energy Cycle
2. Internal Energy CycleChemical Energy
Electric energyMechanical energy
Thermal energy
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ENERGY INTAKE
1. SOURCES OF FOOD ENERGYCHO (Primary Energy Source) GlucoseCHON (Stored Energy) Amino Acids
FATS (Back up Fuel) Lipids
2. SOURCES OF STORED ENERGYGlycogen
Adipose TissueMuscle Mass
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ENERGY OUTPUT1. Body Function Work
2. Regulation of Body Temperature3. Processes of Tissue Growth and Repair
*METABOLISM the total chemical changes that occur during energy output.
3 FACTORS AFFECTING TOTAL ENERGYREQUIREMENT
1. Basal Metabolism / Resting Energy2. Physical Activity
3. Thermal Effect of Food (TEF) / Specific Dynamic
Action of Food (SDA)
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BASAL METABOLISM is the sum of all internal workingactivities of the body at rest.
METHODS OF DETERMINING BMR
1. CLINICAL METHODSa. INDIRECT CALORIMETRY
b. THYROID FUNCTION TESTc. SERUM PROTEIN-BOUND INTAKE
2. CALCULATION METHODSa. GENERAL FORMULA
b. HARRIS BENEDICT FORMULAc. BIOLOGIC BODY WEIGHT
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d. WHO/FAO/UNO METHOD 1984 METHOD
PHYSICAL & MUSCULAR ACTIVITY is dependent onthe following factors;
1. Amount of Muscle Used2. Weight of Body Involved3. Length of Time of Activity
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ENERGY EXPENDITURE / HOUR
LightActivity
120-150Kcal
Light Moderate150 300
Kcal
Moderate300 420
Kcal
HeavyActivities
420 600Kcal
PersonalCare
DressingWashingShavingSitting
Rocking
HouseworkMaking
BedsIroningWashingClothes
Light Work
YardworkDigging
MechlLawnMower Pullingweeds
Yard workChopping
WoodDiggingHoles
ShovelingSnow
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SPECIFIC DYNAMIC ACTION / THERMAL EFFECTS
OF FOOD= 5 to 10% of the total body energy
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ENERGY
Energy causes things to happen around us. It is thecapacity to do work . The food we eat contains energy.
We use that energy to work and play. Energy can betransformed into another sort of energy. But it cannot becreated AND it cannot be destroyed. Energy has always
existed in one form or another.
Food energy is the amount of energy in food that is
available through digestion.Energy Balance means Energy Input = Energy Output
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Factors Affecting Energy Output a. Physical activities
b. Digestive process - thermic effect of foodcauses 10-15% increase in the basal metabolic rate
c. Basal Metabolic rate (BMR) - sum of allworking activities of the body at rest.
Ways of computing for BMR
1. Rule of Thumb - most commonly
usedBMR = 1kcal x Actual Body weight in kg x 24 hours
i.e.: BMR = 1kcal x 65 kg x 24 hours
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i.e.: BMR = 66.5 + (13.75 x 65) + (5 x 167.64)
(6.75 x 46)= (66.5 + 893.75 + 838) 310.50 = 1798.45 310.50 BMR = 1,487.95
Factors Influencing BMR
FACTOR HIGHER BMR LOWER BMR
1 Body Size Tall Short2 Sex Male Female by 6-10%
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3
Body
Temperatur e (BT) High BT Low BT
4 GrowthWith growthspurts, i.e.
Infants, Children,pre-pubescents,
adolescents
5 Age Below 40 years
old
a. Between 40-50 5%decrease every 10 yrs.
b. 60 10% decreaseevery 10 years
6 Hormonal influence
a.Pregnant 20-
Norepinephrine
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25% higher
b. Lactating 30% higher
c.Hormone-SecretingGlands:
T3 -Triiodothyroxin
e which is 5xpotent thanthyroxine
T4 - ThyroxineAdr
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enal Gland
Pituitary Gland
Epinephrine
7Body
Composition More body mass Less body mass
8 State of Nutrition or
Body Condition
a. Long period of starvation
Active lifestylec. With cardio or
renald. Disease - due
to labored
a. ObeseShort-term fasting (sleep)
UndernourishedHypothyroidisme. 15-20%
Overweight vs.DBW
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body organ
Higher altitude
f. 10%
Underweight vs. DBWg. During soundsleep 10% lower
]
Overweight vs. Underweight
OVERWEIGHT(OBESITY)
UNDERWEIGHT
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BMR is lower if
actual weight is15-20% morethan the DBW
BMR is lower if
actual weight is10% lower thanthe DBW
Positive Energy:Input > Output
Negative Energy:Input < Output
Causes hazardsin the body
Flabby musclesand lacks adipose
tissue
Causes hazards inthe body like: bonemalformation,
growth retardation,insufficient organ
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function
Increased risk of surgerySocial
implication:Lower Self-
Esteem
Increased risk of developing
diseases:a. Diabetes Mellitus
b. CVDc. Osteo
Increased risk of developing
diseases:a. PEMb. Wasting
disease (easilydamaged and
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porosis
d. Liver diseasee. Kidne
y failure
irreparable)
c. Slowresistance todisease (muchsignificant vs.
obesity)d. Amenorr
heae. Anorexia
nervosaf. Bulimiag. Chronic
DietingSyndrome
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Conditions in Assessing Basal
Metabolic Rate
1. Client must be in a post-absorptive state or fasting at least 12 hours after last meal.
2. Client must be awake but lying quietly, freefrom nervousness, stress, tension and physical
fatigue.3. Environment temperature should be
maintains at 20-25C
Types of Clinical Assessment Indirect Calorimetry
Thyroid Function Test
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Serum Protein-Bound Iodine -
Iodine synthesizes thyroxine, the chief hormonesecreted by the thyroid gland which facilitates releaseof energy.
Commonality of the Fuel Nutrients1. They all provide energy (fuel nutrients).
2. They all embody the essence of whatthey provide (energy).
Other Sources of Fuel Nutrientsa. Glycogen - particularly abundant in theliver and to a lesser extent in the muscles. They are
easily depleted thus the need to replenish.
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b. Fat storage or Adipose Tissue -
facilitates synthesis and storage of fat. Such cells arebloated with globules of triglycerides, the nucleusbeing displaced to one side and the cytoplasm seen
as a thin line around the fat droplet.c. Muscle Mass - energy stored as
proteins.d. Krebs cycle
Also known as Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle or Citric Acid Cycle which is is a series of chemical reactions of
central importance in all living cells that utilize oxygenas part of cellular respiration. In aerobic organisms
such as humans, the citric acid cycle is part of ametabolic pathway involved in the chemical
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conversion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins into
carbon dioxide and water to generate a form of usableenergy . It is the second of three metabolic pathwaysthat are involved in fuel molecule catabolism and ATP
production, the other two being glycolysis andoxidative phosphorylation.
The citric acid cycle also provides precursors for manycompounds such as certain amino acids, and some of
its reactions are therefore important even in cellsperforming fermentation.
By-products of Krebs cycle
1. Carbon dioxide
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2. Water 3. Energy