ENERGY. Almost all energy we use comes originally from the sun.
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Transcript of ENERGY. Almost all energy we use comes originally from the sun.
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ENERGY
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Almost all energy we use comes
originally from the sun.
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We use energy sources to generate
electricity.
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There are two types of energy -- stored
(potential) energy and working (kinetic)
energy.
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Radiation, conduction, convection
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Conduction, convection and
radiation are the three major methods of heat
transfer.
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They are the three different ways that heat can
spread.
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Conduction is the transfer of heat
through an object.
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When something is heated the atoms
start to move faster.
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As they move faster they collide with
atoms next to them, which collide with
atoms next to them.
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This creates a chain reaction that actually
moves the heat along a path, outward from the starting point where the
heat was added.
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This is what's happening if you've ever set a pan on the
stove.
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The handle gets warm even though only the bottom touches the burner because the metal conducts the
heat.
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heat travels from candle to metal rod to hand
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Convection is the transfer of heat
energy by movement of
currents.
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It causes currents of warm and cool air to move and occurs in liquids and gases.
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You may have heard of the
phrase “hot air rises”.
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This is convection.
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Heat leaves a coffee cup as the currents of steam
and air rise.
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The heat moves with the fluid.
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Radiation has to do with light.
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One of the most important types of
radiation we receive on earth is from the
sun.
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The sun sends waves of heat
through space to warm our planet.
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Only about 51% of the sun’s rays are absorbed by the earth
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The light that you see is actually
made up of waves.
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When something is hot, like the burner on your stove, it releases some
of its energy in the form of waves.
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The waves travel through the air until they hit something, which gets heated
up.
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This is why you can feel the heat from your stove even if
your hand isn't actually touching it.
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The burner literally
'radiates' heat.
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The different forms of energy
are stored in different ways.
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Electrical energy cannot
be stored directly.
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Electrical energy can be indirectly stored by
converting the electrical energy to some other
form of energy ("storage" energy).
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When a supply of electrical energy is
required, the storage energy is reconverted
back to electrical energy.
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Large quantities of "storage" energy are difficult to store and
reconvert.
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Energy sources are divided into two groups –renewable (energy we can use over and over again) and nonrenewable (energy that
we are using up and cannot recreate in a short period of
time).
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Renewable energy sources include solar
wind, geothermal, biomass, and hydropower.
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Another nonrenewable energy source is the element uranium, whose atoms we
split (through a process called nuclear fission) to create nuclear energy.
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Non-renewable Energy
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Much of our current energy supply comes from coal, oil, natural
gas, or radioactive elements.
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They are considered non-renewable because once they are removed from
the ground and used, they are not immediately
replaced.
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In fact, the world's natural gas, crude
oil and coal deposits took millions of years to form
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Petroleum Products• Ink
• Crayons
• Bubble gum
• Dishwashing liquids
• Deodorant
• Eyeglasses
• CDs and DVDs
• Tires
• Ammonia
• Heart valves
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RENEWABLERENEWABLEENERGYENERGY
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Renewable energy refers to sources of
energy that are always there.
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You might think that we would be tapping
these energy resources, but there is a catch.
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While the energy is there, the cost of getting it is
actually greater than using our more popular energy sources of fossil fuels and
uranium.
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An important advantage of
renewable energy is that it produces much
less pollution.
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Renewableenergy
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Renewable sources of energy can be used over and over again
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Renewable resources include solar energy,
wind, geothermal energy, biomass and
hydropower.
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Solar energy comes from the
sun.
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Some people use solar panels on their
homes to convert sunlight into electricity.
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Wind turbines, which look like giant
windmills, generate electricity.
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Geothermal energy comes
from the Earth's crust.
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Engineers extract steam or very hot water from
the Earth's crust and use the steam to generate
electricity.
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Biomass includes natural products such as wood,
manure and corn.
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These materials are burned and used for heat.
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Dams and rivers generate
hydropower.
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When water flows through a dam it
activates a turbine, which runs an electric
generator.
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GEOTHERMALGEOTHERMAL
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Our earth's interior - like the sun - provides heat
energy from nature.
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This heat - geothermal energy - yields warmth and power that we can use without polluting
the environment.
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Geothermal energy is residual heat of the earth.
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The heat from the earth's core
continuously flows outward.
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This natural energy heats water trapped
under the ground and releases it as steam or
hot water.
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Today we drill wells into the geothermal
reservoirs to bring this hot water to the
surface.
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heat of steam from geothermal sources
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areas geothermal sources
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The hot water or steam can be used directly to cook and warm homes or it can be changed
into electricity.
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Steam turns turbine, which turns generatorthat produces
electricity
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Nuclear Energy
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Well-constructed nuclear power plants
have an important advantage -- they are
extremely clean.
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There are, however, significant problems with nuclear power
plants.
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Mining and purifying uranium
has not, historically, been a very clean
process.
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Improperly functioning nuclear
power plants can create big problems.
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Chernobyl scattered tons of radioactive
dust into the atmosphere.
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Spent fuel from nuclear power plants is toxic for
centuries, and, as yet, there is no safe,
permanent storage facility for it
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Transporting nuclear fuel to and from plants poses
some risk.
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These problems have largely stopped the
creation of new nuclear power plants in the United States.
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BIOMASS
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The term "biomass" refers to any form of
plant or animal tissue.
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In the energy industry, biomass refers to wood, straw, biological waste
products such as manure, and other natural materials that contain stored energy.
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The energy stored in biomass can be released by
burning the material directly, or by feeding it to micro-organisms that use it to make biogas, a form of
natural gas.
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the energy from 2 tons of garbage = 500 lbs of coal
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HydropowerHydropower
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Hydro means water. So, hydropower is
"water power."
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Top hydroelectric plants
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Hydroelectric power, a renewable resource, is
generated when hydraulic turbines are turned by the
force of moving water as it flows through a turbine.
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The water typically flows from a higher to a lower elevation.
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These turbines are connected to
electrical generators, which produce the
power.
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Wave energy- water is sent through
channels which makes the waves stronger. The water then turns a turbine.
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Solar Thermal Energy
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The sun's heat can be used in two
ways
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The sun can heat water for domestic hot water systems,
or the sun's light can be concentrated and water
temperatures increased to make steam and electricity.
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These solar thermal power plants rely upon
curved mirrored troughs that concentrate
sunlight.
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The sun heats a liquid that creates
steam to turn a traditional turbine.
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solar panelsin space
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WINDENERGY
WINDWINDENERGYENERGY
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Wind is created because of different heating of
land and water areas by the sun creating
movement of air from one area to another.
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Man has been using the wind to do work
for thousands of years.
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The kinetic energy of the wind can be changed
into other forms of energy, either
mechanical energy or electrical energy.
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Wind energy has been used for many years to pump water from wells
and grind grains to make flour.
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Windmills can be connected to a shaft
which in turn is connected to a generator
to make electricity.
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Tidal turbines are similar to wind
machines except itis the tide not the
wind which causesthe blades to turn.They are used in
Europe but are not economical in
the U.S.
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NuclearEnergy
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Nuclear power plants provide about 17
percent of the world's electricity.
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Nuclear power is generated using
uranium, which is a metal mined in various
parts of the world.
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Nuclear power stations work in pretty much the same way as fossil fuel-
burning stations, except that a "chain reaction" inside a nuclear reactor makes the
heat instead.
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The reactor uses uranium rods as fuel,
and the heat is generated by nuclear
fission.
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Neutrons smash into the nucleus of the uranium
atoms, which split roughly in half and release energy
in the form of heat.
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This heat turns the water into
steam.
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Then the steam drives turbines which drive
generators and produces electricity.
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Modern nuclear power stations use the same type of turbines and
generators as conventional power
stations.
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If the rods become uncovered by water, deadly radiation is
released into the air and contaminates the area
surrounding the plants for miles.
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Nuclear wastecan be storedin caves or inabove groundcement and
metal canisters. The radiation will remain deadly for
thousands ofyears.
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Mechanical energy can be transformed
into electrical energy or thermal energy.
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Examples include wind turbines
(electrical energy) and refrigerators (thermal
energy).
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Electrical energy can be transformed into
mechanical energy (using an elevator) or thermal energy (by
using a space heater).