Asst.Prof.Rardchawadee Silapunt

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� Transformer

� Full wave rectifier

� Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp)

� Digital logic gate

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1. Select components from Get New Part.

2. Use wiring tool for drawing the line between components.

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� Transformer is an electrical device that transfer

energy from one circuit to another through electromagnetic

induction. Transformer can convert both current and voltage.

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1. Draw a transformer circuit and modify the values of components.

2. Add K_Linear element in order to create mutually coupled inductors.

� In this schematic, transformer has a ratio of 1:1.

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� Set up parameters in transient analysis.

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� Put the voltage markers on input and output of the transformer to compare input and output waveforms.

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� You can vary output waveform by using 1 1

2 2

N L

N L=

From the schematic, there is . So, the output

waveform has amplitude 50% less than input waveform

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2

202

5

N

N= =

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� Voltage at the primary inductor is 10V and at secondary inductor is 5 V.

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� Full wave Rectifier : Center Tap Transformer

� Full wave Rectifier : Bridge Rectifier

http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/diode/diode_6.html

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http://www.docstoc.com/docs/15562456/Full-Wave-Bridge-Rectifier

� A shape of the waveform before and after entering full wave rectifier.

12http://www.sptc.ac.th/prapruet/devicesweb/books/book_4.htm

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http://www.sptc.ac.th/prapruet/devicesweb/books/book_3.htm

� How does the center tap transformer create full wave?

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� During a positive cycle, half of the voltage occurs between the center tab and the top of the secondary transformer. D1 is the conducted current and current flows through load.

� During a negative cycle, half of the voltage occurs between the center tab and the bottom of the secondary transformer. D2 is the conducted current and current flows through load.

� Currents in both cycles flow in the same direction. Thus, the output waveform is a full wave.

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1. Select Analysis ->setup -> Transient

2. Set up Transient Analysis

3. Measure waveform by voltage marker

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� Output waveform is the full wave.

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� Add capacitor C1 to lower the voltage ripple.

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� Set up values in Transient and Fourier Analysis.

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� Compare voltages between input and output.

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� Plot -> Add plot to window

� Trace -> Add trace -> I(Rinput)

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� Change to the FFT function to observe harmonics.

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� Delete step ceiling in order to see harmonic’s response clearly.

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� Plot -> Add plot to window

� Trace -> Add trace -> I(Rinput)

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Full wave Rectifier : Center Tap Transformer

� Select the FFT function and use cursor to measure peaks of waveform.

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� FFT function displays each harmonic in different

amplitude. We use this FFT to measure a distortion of

waveforms. Typically, Total Harmonic Distortion(THD) can be

determined from

� In practice, we can calculate from 2nd to only 25th harmonic but the ideal standard is from 2nd to 50th harmonic.

2

2

2100

1

( )

( )n

nTHD

I

I

=

= ×

∑

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� During the positive circle, D1

and D2 conduct current. Current

flows in full cycle. The potential

occurs at load.

� Similar to positive, during the

negative circle, D3 and D4 conduct

current. Current flows through

load. Potential occurs.

� The result of this operation is the full wave.

http://www.sptc.ac.th/prapruet/devicesweb/books/book_4.htm

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Operation Amplifier

� Operational Amplifier or Op-Amp is an electronic device

containing a transistor inside to increase the signal amplitude.

http://www.markallen.com/teaching/ucsd/147a/lectures/lecture5/2.php

Symbol of Op-Amp

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� Op-Amps are widely used in electronic circuits such as

• Amplifier

• Integrator

• Differentiator

• Voltage follower

• Oscillator

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� Symbol of Op-Amp : The Triangle is the symbol for amplifier and displays the direction of a current flow.

� Package of Op-Amp – Usually found either in TO-5 or DIP.

Symbol of Op-Amp Package :TO-5 and DIP

http://silp.elec-cm.com/opamp/book/lesson1.pdf

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� Code number– The first two letters indicate manufacturer. Three numbers are type of Op-Amp. The follower letter

informs the temperature range. The last letter explains the package.

http://silp.elec-cm.com/opamp/book/lesson1.pdf

Manufacturer code

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� Code number– The first two letters indicate manufacturer.

Three numbers are type of Op-Amp. The follower letter inform

the temperature range. The last letter explain the package.

Latter Meaning

C commercial 0 to70 degree

Celcius

I Industrial -25 to 85 degree Celsius

M Military -55 to 125 degree Celsius

Latter Meaning

D Plastic dual in line for surface

mounting on PC board

J Ceramic dual in line

N,P Plastic dual in line for insertion into sockets

Temperature code Package code

http://www.scribd.com/doc/19017130/Characteristics-of-Opamp

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� The usual way to classify amplifier is the phase relationship

of input and output signals which can be divided in to Inverting Amplifier and Non-Inverting Amplifier.

http://www.elexp.com/t_gain.htm

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� Inverting Amplifier

1. Draw a schematic and change values of components.

2. Use the voltage marker to measure input and output voltage.

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� The feedback is negative. So, the output waveform inverts 180 degree compared to the input waveform and

the amplifying gain of this circuit can be calculated

from�

��

��

.

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� Non-Inverting Amplifier

1. Draw a schematic and change values of components.

2. Use the voltage marker to measure input and output voltage.

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� The output waveform is in-phase with the input waveform. Gain can be calculated from . 3

6

1R

R+

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� Half-bit adder

� Half bit adder has a circuit and truth table as shown.

http://www.eng.warwick.ac.uk/eng/staff/elh/es153/00/pspice/students_model_solution_pspiceassignment_report.pdf

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� Draw a circuit and select components as the following.

http://www.eng.warwick.ac.uk/eng/staff/elh/es153/00/pspice/students_model_solution_pspiceassignment_report.pdf

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� Double click at DigCLK

� DigCLK1 and DigCLK2 have different ON-TIME

and OFF-TIME’s values. The result shows the difference of digits over time.

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� Select Analysis -> Setup ->Transient

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� Select Digital Setup and set up parameters.

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� Result of the simulated waveforms.

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� To produce digital signal you can also use STIM1

� STM1 can be found in Get New Part.

� COMMAND in STIM1 can be used to

set up CLK

� STMI1, STMI4, STMI16 are programmed

for 1,4,and 16 parallel and independent

digital signals.

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� Use DSTM instead of DigCLK at point B

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� Another method to set up CLK by users is to use a

command� Doubleclick DigCLK for setting parameter.

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� Set the values at lines ‘COMMAND’ in DSTM.

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� Run the simulation

� After a user inputs values by COMMAND, the rest of the input bit is set default at ‘0’.

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� Full wave Rectifier

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�Harmonic’s result

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