Energy

An Introduction

Energy Learning Standard

ENGR-EP-1. Students will utilize the ideas of energy, work, power, and force to explain how systems convert, control, transmit, and/or store energy and power

Energy Concepts

Identify types of energy surrounding us

Differentiate among renewable, nonrenewable, and exhaustible energy sources

Explain the difference between potential and kinetic energy

Name and describe the six forms of energy

Describe the history of energy consumption in the U.S.

Name various sectors of society associated with energy consumption

Summarize the present energy consumption trends in the U.S. and worldwide

Energy Concepts

Discuss the concept of efficiency

Define the law of entropy

Recognize various factors that influence the exploration and development of different energy resources

Give examples of reasons for growth in the demand for energy and power

Energy Vocabulary

Acid RainBritish Thermal Unit (Btu)Chemical EnergyEfficiencyElectrical EnergyEmbargoEnergy ConservationEnergy ConsumptionEnergy ConversionEntropyGlobal WarmingGreenhouse EffectHeat Energy

Heating UnitInexhaustible Energy SourceKinetic EnergyLight EnergyMechanical EnergyNonrenewable Energy SourceNuclear EnergyOrganization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)Potential EnergyQuadRenewable Energy

Energy Energy

Energy is defined as the ability to do work

Energy Energy

3 Classifications of Energy

Renewable Energy Resources Nonrenewable Energy Resources Inexhaustible Energy Resources

Energy Renewable Energy Resources

Renewable energy resources are those resources that can be replaced when needed. They can be harvested and regenerated in a relatively short period of time

Food Wood Cornstalks Sugarcane

Energy Nonrenewable Energy Resources

Nonrenewable energy resources are those resources that cannot be replaced once used. Can take hundreds of thousands of years to produce these resources

Fossil Fuels Uranium

Energy Inexhaustible Energy Resources

Inexhaustible energy resources are those resources that will never run out (will last for millions of years)

Sun Water Wind Tidal/Wave Motion

Energy Types of Energy

All energy can be classified in to two types

Potential Energy Kinetic Energy

Energy Types of Energy

Potential energy is energy that is stored and ready for use

Gasoline in a tank Water behind a hydroelectric dam Rollercoaster at the top of the lift Drawn bow

Energy Types of Energy

Kinetic energy is often defined as energy that is in motion

Burning gasoline in an engine Water turning an turbine Rollercoaster falling Arrow being shot

Energy Forms of Energy

There are six forms of energy

Light Energy Heat Energy Mechanical Energy Chemical Energy Electrical Energy Nuclear Energy

Energy Forms of Energy

Light energy is energy that is visible to the eye. It represents a very small portion of all radiant energy, which collectively is known as the electromagnetic spectrum

Energy Forms of Energy

Heat energy, also referred to as infrared energy, has a longer wavelength that light energy. This longer wavelength does not allow heat to pass through certain materials, like glass, as readily as light energy does. Heart energy is generally not visible to the eye, but it can be measured in terms of temperature

Energy Forms of Energy

Mechanical energy is energy produced by mechanical devices, such as gears, pulleys, levers, or more complex devices, like internal combustion engines

Energy Forms of Energy

Chemical Energy is the term used to describe the potential energy locked within a substance. For instance, 50 lbs. of red oak might be capable of producing the same amount of heat energy as 15 lbs. of high-grade coal or 2 gallon of refined heating oil

Energy Forms of Energy

Electrical energy is the energy associated with the flow of electrons. Electricity is used extensively in contemporary society to power the majority of our convenience appliances

Energy Forms of Energy

Nuclear energy is the term associated with the power of the atom. It was initially harnessed during the 1940s. The initial use of nuclear energy was for war, but with the conclusion of World War II, peacetime uses for nuclear energy, such as power generation, emerged

Energy Measuring Energy

The most basic unit of energy is known as the British thermal unit (Btu). This is a small amount of energy:

The Btu is an often-referenced energy unit because all forms of energy can be related to the amount of Btu they produce

In energy for structural heating: One heating unit is equal to 100,000 Btu of energy

1 Btu = One wood-stem match burning completely

Energy Energy Consumption

When measuring energy consumption, or the use of energy resources, of a large city, country, or continent, we measure this in the Quad.

A quad is equal to 1 quadrillion Btu of energy, or:

1 Quad = 1.0 x 1015 Btu = 1,000,000,000,000,000 Btu

Energy Energy Consumption (U.S. History)

Energy sources in early America primarily consisted of wind, water, and wood

Factories were constructed near flowing water or falling water converting it to mechanical energy

Farmers used the wind to create mechanical power to pump water and grind grain

Energy Energy Consumption (U.S. History)

1800’s saw the invention of the steam engine which gave rise to the steam locomotive and the steamship

Coal replaced wood as the main energy source

Approx. the same amount of energy is produced by 15 lbs. of coal and 20-50 lbs. of wood

Energy Energy Consumption (U.S. History)

By 1900 the internal combustion engine had been perfected, which was being used to power the first automobile

Pound for pound, gasoline contains more energy that coal

When it comes to gasoline and oil, there have been times when the supply of energy has not met the demand here in the U.S.

We have come to rely on other countries to meet this demand

Energy Energy Consumption (U.S. History)

OPEC (Organization of Exporting Countries)

Consists of 12 Countries (Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela)

OPEC members collectively hold 79% of world crude oil reserves and 44% of the world’s crude oil production

In 1973, OPEC penalized the U.S. for it’s oil consumption by creating an oil embargo against the U.S. Restricting the trade of oil to the U.S. forces the government and car manufacturers to produce more economical (4-cylinder) vehicles, which started the energy conservation movement here in the U.S.

Energy Energy Consumption (U.S. History)

In the 1980’s, the U.S. shifted from an industrial society to a service society. This shift helped to create the personal computer and usher in the information age.

The majority of energy now consumed in the U.S. is done so by the industrial and transportation sectors

Many start up companies in the information age have focused on alternative energies

Even so, fossil fuels are anticipated to remain the dominant sources of energies here in the U.S. for the foreseeable future

Energy Energy Consumption (U.S. History)

According to the Energy Information Administration of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), world energy consumption will increase by over 50% by 2025

Energy Energy Conversion

Energy conversion is the changing of one form of energy into another

Technological advances, such as the development of the electric motor, the home heating, and solar collectors, allow for energy conversion

Electric motor: Converts electrical energy into mechanical energy

Furnace: Converts potential energy (fuel) into kinetic energy (heat)

Solar collector: Converts sunlight into heat

Energy Energy Conversion

Efficiency is a term used to measure the extent to which an energy form is usually converted to another form of energy

Combustion engines have an efficiency rating of 27% - 40%

Heating furnaces have an efficiency rating of up to 90%

Improving the efficiency of energy conversions devices, such as engines, furnaces, and generators, is one primary way to improve energy and power technologies

Energy Energy Conversion

Entropy is a measure of the unavailable energy in a closed system

The law of entropy states that whenever an energy form is converted from one form to another, some loss will occur; mostly as heat

Energy Energy Conversion

Energy Energy and the Environment

The consumption of fossil fuels leads to environmental problems, such as acid rain and the greenhouse effect, which leads to global warming

As the consumption of fossil fuels increase over the next 15 – 20 years, we will also see an increase in the effects from acid rain and the greenhouse effect

Energy Energy and the Environment

Conservation and recycling are just two ways of combating the increase of these effects

If each school recycles 1 ton of paper it will save the following:

6,953 gallons of water 463 gallons of oil 587 lbs. of air pollution 4,077 kWh of electricity

The U.S. produces 9,190 million tons of office paper annually