ENERGIES FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE
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Transcript of ENERGIES FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
ENERGIES FOR AENERGIES FOR ASUSTAINABLE SUSTAINABLE
FUTUREFUTURE
The potential of The potential of Renewable EnergiesRenewable Energies
F.P. Neirac – CEP – Ecole des Mines
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
ENERGIES FOR AENERGIES FOR ASUSTAINABLE SUSTAINABLE
FUTUREFUTURE
F.P. Neirac – CEP – Ecole des Mines
EnergyEnergyEnergyEnergy
Renewable Renewable EnergiesEnergies
Renewable Renewable EnergiesEnergies
SynthesisSynthesisSynthesisSynthesis
•History•Energy and economy•The case of Renewable Energies
•Classification•PV•Solar concentrating technologies•Wind•Geothermy•Biomass•Solat thermal
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
HISTORY OF ENERGYEnergyEnergyEnergyEnergy
-15 Billions of year :
The Big-Bag
-18000 Lighting
Paleolithic
-5 Billions of years :
The Sun
-500 Millions of years :The Life
-300 Millions of years
Creation of the fossil ressources
-400000 : The Fire(Homo-Erectus)
-4,5 Billions :The Earth
Mesolithic
Wind energy(vertical axis,
Asia)
Agriculture
Middle Age
-10000 BC -8000 BC -3000 BC -2000 BC +1000 AD
The wheel
-200 BC
Age of fire
-10000 BC
DomesticationOf animals
Intensification of energy use : wood
and muscular traction
+700 AD
Hydraulic energy,Mills
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
HISTORY OF ENERGYEnergyEnergyEnergyEnergy
Wind mills(horizontal axis)
1200
1810
1300
First use of coal(wood depletion)
Industrial revolution,Massive use of coal
The steam engine
First oil well (Pennsylvania, Edwin Drake, USA)
1787
1859
1800
First electric generator (Volta)
1930+ 1885 1882 1938 1942
First Oil Crisi
1973
First coal electric plant (New-York)
Hydraulic Energy
Massive use of oil
Atomic fissionFirst nuclear
reactorUniversity of
Chicago
1980
Second oil crisis
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
HISTORY OF ENERGYEnergyEnergyEnergyEnergy
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
1850 1900 1950 2000
Coal Renewables (except hydro.)
O il Natural gas
Hydropower Nuclear
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
0
3
6
9
0 2 4 6
Evolution of energy needs from 1990 …
Population (billions
Tep
/hab
North America
Latin America
Western Europe
China
South AfricAfricaMiddle East
Russia FSUAustralia Japan
Source : « World Energy Assessment », UNDP, UNDESA, CME, 2001
9 billions of TEP
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
0
3
6
9
0 2 4 6 8 10
Population mondiale, en milliards d’habitants
Conso
mm
ati
on
par
hab
itant
en
tep … to 2050
Amérique du Nord
Amérique latine
Europe de l’Ouest
Chine … Asie du SudAfrique
Moyen-Orient
Russie-PECO
Australie Japon
20 billions of tep
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
ENERGY IS THE OXYGEN OF THE ECONOMIC LIFE
EnergyEnergyEnergyEnergy
• Since 200 years, the economic growth has been linked to an exponential use of energy
• Today, humanity has to face a double challenge :CO2Fossil reserves
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
ENERGY IS THE OXYGEN OF THE ECONOMIC LIFE
EnergyEnergyEnergyEnergy
• CO2 :
Futur
ResourcesUse
Past + 2000 Future
CO2
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
ENERGY IS THE OXYGEN OF THE ECONOMIC LIFE
EnergyEnergyEnergyEnergy
• Fossil Reserves depletion :
Oil consumption continues to increase !
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
ENERGY IS THE OXYGEN OF THE ECONOMIC LIFE
EnergyEnergyEnergyEnergy
• Fossil Reserves depletion :
The proved reserves in 1999 …
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
ENERGY IS THE OXYGEN OF THE ECONOMIC LIFE
EnergyEnergyEnergyEnergy
• Fossil Reserves depletion :
… and the evolution in 2005
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
Proved World
Reserves
A cube5.7x5.7x5.7
km3
1200GBl
EnergyEnergyEnergyEnergy
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
1200MBl
World consumption :
80 M Bl/j=
150 m3/s
Flow of the Seine river :
250 m3/s
IntroductiIntroductionon
IntroductiIntroductionon
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
ENERGY IS THE OXYGEN OF THE ECONOMIC LIFE
EnergyEnergyEnergyEnergy
•Situation for oil :Actual reserves are estimated at 1200 Gbl (180 Gtep) ~ 40 years of actual consumptionReserves could increase :
•Improvement of recovering factors
•Non conventional oil (heavy oil, tar sands, …)
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
ENERGY IS THE OXYGEN OF THE ECONOMIC LIFE
EnergyEnergyEnergyEnergy
•Situation for oil :Actual reserves are estimated at 1200 Gbl (180 Gtep) ~ 40 years of actual consumptionReserves could increase :
•Improvement of recovering factors
•Non conventional oil (heavy oil, tar sands, …)The reality is that we consume each year more oil than we discover …
World Oil: Depletion, Geopolitics, CO2
1850
We Are Here
1850 2050
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
ENERGY IS THE OXYGEN OF THE ECONOMIC LIFE
EnergyEnergyEnergyEnergy
• Situation for Natural Gas :Actual reserves are estimated at 155 Tm3
(139 Gtep) ~ 60 years of actual consumption (2.5 Tm3/y)
More NG is discovered each year than we consume
However, if we would have to replace oil and coal consumption by NG, R/P would become only 17 years
World Gas: Depletion, Geopolitics, CO2
1900
We Are Here
2050
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
ENERGY IS THE OXYGEN OF THE ECONOMIC LIFE
EnergyEnergyEnergyEnergy
• Situation for coal :Huge reserves : R/P > 230 yearsNo intense prospection : reserves could
increaseCoal is mainly consumed where it is
produced
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
ENERGY IS THE OXYGEN OF THE ECONOMIC LIFE
EnergyEnergyEnergyEnergy
• Situation for coal :Huge reserves : R/P > 230 yearsNo intense prospection : reserves could
increaseCoal is mainly consumed where it is
produced
• However : coal is the most polluting and CO2 emitting
fossil energyMining has strong environmental impacts
World Coal: Depletion, Land Impacts, CO2
1850
We Are Here
2150
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
ENERGY IS THE OXYGEN OF THE ECONOMIC LIFE
EnergyEnergyEnergyEnergy
• Situation for uranium : With the known resources (4 MT) and the actual
consumption (60000 t/y), R/P ~ 70 y With surgeneration, reserves could last over 1000
years
• Drawbacks : Nuclear energy is very capital intensive, investments
are not favored by deregulation Social acceptability Risks of dissemination
World Nuclear: Surgeneration is needed
1950
We Are Here
Uranium
BreederReactors
2075
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
ENERGY IS THE OXYGEN OF THE ECONOMIC LIFE
EnergyEnergyEnergyEnergy
• Situation for RES :
Today RES accounts for 14 % of the world electricity production
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
ENERGY IS THE OXYGEN OF THE ECONOMIC LIFE
EnergyEnergyEnergyEnergy
• Situation for RES :
84 % of this production is hydroelectricity"New" RES (PV, Wind, …) account for less
than 1 %
Renewable Energy: Infinite, Clean
We Are Here
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
RenewablRenewable Energiese Energies
RenewablRenewable Energiese Energies
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
RenewablRenewable Energiese Energies
RenewablRenewable Energiese Energies
Extra-terrestrial radiation :1400 W/m2
Is Renewable energy really "Inifinite" ?
• Solar Energy :Life time : 5 billions of yearsEnergy received annually by the earth :
R=6400 km
Radiation received in the cross section: 1.8 1011 MWEnergy received in 1 year : 1,6 1015 MWh ~ 130 106 MTEPWorld energy consumption : 3500 MTEP
Solar Energy > 30000 times World Energy Consumption !
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
RenewablRenewable Energiese Energies
RenewablRenewable Energiese Energies
Is Renewable energy really "Inifinite" ?
• Practically, energy received at the ground level is reduced :Atmosphere, cloudsEarth rotationGround radiation ~ 10000 times WEC
• Orders of magnitude :France : 3 kWh/m2 day (North) to 5 kWh
(South)Serbia : likely more (6 kWh/m2 day)
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
RenewablRenewable Energiese Energies
RenewablRenewable Energiese Energies
Is Renewable energy really "Inifinite" ?
• Illustration :A 100 m2 three levels buildingEnergy needsheating (150 kWh/m2 y) : 45000 kWhElectr. (35 kWh/m2 y) : 10500 kWhTotal : 55500 kWh
Incident Solar Energy on 100 m2 :ISE (kWh/y) ISE/needs
3 kWh/m2d 110000 25 kWh/m2d 185000 3.36 kWh/m2d 220000 4
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
RenewablRenewable Energiese Energies
RenewablRenewable Energiese Energies
Is Renewable energy really "Inifinite" ?
• Illustration n° 2:Ennergy produced by 1 m2 PV panel
- France : 100 kWh/m2/year for a photovoltaic panel
450 TWh yearly electricity
Equivalent PV surface = 5000 km2
Comparison : buildings ground surface = 10000 km2
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
RenewablRenewable Energiese Energies
RenewablRenewable Energiese Energies
Is Renewable energy really "Inifinite" ?
• In terms of "orders of magnitude", RES have the potential to become an important energy source
• However, tremendous obstaclesCostsVariability :
• In time (sun, wind, hydro, biomass, …)• In space (towns, deserts, …)
Difficulty (impossibility ?) to be stored
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
RenewablRenewable Energiese Energies
RenewablRenewable Energiese Energies
Classification ofrenewable energy sources
• RES inside the global scheme of energy sources :
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
RenewablRenewable Energiese Energies
RenewablRenewable Energiese Energies
Classification ofrenewable energy sources
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
RenewablRenewable Energiese Energies
RenewablRenewable Energiese Energies
Classification ofrenewable energy sources
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
RenewablRenewable Energiese Energies
RenewablRenewable Energiese Energies
REVIEW OF THE MAIN RES
• Photovoltaic energy• Solar concentrating technologies • Wind energy• Geothermal energy• Biomass
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
PVPVEnergyEnergy
PVPVEnergyEnergy
The Photovoltaic Energy
• Technical aspects• Efficiency of the PV conversion• The PV industry• Use of PV energy• Economic aspects
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
Technical Aspect
(90 % of the market) :
Silicium Made from sand
(1800°C) Purified Amorphous (a-Si) Monocristallin (mc-Si) Poly-cristallin (c-Si)
PVPVEnergyEnergy
PVPVEnergyEnergy
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
Silicium Lingot Lingot scié
Wafer
PVPVEnergyEnergy
PVPVEnergyEnergy
Technical Aspect
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
Wafer Cell
ConnexionModule
Doping +
Antirefl.
PVPVEnergyEnergy
PVPVEnergyEnergy
Technical Aspect
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
Other materials GaAs : Spatial, 30 %
efficiency CdTe : "cheap", 10%
efficiency CuInSe2, ou CIS : 17 %
Dye-cells (Titane Dioxide de titane), polymers, photo-electro-chemical, organic…
Research is going on …
PVPVEnergyEnergy
PVPVEnergyEnergy
Technical Aspect
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
• Solar spectrum : Photons issued from the solar radiation do not have the
same energy
PVPVEnergyEnergy
PVPVEnergyEnergy
Efficiency
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
• Semi-conductors : Depending on their nature, they allow some "solar" photons
to extract electrons and to create an electric curent
PVPVEnergyEnergy
PVPVEnergyEnergy
Efficiency
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
• Theoretical efficiency :
PVPVEnergyEnergy
PVPVEnergyEnergy
Efficiency
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
• Practical efficiency : The actual efficiency of the best commercial panels is around
15 % Practically, the real efficiency is affected by :
• Temperature influence• Mismatch (deviation from the optimal voltage)• Losses• …
The real efficiency is today 10 %
• Surfacic production : Assuming a location with 1000 kWh/m2 year (~ 3 kWH/m2d) The productibility is around 100000 MWh/km2
PVPVEnergyEnergy
PVPVEnergyEnergy
Efficiency
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
• The World PV Market :
PVPVEnergyEnergy
PVPVEnergyEnergy
The PV industry
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Ma
rke
t S
ize
in M
Wp
Off-Grid & Consumer on-Grid
40 % p.a.
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
• The European PV Market :
PVPVEnergyEnergy
PVPVEnergyEnergy
The PV industry
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Total 2006e
Total 2005e
Total 2004
Allemagne
Luxembourg
Espagne
France
Pays-Bas
Italie
Autriche
Suisse
RU
Grèce
Belgique
Danemark
Suède
Finlande
Portugal
Pologne
MW
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
• Structure of a PV System :
PVPVEnergyEnergy
PVPVEnergyEnergy
PV Systems
Isolated system Grid connected system
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
• Grid connected systems (Switzerland) :
PVPVEnergyEnergy
PVPVEnergyEnergy
PV Systems
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
• Grid connected systems (Germany) :
PVPVEnergyEnergy
PVPVEnergyEnergy
PV Systems
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
• Grid connected systems : The Reichstag in Berlin 370 m2, 37 kWp
PVPVEnergyEnergy
PVPVEnergyEnergy
PV Systems
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
• Stand alone systems (DC current) :
PVPVEnergyEnergy
PVPVEnergyEnergy
PV Systems
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
• Hybrid systems (AC current) :
PVPVEnergyEnergy
PVPVEnergyEnergy
PV Systems
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
• Actually PV is one of the most expensive ways to produce energy
• The cost of electricity production by a RE system is linked to : Its investment cost Its productibility
• For PV systems : Investment cost ~ 3000-7000 €/kWp(wind turbine : 1000 €/kW) Productibility ~ 1000 hours / year(wind turbine : 2000-4000 hours/year)
PVPVEnergyEnergy
PVPVEnergyEnergy
Economic aspects
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
• But the costs can only decrease : Learning curve of PV cells
PVPVEnergyEnergy
PVPVEnergyEnergy
Economic aspects
PV modules learning curves (measured 1977-99; projected 2000-20)
1999
1999
0,1
1,0
10,0
100,0
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
Cumulative Production Volume [MWp]
ASP [const $/Wp] ASP all modules (const $/Wp) [12PVSEC]
ASP c-Si Power Modules (const$/Wp) [12EPVSEC]
ASP ThinFilm Power Modules (const $/Wp)
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
• Optimistic assumption : PV could become competitive before 30 years …
PVPVEnergyEnergy
PVPVEnergyEnergy
Economic aspects
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
Technical aspect
• Use of the direct solar radiation • Concentration on a receptor
• Conversion in thermal energy (high temperature)
• Transfer to a conversion cycle (steam turbine, stirling engine, …)
• Thermodynamic conversion from heat to electricity
Solar Solar ConetratioConetratio
n n technologitechnologi
eses
Solar Solar ConetratioConetratio
n n technologitechnologi
eses
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
Trough collecors
The sun radiation is collected at the focal line of a cylindro parabolic mirror
Installed capacity : 390 MW(California > 90%)SEGS (Solar Electric Generating
System)75% solaire 25% gaz naturel
Solar Solar ConetratioConetratio
n n technologitechnologi
eses
Solar Solar ConetratioConetratio
n n technologitechnologi
eses
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
TOWER PLANTS
French prototype THEMIS1 MW in Mont Louis, (Pyrennean)
Various heat transfer fluids :•water-beam (USA, JPN, IT, RU)•Sodium (ES, PFS Almeria)•Melteld salts (FR, Themis)
Réalisations :SOLAR I (water) : 1818 héliostats10 MW, 510 °C, 100 barsSOLAR II ( melteld salts)
Solar Solar ConetratioConetratio
n n technologitechnologi
eses
Solar Solar ConetratioConetratio
n n technologitechnologi
eses
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
Efficiencies
Trough plants
• Global efficiency ~ 15-16%• Capacity factor ~ 25%Tower plants
• Global efficiency ~ 15%• Trends : 20%
• Surface productivity : 100 000 MWh/km2/year
Solar Solar ConetratioConetratio
n n technologitechnologi
eses
Solar Solar ConetratioConetratio
n n technologitechnologi
eses
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
Parabolic concentrators
• Concentration : 600 à 2000 T° ~1 500°C
• Small systems : 25 kW – D ~ 10 m
• Use of a stirling engine at the focal point of the parabole
• Rdt ~ 23%• Facteur de capacité ~12,5% version hybride 50% possible
Solar Solar ConetratioConetratio
n n technologitechnologi
eses
Solar Solar ConetratioConetratio
n n technologitechnologi
eses
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
Economic aspects
Investment cost Trends
Trough 2 700 €/kW SEGS1 080 €/kW ISCCS215 €/m2 110 – 130 €/m2
Towers 4 400 €/kW475 €/m2
2 500 €/kW (2030)200 €/m2
Parabole 10 à 14 000 €/kW (7 000 €/kW)
1 600 €/kW (10 000 unités/an)100 €/m2
Solar Solar ConetratioConetratio
n n technologitechnologi
eses
Solar Solar ConetratioConetratio
n n technologitechnologi
eses
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
Numerous projects all over the world
Solar Solar ConetratioConetratio
n n technologitechnologi
eses
Solar Solar ConetratioConetratio
n n technologitechnologi
eses
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
Technical aspect
• Wind energy has been the most developed RES since 20 years
• Technological progress have been made :Mechanics (blades)Electric generatorsGearboxesSize (scale effect)
Wind Wind EnergyEnergy
Wind Wind EnergyEnergy 22
19891985 1992 1993 1996
15 m
30 m
46 m
37 m 600 kW
500 kW
300 kW
50 kW
46 m
112 m
4.500 kW
1.500 kW
70 m
200x
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
Efficiency
• Wind turbine efficiency is limited by the Betz factor
• Surface productivity : ~ 15000 mWh/km2/year
Wind Wind EnergyEnergy
Wind Wind EnergyEnergy
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
Economical aspect
• Main effect : the costs have been largely reduced :
Wind Wind EnergyEnergy
Wind Wind EnergyEnergy
CDR éolien à terre ; t = 8 % (cEUR/kWh)
6,89
4,87
5,74
4,06
4,59
3,25
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
2000 h/an
2400 h/an
3000 h/an
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
Perspectives for Europe
European Wind Energy Association (EWEA) :
Predicted in: Prédiction
1991 4,000 MW en 2000 (100,000 MW in 2030)
1997 8,000 MW en 2000 (100,000 MW in 2020) 40,000 MW en 2010
13,000 MW realised en 2000
2000 60,000 MW in 2010 (incl. 5,000 MW offshore)
150,000 MW in 2020 (incl. 50,000 MW offshore)
Wind Wind EnergyEnergy
Wind Wind EnergyEnergy
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
Actual situation
• Only 20 countries are concerned (from which numerous developong countries)
• 8.4 GW installed today• Estimated potential 50 GW in
2030• Philippines : 22 % of the
national electric energy• Indonesia :19 GW planned in
the next 30 years
MWe installés (1999)
36%
22%9%
9%
7%
6%4% 4% 3%
USA Philippines ItalieMexique Indonésie JaponNouvelle Zélande Amerique centrale Reste du monde
GeothermGeothermal Energyal Energy
GeothermGeothermal Energyal Energy
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
Actual situation
GeothermGeothermal Energyal Energy
GeothermGeothermal Energyal Energy
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
Technical aspect
• Power ranging from 350 kW to 55 MW
• Used as base power plants at nominal power
GeothermGeothermal Energyal Energy
GeothermGeothermal Energyal Energy
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
Economic aspects GeothermGeothermal Energyal Energy
GeothermGeothermal Energyal Energy
Installed Power Investment costs Energy cost
World Bank (US $ / kWe) (US c / kWh)
< 5 MWe 1600 – 3700 5,0 – 10,5
5-30 MWe 1300 – 2500 4,0 – 7,0
> 30 MWe 1150 – 2200 2,5 – 6,0
EUropean Commission (€ / kWe) (c€ / kWh)
15 MWe 2300 – 2400 5,5
30 MWe 1800 – 1900 4,5
55 MWe 1400 – 1500 3,7
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
Actual Situation
• It is estimated that 14 % of the world energy conumption is issued from biomass (> nuclear + hydro)
• Biomass is the only accessible energy source for over 2 billions of people
• In DC's: Low efficiencies Severe local environmental impacts (desertification)Africa (~90%) - India (45%) - China (30%)
• Industrialised countries : small contribution : < 1% (UK,D) à > 12% (FI,DK)New developments (biogaz, biocarburants, wood/electricity,...)
BIOMASSBIOMASSBIOMASSBIOMASS
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
The Biomass cycleBIOMASSBIOMASSBIOMASSBIOMASS
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
Efficiency
• Biomass efficiency is extremely low : 1-5 %
• Surface productivity : ~ 1500 MWh/km2/year
BIOMASSBIOMASSBIOMASSBIOMASS
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
Biomass Pathways
Biomass & residues
Gasturbine
CombustionCo-combustion
Pyrolysis
vapour
Biocarbs
Wood coal
SynGasCO-H2
BiogasCO2-CH4-vapeur
Gazéification
Anareobic digestion
SteamTurbine
Gasengine
BIOMASSBIOMASSBIOMASSBIOMASS
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
Objective
18
4275
Chauffage Electricité Transports
MTep
MTepMTep
Objectifs 2010 en EUROPE
6.8
38
Chauffage Electricité
MTep
MTep
Situation 1995 en EUROPE
In EUROPE :
BIOMASSBIOMASSBIOMASSBIOMASS
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
SOLARSOLARTHERMALTHERMAL
SOLARSOLARTHERMALTHERMAL
• Description :
Technical Aspect
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
SOLARSOLARTHERMALTHERMAL
SOLARSOLARTHERMALTHERMAL
• Hot water solar collector :
Technical Aspect
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
SOLARSOLARTHERMALTHERMAL
SOLARSOLARTHERMALTHERMAL
• Solar heating :
Technical Aspect
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
SOLARSOLARTHERMALTHERMAL
SOLARSOLARTHERMALTHERMAL
• Individual house :
Integration
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
SOLARSOLARTHERMALTHERMAL
SOLARSOLARTHERMALTHERMAL
• Individual house :
Integration
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
SOLARSOLARTHERMALTHERMAL
SOLARSOLARTHERMALTHERMAL
• Collective building :
Integration
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
SOLARSOLARTHERMALTHERMAL
SOLARSOLARTHERMALTHERMAL
Economic aspects Solar thermal collectors are simple systems :
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
Economic aspects
• Solar thermal collectors are simple systems : No moving parts Copper pipes and absorber, insulation, glass, absorbent
coating
• Solar water heaters are a viable option : Payback time < 10 ears without any subvention < 5 years if subsidised
• Solar heating remains more expensive Payback time < 10 years with subvention
SOLARSOLARTHERMALTHERMAL
SOLARSOLARTHERMALTHERMAL
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
RES under development
• Oceans : Thermal gradient Waves Tidal energy Marine currents
• Biomass/hydrogen : Flash pyrolysis of waste biomass Photo-electrolysis (plancton)
• Solar tower concepts• …
OTHERSOTHERSOTHERSOTHERS
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
Are RES really expensive ?
• RES are the only • …
SYNTHESISSYNTHESISSYNTHESISSYNTHESIS
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
Are RES really expensive ?
• Environmental impacts be more and more taken into account …
SYNTHESISSYNTHESISSYNTHESISSYNTHESIS
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
Are RES really expensive ?
• … resulting in externalities :
SYNTHESISSYNTHESISSYNTHESISSYNTHESIS
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
NO "MARKET"NO "MARKET"FOR RESFOR RES
A SIMPLE EQUATION
FOSSIL ENERGYABUNDANTAND CHEAP
NOENVIRONMENTAL
CONSTRAINTS
SYNTHESISSYNTHESISSYNTHESISSYNTHESIS
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
??????
Today :A New Context
FOSSIL ENERGYABUNDANTAND CHEAP
NOENVIRONMENTAL
CONSTRAINTS
SYNTHESISSYNTHESISSYNTHESISSYNTHESIS
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
ARMINES - Ecole des Mines de
Paris 1600 people on 4 sites : Paris, Évry, Fontainebleau, Sophia Antipolis
600 permanent staff,
1000 students (22% from abroad)
Civil engineer (120 / year) : Paris
PhD and Masters (330 /year) : On all sites
19 research centres
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
22 millions euros of research contract with industry (about 1000 contrats with 200 companies).
25% with a foreign partner
2, 5 millions euros from patent rights on a yearly basis
Important links with industry
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
Materials sciences and engineering 355
Earth and environmental sciences 169
Energy and process engineering 148
Human and social sciences 113
Mathematics, automatics and computer sciences 161
Many areas
of engineering sciences
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
CENTER FOR ENERGY STUDIESStaff, as of 12/31/2002: 148 (47 scientists, 67 research
students)
PARIS (staff: 74)• Heat transfers in industrial processes• Thermodynamics and systems• Solar and green buildings• Energy demand side management• Air-conditioning systems • Environmental impacts of energy
• Colloidal systems in industrial processes (16)
SOPHIA ANTIPOLIS (staff: 52)• Renewable energies• Thermal comfort in confined areas• Energy and materials• Energy storage and conversion processes• Plasma conversion process
• Remote sensing and modeling
FONTAINEBLEAU (staff: 22)• Thermodynamic of phase equilibria• Kinetics of transfers between phases
ENERGY AND TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION :
• Methodological and experimental studies, modeling• Technological innovations• General studies on energy and the environment
22. Jul 2002
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
Centre d’EnergétiqueSophia Antipolis
• 52 people, as follows :• 23 senior researchers• 8 technical et administrative people• 21 PhDs
• Budget is 2.7 M€ of which 1.5 M€ contracts
• Research Activities at Sophia Antipolis Renewable energies Storage and conversion of energy Materials elaboration Plasma conversion Remote sensing
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
Research activities
DistributedGeneration
Evaluation and prediction :- solar resource- wind resource
Poly energy systemsbased on RE : - PV/diesel - Wind/diesel - PV/EL/FC
Planning tools (SIG)
Fuel cell Storage technologies
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
Substation
SubstationSubstation
DSO Operation centre
TSO Operation centre
Aggregator or ESP Operation centre
The system as it is today
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
Substation
Substation
Substation
DSO Operation centre
TSO Operation centre
Aggregator or ESP Operation centre
Penetration of DER on MV and LV systems
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
Evaluation of the offshore wind potentialthrough remote sensing techniques
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
GIS : Renewable energies integration
104
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
H2
O2
H2O
ElectrolyserFuel Cell
Load
PV FieldPMU
Battery230 VAC 4 kW
30 VDC 3,6 kW
12 VDC 4 kW
24 VDC 2 kWh210 VDC
3,6 kWp
12 kWh
Description of the test bench
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
Activities in the fuel cell field
• Fuel cell test bench
400 W to 10 kW power rangeFuel cell round robin tests within Europe
• Participation in different demonstration programmes at a national level
• Fuel Reforming activities
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
Matériaux à caractéristiques « énergétiques » particulières
Nouveaux matériauxMatériaux d ’électrodes-super capacités-piles à combustible
Materials with specific Characteristics for energy use
Transparent insulationSuper insulation
Electrode materials- super capacities- fuel cells
Hydrogen storage
New materials
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
Elaboration of silicon Aerogel
500 1000 1500 2000 25000.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0Run 6-2 400 °C
Tra
nsm
ittan
ce
Wavelength (nm)
r642th r642td r642tr
%TR = 88 % (CSTB Grenoble)
Transparent thermal super insulation
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
Electrochemical aplications
Electrodes for PEM Fuel cell
Matérial « Aérogel »
adaptable and open prosity :
Optimal Distribution of catalyst decrease in Pt, Au … homogeneous distribution
Electronic conduction : Aérogel Carbone(1) ou SiO2 « chargé » C(2), …
Hydrophobe area (évacuation H2O compartiment cathodique)
(1) : R. Petricevic, J. Fricke, ISA6, JNCS (in press)(2) : C.A. Morris, M.L. Anderson, R.M. Stroud, C.I. Merzbacher, D.R. Rolison, Science 284 (1999) 260
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
TECHNOLOGIE
• Puissance : 260 kW
• Température : 3,000 – 12,000 °C
• Gaz plasma : He, Ar, H2, N2, CO
• Précurseurs Hydrocarbures (Gaz, Liquides) Carbone solide (+ cat.)
• Capacité : 1 kg / heure
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
CARBON “NECKLACES”
Carbon “Necklaces”J-C Charlier, Andrei Palnichenko,
Hanako Okuno, UCL
French-Serbian Summer school - 2006
Enveloppe bâtiment- gestion des gains directs-composants d ’enveloppe
Production répartie d ’énergie
Demand SideManagement
Buildings- heating- cooling
Building Enveloppe- Direct gains management- Enveloppe components
Decentralised Generation
Planning tool (SIG)